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PubMed1987

RO 15-1788 decreases hypnotic effects of sleep deprivation.

The present study investigated the effects of 5 mg, 60 mg and 120 mg of the benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788 on the ability to resist sleep and on mood of sleep deprived subjects. Repeated administration of 60 and 120 mg significantly increased subjects alertness in comparison with 5 mg and placebo. The 5 mg dose had a tendency to potentiate the hypnotic effects of sleep-deprivation. The higher levels of the drug also decreased positive mood and increased negative mood, and increased the density of sleep spindles during sleep. These results are interpreted to suggest a dose dependent effect of RO 15-1788 on arousal level.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Paradoxical sleep deprivation increases the content of glutamate and glutamine in rat cerebral cortex.

We investigated the influence of the sleep/waking cycle, the effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and of the vigilance-promoting drug modafinil on the amino acid contents of rat brain cortex. No significant nycthemeral variations in amino acid levels could be detected. PSD (12-24 hours), using the water tank method, significantly increased the levels of glutamate and glutamine. The increase was still observed after the sleep rebound period. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels did not change significantly during the instrumental sleep deprivation but increased during the rebound period. Control experiments indicate that the increase in glutamate and glutamine levels is due to PSD rather than to the stress associated with the experimental procedure. The increase in glutamate content cannot arise only from transamination reactions, because the levels of other amino acids (such as aspartate) did not decrease. Modafinil treatment did not significantly modify the brain cortex content of any of the amino acids tested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in cognitive functions after sleep deprivation as a prognostic indicator of drug therapy of endogenous depression].

Studies performed on a group of 27 patients with endogenous depression demonstrated that changes of cognitive functions following sleep deprivation may reveal a prognostic potential for results of pharmacological treatment of depression. Worsening of memory following sleep deprivation was more frequently observed in a subgroup of nonresponders. Greater improvement of concentration and increased task mobilization were noticed in a subgroup which positively responded to the antidepressant treatment. Patient's age, sex, self-rating of depression intensity or baseline level of ability to memorize, to concentrate attention, to perform tasks did not exhibit any predictive value.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Sleep deprivation alters the cell population kinetics in the jejunum of the male Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

The proliferative and functional units of the jejunum were studied every 3 hr during 24 hr in groups of control and sleep-deprived hamsters. Peaks in kinetic parameters were evident during the sleep period in control hamsters; in the absence of sleep, peak values were significantly reduced. Sleep deprivation was associated with reduction of G2 to M flux and reduction of the circadian rhythm in mitotic index from 74% to 25%. The reduction in the number of cells passing through M was reflected by a drop in labelling index 9 hr later. These findings are consistent with the theory that sleep promotes restorative processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Sleep deprivation and brain acetylcholine.

Rats deprived of D-state sleep (and, to some extent, of slow-wave sleep) for 96 hours show a significant fall in brain acetylcholine in the telencephalon; there were no significant changes in the diencephalon and brain stem. Restraint stress and activity wheel stress produced no significant change in acetylcholine levels in any of these regions; the telencephalic response to sleep deprivation, therefore, cannot be attributed to nonspecific stress. The effects of D-state deprivation and the psychoactive anticholinergic drugs on telencephalic acetylcholine levels are similar.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2006

Investigating systematic individual differences in sleep-deprived performance on a high-fidelity flight simulator.

Laboratory research has revealed considerable systematic variability in the degree to which individuals' alertness and performance are affected by sleep deprivation. However, little is known about whether or not different populations exhibit similar levels of individual variability. In the present study, we examined individual variability in performance impairment due to sleep loss in a highly select population of militaryjet pilots. Ten active-duty F-117 pilots were deprived of sleep for 38 h and studied repeatedly in a high-fidelity flight simulator. Data were analyzed with a mixed-model ANOVA to quantify individual variability. Statistically significant, systematic individual differences in the effects of sleep deprivation were observed, even when baseline differences were accounted for. The findings suggest that highly select populations may exhibit individual differences in vulnerability to performance impairment from sleep loss just as the general population does. Thus, the scientific and operational communities' reliance on group data as opposed to individual data may entail substantial misestimation of the impact of job-related stressors on safety and performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Association of paradoxical sleep deprivation and ecstasy (MDMA) enhances genital reflexes in male rats.

Ecstasy ((+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is a psychostimulant and a synthetic derivative of amphetamine that, according to its consumers, promotes the enhancement of sexual pleasure. This study sought to investigate the effects of ecstasy in the genital reflexes of paradoxical sleep deprived (PSD) male rats. Distinct groups of PSD rats were administered with saline or different doses of ecstasy. The incidence of genital reflexes was verified for 100 min. The four doses that were used induced genital reflexes in PSD animals and these significantly differed from their respective treated control groups. Under the influence of two intermediary doses (2.5 and 5mg/kg), all animals displayed erection and ejaculation. The frequency of genital reflexes was also significantly greater than in relation to the PSD-saline group. The comparison between cocaine and ecstasy in PSD rats revealed that ecstasy induced more erections and ejaculations than cocaine. Thus, the present results showed a great enhancement of the genital reflexes of PSD rats that might have occurred due to serotoninergic alterations induced by this illicit substance when associated to sleep deprivation.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sleep phase advance and lithium to sustain the antidepressant effect of total sleep deprivation in bipolar depression: new findings supporting the internal coincidence model?

Recent European studies suggested that sleep phase advance (SPA) could sustain the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) both with or without a combined antidepressant drug treatment. Previous studies by our group showed that an ongoing lithium treatment could enhance and sustain the effect of repeated TSD. In the present study we studied the effect of a single TSD followed by 3 days SPA (beginning with sleep allowed from 17:00 until 24:00, with daily shiftbacks of 2 h) in consecutively admitted bipolar depressed inpatients who were taking a chronic lithium salts treatment (n=16) or who were devoid of psychotropic medications (n=14). Changes in mood during treatment were recorded with self administered visual analogue scales and with Hamilton rating scale for depression. Results showed that SPA could sustain the acute antidepressant effect of TSD, and that lithium enhanced the effect of the chronobiological treatment. According to the internal coincidence model, the better clinical effects observed in lithium-treated patients could be due to the phase delaying effect of lithium on biological rhythms, leading to a better synchronization of biological rhythms with the sleep-wake cycle.

Antimanic Agents↗
PubMed1993

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extracted immediately after REM sleep deprivation prevents REM rebound and contains vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

Intraventricular administration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from sleep deprived (SD) animals and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been shown to increase rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. It has thus been suggested that VIP may accumulate in the CSF as a consequence of waking, and might thus be partly responsible for the subsequent rebound of REM sleep which follows prolonged wakefulness. To this data there are no studies testing this hypothesis. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine REM rebound following the extraction of CSF immediately after REMSD and to quantify by radioimmunoassay (RIA) the concentration of VIP in the CSF of progressively increasing REMSD periods. The results showed that REM rebound normally seen following REMSD is reduced by extraction of CSF, and that VIP concentration in such CSF is augmented. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that waking induces an accumulation of VIP in the CSF, which is in turn involved in the production of REM sleep.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Neuroactive steroids in responders and nonresponders to sleep deprivation.

Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that concentrations of neuroactive steroids are altered in depression and normalize after antidepressant pharmacotherapy. However, data on the impact of sleep deprivation on concentrations of neuroactive steroids are not available. Therefore, 29 drug-free patients (12 men, 17 women) with major depression according to DSM-IV criteria were treated with partial sleep deprivation (PSD). Response to PSD was defined as a reduction of at least 30% according to the 6-item version of the Hamilton Depression Scale (6-HAMD). Plasma samples were taken the day before and the day after PSD (day 0 and 1) and after one night of recovery sleep (day 2) at 8:00 am. Samples were quantified for neuroactive steroids by means of a highly sensitive and specific combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. PSD did not influence concentrations of neuroactive steroids in either PSD responders (n = 20) or nonresponders (n = 9). However, nonresponders showed significantly higher concentrations of 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone, 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydroprogesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone before or after PSD compared to responders. In contrast to antidepressant drugs which correct the dysequilibrium of neuroactive steroids in major depression within several weeks, PSD does not affect the concentrations of neuroactive steroids in either responders or nonresponders.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation increases chloride-sensitive Mg-ATPase activity in the rat brain.

Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation is known to affect central neuronal excitability and responsiveness. Because chloride-sensitive Mg-ATPase is known to affect the neuronal transmembrane potential, this study was conducted to investigate if the enzyme activity might be affected on deprivation. The flower pot method was used for 2 and 4 days of deprivation and suitable control experiments were conducted. The enzyme activity was estimated in the microsomal preparation of the whole brain as well as in different areas of the brain in rats. The results suggested that the deprivation increased the enzyme activity although the chloride-insensitive Mg-ATPase activity remained unaffected. The increase in the enzyme activity is likely to reduce the neuronal hyperpolarization. The findings fit in with existing knowledge and help in explaining earlier observations.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of serotonergic drugs on the aggressiveness induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rem-sleep-deprived rats.

1. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induced aggressive behavior in rats previously deprived of REM sleep. This aggressiveness was significantly potentiated by tryptophan and fluoxetine, drugs which increase brain serotonin availability. 2. Conversely, drugs which decrease serotonergic function such as D,L-p-chlorophenylalanine, cinanserin and cyproheptadine strongly blocked the aggressive behavior. 3. On the basis of previous data indicating an involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in this type of aggressiveness and the present results showing a role for serotonin, it is concluded that REM deprivation-THC aggression is under the control of at least these two neurotransmitters.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

An instrumental method for long-term continuous REM sleep deprivation of neonatal rats.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The present study describes a new method for instrumental REM sleep deprivation (RSD) of neonatal rats. DESIGN: In the new method, an experimental neonatal rat and a yoked control neonatal rat were singly housed in a small plexiglass chamber which was divided into two separate units by a vertical wall. The floor of the housing chamber was attached to the platform of a standard laboratory test tube shaker. EEG and EMG electrodes were implanted by the soft head plug method which permitted continuous, long-term polysomnography. EEG and EMG signals were sent to a computer that was programmed to turn on the shaker for 5 seconds whenever the experimental rat entered REM sleep. SETTING: NA PATIENTS: NA INTERVENTIONS: NA RESULTS: The shaking of the chamber usually terminated REM sleep by entry to slow-wave sleep or wake. Amount of RSD depended on the shaker's oscillation speed. At higher speed the method reduced REM sleep by more than 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the new instrumental method of RSD can be used to study developmental functions of neonatal REM sleep. In particular, the instrumental method can test the hypothesis that in rats neonatal RSD produces the adult depressogenic effect of neonatally administered clomipramine.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Paradoxical sleep deprivation potentiates amphetamine-induced behavioural sensitization by increasing its conditioned component.

The effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD-48 h) on the conditioned and unconditioned components of behavioural sensitization to amphetamine (two injections of 2.0 mg/kg, separated by 7 days) were studied using locomotion frequency of mice observed in an open-field as experimental parameter. Behavioural sensitization only occurred in PS deprived mice that were exposed to the open-field after the first amphetamine injection. The possible involvement of PSD in the development of a Pavlovian association between the stimulant effect of amphetamine and environmental as well as interoceptive drug cues is discussed.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1981

REM sleep deprivation changes behavioral response to catecholaminergic and serotonergic receptor activation in rats.

The effects of REM sleep deprivation (REMD) on apomorphine-induced aggressiveness and quipazine-induced head twitches in rats were determined. Forty-eight hr of REMD increased apomorphine-induced aggressiveness, and reduced (immediately after completing of REMD) or increased (96 hr after completing of REMD) quipazine-induced head twitches. Results are discussed in terms of similarity to pharmacological effects of other antidepressive treatments.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

[The value of sleep EEG following sleep deprivation before terminating anticonvulsive therapy in epileptic children and adolescents].

A sleep electroencephalogram was carried out after deprivation of sleep in 70 epileptic children and young people. The EEG was done before an intended reduction of anticonvulsants. Patients who had generalized paroxysmal patterns in the sleep EEG suffered from significantly more frequent relapse after and of therapy than those ones with local paroxysmal activity or electroencephalogram without paroxysmal activity respectively. A sleep EEG after deprivation of sleep should be carried out before a decision is made on the end of the therapy in patients with expected generalized paroxysmal patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Kinetic parameters of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat's preoptic region during sleep deprivation and recovery induced by ambient temperature.

The role of catecholaminergic mechanisms in determining the changes in the rat's preoptic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration during sleep deprivation and recovery induced by ambient temperature was investigated in the present study. To this end, the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, was measured in the preoptic region of rats maintained in: (a) control (22 degrees C for 52 h), (b) deprivation (-10 degrees C for 52 h), and (c) recovery (22 degrees C for 4 h after 48 h at -10 degrees C) conditions. The enzyme followed a Michaelis-Menten kinetic. The analysis of substrate-related kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) did not show any clear-cut difference between experimental conditions, which, as already known, induce both sleep deprivation and recovery in relation to significant cAMP changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation and stress on the waking EEG of the rat.

Effects of 72 h of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and stress on the waking EEG of rats were studied using the water tank technique. EEG was recorded at left and right parietal cortex and the spectrum was analyzed before PSD, after 24, 48, and 72 h of PSD, and 24 h after recovery. Absolute and relative power and interparietal correlation were obtained. The same analyses were performed on a larger platform group and on a cold water-stressed group. The following significant changes were observed on the waking EEG: PSD produced a decrease in interparietal correlation, an increase in absolute and relative power between 7.3 and 9.3 Hz, and a decrease in the delta band relative power. The PSD effect on relative power was less specific on absolute power; relative power between 7.3 and 9.3 Hz was also increased in the large platform control group. Interparietal correlation was also decreased in both control groups but in the water-stressed animals it followed a different time course. The present findings suggest that PSD may affect brain function by increasing the level of hippocampal arousal, whereas the combination of stress and PSD affects interhemispheric coupling.

Animals↗