Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SHEEP”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Experimental intoxication by Myoporum laetum in sheep.

Myoporum laetum was collected in the municipalities of Rio Grande and Capao do Leao in winter and in Santa Vitoria in summer, autumn, winter and spring, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and in the Department of Rocha, Uruguay, in winter and spring. The fresh green plant was fed to 17 sheep. All sheep developed clinical signs, except 1 that consumed only 4 g/kg bw daily during 10 d. Five of the 9 sheep dosed with 40 g/kg died. Four sheep dosed with plants from Uruguay at 40 g/kg, 6 sheep dosed with 20 g/kg, and 1 sheep dosed with 2 daily doses of 8 g/kg survived. Clinical signs were anorexia, restlessness, ruminal stasis, jaundice and dry feces with mucus or blood. All surviving sheep had photodermatitis in the face, ears, eyes and lips. Histologic lesions were characterized by periportal liver necrosis. Serum levels of AST, GGT and bilirubin were increased. M laetum from Uruguay was less toxic, suggesting a variation in toxicity among plants from different regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Antigens of the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis.

Sheep scab caused by the mite Psoroptes ovis (Hering) is a highly contagious disease of sheep. As a first step in developing a mite-derived vaccine for controlling the disease, the soluble antigens in mite extracts which induce an immune response in sheep were identified by electrophoretic and immunoblotting techniques. At least 22 proteins were present in P. ovis extracts as revealed by Coomassie Blue staining. Mite-infested sheep serum recognised six antigenic bands in the extracts with approximate relative molecular weights ranging from 12 to 183 kDa. A deeply staining band at 31.2 kDa and another at 41.8 kDa are of particular diagnostic value. Immunoblotting studies showed that there was no cross reactivity between P. ovis and two other ectoparasites of sheep in the UK, the sheep louse Bovicola ovis (Schrank) and the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus L.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Relation between pathologic findings and cellular immune responses in sheep with naturally acquired paratuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between lesions and cellular immune response-based tests in sheep with naturally acquired paratuberculosis and to evaluate efficacy of an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) assay and the intradermal skin test. ANIMALS: 110 and 88 adult sheep were used to evaluate the IFN-gamma assay and skin test, respectively. PROCEDURE: Before euthanasia, heparinized blood was collected and incubated with avian purified protein derivative (PPD). Interferon-y production was assessed, using a commercial enzyme immunoassay. Skin testing in the caudal fold also was performed, using avian PPD. Sensitivity and specificity of these techniques were evaluated, using histopathologic findings as reference. RESULTS: Of the sheep examined, 61 (55.4%) had lesions that were classified in 5 categories, according to location, extension, cellular types, and presence of acid-fast bacilli. Regarding cellular immunity test results, 55.4% of sheep with and 6.1 % without pathologic changes had positive results of the IFN-gamma assay. Skin test sensitivity (55.6%) and specificity (100%) were slightly greater. CONCLUSION: Close association between pathologic findings and cellular immune response was apparent. Most sheep with focal (tuberculoid) and some with diffuse lesions (borderline tuberculoid), all with scant or no acid-fast bacilli in the intestine, had positive results of the IFN-gamma assay and skin test. Most sheep with diffuse lesions and high numbers of bacilli (borderline lepromatous) were test negative. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cellular immune response-based and serologic tests are useful tools for seeking evidence of paratuberculosis. Each technique detects different types of immune-reacting sheep, and their simultaneous use may detect most infected animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Sulfur dioxide induced airway hyperreactivity in allergic sheep.

The effects of a four-hour exposure (via a Plexiglas hood) to sulfur dioxide (SO2) on airway reactivity was studied in both normal and allergic conscious sheep. Allergic sheep were defined as animals in whom inhalation of Ascaris suum extract resulted in an increase in mean pulmonary flow resistance (RL). Airway reactivity (delta RL) was assessed by measuring the increase in RL after 18 breaths of 0.25% carbachol, from an initial value obtained after 18 breaths of buffered saline. RL and delta RL were determined prior to, immediately after and 24 hours following SO2 exposure in three groups of sheep: six normal sheep exposed to 5 ppm SO2 (group A); six normal sheep exposed to 10 ppm SO2 (group B) and seven allergic sheep exposed to 5 ppm SO2 (group C). RL was not affected by SO2 exposure in any group but both groups B and C showed increases in delta RL 24 hours after exposure. Since the increase in delta RL was greater in group C than in either groups A or B, we conclude that allergic sheep have enhanced susceptibility to the injurious airway effects of SO2.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization and modulation by drugs of sheep liver microsomal flavin monooxygenase activity.

The flavin monooxygenases (FMO) catalyse the NADPH and oxygen-dependent oxidation of a wide range of nucleophilic nitrogen-, sulfur-, phosphorus-, and selenium heteroatom-containing chemicals, drugs, and agricultural agents. In the present study, sheep liver microsomal FMO activity was determined by measuring the S-oxidation rate of methimazole and the average specific activity obtained from different microsomal preparations was found to be 3.8 +/- 1.5 nmol methimazole oxidized min(-1) mg(-1) microsomal protein (mean +/- SE, n = 7). The presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 in the reaction mixture caused an increase of specific sheep liver microsomal FMO activity towards methimazole to 6.1 +/- 1.4 nmol methimazole oxidized min(-1) mg(-1) microsomal protein (mean +/- SE, n = 6). Metabolism of imipramine and chlorpromazine was measured by following the oxidation of cofactor NADPH spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Sheep liver microsomal FMO activity towards imipramine and chlorpromazine was found to be 10.7 and 12.3 nmol NADPH oxidized min(-1) mg(-1) microsomal protein, respectively. Characterization of sheep liver enzyme was carried out using methimazole as substrate and the maximum FMO enzyme activity was detected at 37 degrees C and at pH 8.0. The apparent K(m) value of sheep liver microsomal FMO for methimazole was 0.118 mM. Effects of the detergents Triton X-100, Cholate, and Emulgen 913, on FMO activity were determined and FMO activity was found to increase with the addition of detergents to the reaction medium. Sheep liver microsomal FMO-catalysed methimazole oxidation was inhibited by imipramine and chlorpromazine when these drugs were used at high concentrations. Western blot-immunochemical analysis revealed the presence of FMO3 in sheep liver microsomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene maps to sheep chromosome 6.

The Booroola (FecB) mutation in sheep is linked to markers from a region of syntenic homology to human chromosome HSA4q, but the chromosomal location in sheep has not been determined. Analysis of linkage in Booroola half-sib pedigrees and 17 full-sib families identified genetic linkage between platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) and alpha s1-casein (CSN1S1) at 12 cM (Zmax = 9.14) and between PDGFRA and the microsatellite markers BM143 and OarHH55 (Zmax = 6.28 and 3.83, respectively). The microsatellite markers OarAE101 and BM143 and genes from the linkage group (PDGFRA, SPP1, and EGF) were mapped in a partial sheep x hamster somatic cell hybrid panel. All markers identified bands specific to somatic cell hybrids containing the sheep chromosome t1 (rob6;24) or t1q (chromosome 6). In sheep the casein genes alpha s1 (CSN1S1), alpha s2 (CSN1S2), beta (CSN2), and kappa (CSN3) are tightly linked, and CSN2 has been mapped to sheep chromosome 6q23-q31. We conclude that the Booroola mutation is located within a conserved syntenic group that maps to sheep chromosome 6.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Protease-resistant prion protein in brain and lymphoid organs of sheep within a naturally scrapie-infected flock.

The hallmark of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), such as scrapie in sheep, is the accumulation in tissues of an insoluble and protease resistant form (PrPres) of the cellular prion protein. In this study, we evaluated whether the diversity in both the clinical pattern and the PrP genotypes of scrapied sheep from the same flock was connected with different levels and/or glycoform patterns of the PrPres in the brain and lymphoid organs of the animals. Whereas the PrPres levels in spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils from sheep of different PrP genotypes and clinical status appeared comparable, they were highly variable in brain, particularly in the brain stem and the cerebellum. PrPres was only detected in sheep bearing at least one VRQ allele, including three asymptomatic sheep and the highest PrPres load was found in the cerebellum of VRQ/VRQ animals. All together, levels of PrPres in brain did not necessarily correlate with the severity of the clinical disease but might depend on the PrP genotype of the animals. Different brain regions from a given sheep displayed a similar glycopattern of PrPres, whereas the apparent molecular sizes of the unglycosylated and diglycosylated forms of the protein differed between brain and lymphoid tissues. We did not find any notifiable differences in the glycopattern of PrPres in brain from sheep of different PrP genotypes or different clinical status and this PrPres glycotype was also similar to that found in brain from four cattle BSE.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cellular and sub-cellular localisation of PrP in the lymphoreticular system of mice and sheep.

Using immunocytochemistry or immunogold electron microscopy, abnormal PrP accumulation was found in lymphoreticular tissues of Suffolk sheep naturally exposed to scrapie and in the spleens of ME7 infected C57 BL mice at 70 days after infection and at the terminal stage of disease at 170 days. Clinically diseased scrapie affected sheep show widespread PrP accumulation within tingible body macrophages (TBMs) and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of secondary lymphoid follicles. Serial tonsillar biopsies taken from 171 ARQ/ARQ sheep at 4 months of age did not contain abnormal PrP accumulations but 80% of biopsies were positive by 14 months. In contrast, whole body necropsies of sheep not previously biopsied failed to detect PrP in the tonsil of sheep at 4, 8, 12 or 16 months of age. These findings suggest that the biopsy procedure of susceptible sheep but not resistant sheep may induce tonsillar infection. In spleen of mice both at 70 and 170 dpi, accumulations of PrP were found within lysosomes of TBMs and also at the plasma-lemma of FDCs. In the light zone of follicles of terminally diseased mice, all FDC dendrites were arranged in the form of highly reactive or hyperplastic labrynthine glomerular complexes. PrP was consistently seen between FDC dendrites in association with abundant electron dense antigen-antibody complexes. At 70 days after challenge, labrynthine complexes were rare and invariably labelled for PrP. However, sparse PrP labelling was also seen on simple FDC dendrites at this stage. These observations suggests that scrapie infected FDCs continually release PrP from the cell surface where it accumulates in excess in association with trapped immune complexes and dendritic extension. It is likely that TBMs acquire lysosomal PrP following phagocytosis of effete FDC processes or from the extracellular space. We suggest that the normal function of PrP may involve cell process extension or immune complex trapping.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) in lung lavage of asbestos-exposed humans and sheep.

The concentration of hyaluronan was measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 18 control subjects and 27 workers from the asbestos mills and mines of Québec, 9 without asbestosis and 18 with asbestosis. Hyaluronan was also measured in the BALF of 9 control sheep exposed to 100 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 10 day intervals for 39 months, and 13 sheep exposed at the same intervals to 100 mg chrysotile in 100 ml PBS for 24 months. At month 24, the asbestos-exposed sheep were classified into 3 groups: (A) 4 sheep exposed to PBS alone, (B) 4 sheep exposed to 10 mg chrysotile asbestos every 10 days, and (C) 5 sheep exposed to 100 mg chrysotile asbestos every 10 days for 15 months. The BALF hyaluronan averaged 53.9 +/- 7.4 ng/ml in human controls, 67.5 +/- 10.3 ng/ml in asbestos-exposed workers without asbestosis, and 206 +/- 83 ng/ml in workers with asbestosis (p less than 0.05 vs. normal). In the control sheep, BALF hyaluronan was 34.7 +/- 6.9 ng/ml, and it was 31.5 +/- 17.8 ng/ml in the low-dosage asbestos-exposed group (A), 83.0 +/- 27.7 ng/ml in the intermediate-dose group (B), and 248.0 +/- 134.7 ng/ml in the high-dosage group (C) (p less than 0.05 vs. controls). In contrast, the release of plasminogen activator, a protease that may play a role in limiting the fibrotic process, was increased in group A, but not in groups B and C. In conclusion, BALF hyaluronan constitutes an indicator of lung interstitial tissue changes that may reflect the activity of the fibrosing alveolitis associated with chronic asbestos exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Study of osteogenesis in adult sheep on a high and a low calcium ration by means of fluorescing bone markers.

The rate of osteogenesis was studied in 8 non-pregnant, non-lactating Friesian dairy sheep, 3-6 years old, by means of a treatment with 3 different bone seeking agents. Four sheep were fed a low calcium ration (LCa:1.8 g Ca/d) and four other sheep a high calcium ration (HCa:12.7 g Ca/d). The bone markers, oxytetracycline-HCl, alizarine-complexion and demeclocycline-HCl, were administered at intervals of 6 weeks, and the sheep were killed 1 week after administration of the last marker. In undecalcified cross sections from the middle of ribs 2, 10 and 12, and from the proximal and distal parts of rib 10, the numbers of labelled osteons and the number of osteons with 1, 2 or 3 markers were counted under fluorescent microscopy. In the ribs of sheep from the LCa group, the number of labelled osteons and the quantity of labels per osteon tended to be higher than those of sheep from the HCa group. When osteogenic activity was compared in the different sites of ribs analysed, lowest osteogenic activity was observed in the proximal part of the 10th rib. The use of fluorescing markers offers the possibility of studying osteogenic activity over a certain period of time in adult sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Repair of sheep metatarsus defects by using tissue-engineering technique.

Tissue-engineering bone with porous ,betatricalcium phosphate (3-TCP) ceramic and autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) was constructed and the effect of this composite on healing of segmental bone defects was investigated. 10-15 ml bone marrow aspirates were harvested from the iliac crest of sheep, and enriched for MSC by density gradient centrifugation over a Percoll cushion (1. 073 g/ml). After cultured and proliferated, tissue-engineering bones were constructed with these,cellS seeded onto porous f-TCP, and then the constructs were implanted in 8 sheep left metatarsus defect (25 mm in length) as experimental group. Porous ,-TCP only were implanted to bridge same size and position defects in 8 sheep as control group, and 25 mm segmental bone defects of left metatarsus were left empty in 4 sheep as blank group. Sheep were sacrificed on the 6th, 12th, and 24th week postoperatively and the implants samples were examined by radiograph, histology, and biomechanical test. The 4 sheep in blank group were sacrificed on the 24th week postoperatively. The results showed that new bone tissues were observed either radiographic or histologically at the defects of experimental group as early as 6th week postoperatively, but not in control group, and osteoid tissue, woven bone and lamellar bone occurred earlier than in control group in which the bone defects were repaired in "creep substitution" way, because of the new bone formed in direct manner without progression through a cartilaginous intermediate. At the 24th week, radiographs and biomechanical test revealed an almost complete repair of the defect of experimental group, only partly in control group. The bone defects in blank group were non-healing at the 24th week. It was concluded that engineering bones constructed with porous -TCP and autologous MSC were capable of repairing segmental bone defects in sheep metatarsus beyond "creep substitution" way and making it healed earlier. Porous ,-TCP being constituted with autologous MSC may be a good option in healing critical segmental bone defects in clinical practice and provide insight for future clinical repair of segmental defect.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Single-strand conformational polymorphism and sequence polymorphism of Mhc-DRB in Latxa and Karrantzar sheep: implications for Caprinae phylogeny.

Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing were used to characterize Mhc-DRB second exon variability in the Latxa and Karrantzar breeds of sheep. The presence of more than two sequences in some animals indicates that alleles of two different loci have been amplified. Six new alleles were identified by sequencing. The allele frequency distribution of the DRB1 gene is striking, with two alleles accounting for half of the gene pool in both breeds under study. The most frequent allele in both breeds was the same (named DRB1*0702), with some specific amino acids: Tyr in position 31 and Thr in 51. A species variability analysis was also performed including the entire set of sheep DRB exon 2 sequences. Based on the patchwork patterns of different alleles, interallelic recombination appears to be playing a significant role in the generation of allelic diversity at this locus in sheep. The phylogenetic tree of all known Caprinae DRB sequences shows that certain alleles from one species are more closely related to those from other species than they are to each other. Allele DRB1*0702 merits special attention due to its high similarity to the Mufflon allele. As this is the most frequent in both breeds analyzed, one can hypothesize that in sheep, both Mufflon and Argali have had different influences depending on the sheep breed under study and that the relationship between domestic sheep and Mufflon is greater than previously thought. The data generated in this study can serve as a basis for developing a typing assay for the sheep DRB genes in the Latxa and Karrantzar populations.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Insulin responsiveness of sheep, ponies, miniature pigs and camels: results of hyperinsulinemic clamps using porcine insulin.

It had been suggested that marked species differences in glucose tolerance tests were due to differences in insulin resistance. To compare insulin responsiveness, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps were carried out in sheep, ponies, miniature pigs and camels. Porcine insulin was infused as primed-continuous infusions for 2 h (6 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1)). The steady state glucose infusion rates in the pigs, sheep, ponies and camels were 96.0, 18.6, 7.1 and 6.1 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), respectively. The maximal plasma insulin concentrations during the insulin infusions were 2,700 microU x ml(-1) in the camels, 1,400 microU x ml(-1) in the sheep and ponies and 600 microU x ml(-1) in the pigs. The rate of insulin removal from plasma was lowest in the camels as compared to the sheep, ponies and pigs (0.019, 0.038, 0.035 and 0.070 min(-1), respectively). In all species the concentrations of plasma non-esterified fatty acids dropped significantly 10-30 min after the start of the insulin infusion. However, the rates of non-esterified fatty acid reduction were higher in the pigs and sheep than in the camels and ponies. Results confirm a considerably higher insulin responsiveness in the pigs as compared to the sheep. The ponies and camels were found to be even more insulin-resistant than the sheep.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Diagnosis and PrP genotype target of scrapie in clinically healthy sheep of Massese breed in the framework of a scrapie eradication programme.

The application of a selective culling programme in two scrapie affected flocks of Massese breed sheep is described. The genetic susceptibility of this breed and the sensitivity of different diagnostic methods in the pre-clinical diagnosis of scrapie were also investigated. Overall, 2,068 clinically healthy sheep underwent PrP genotyping, providing the basis for selective culling. The prevalence of scrapie infection was investigated in susceptible sheep by two independent diagnostic methods. All the sheep older than 18 months (n = 620) were tested by Prionics Check Western rapid test on the obex, with a prevalence of infection of 3.9%. Furthermore, 385 sheep underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) on retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN), with a prevalence of infection of 5.2%. Overall, 32 sheep were diagnosed with pre-clinical scrapie. Of these, 31 were positive by Western blot on the spleen, 29 by IHC on the RPLN and tonsil, 28 by IHC on the obex, 24 by rapid test, and only 18 by IHC on the third eyelid. All the scrapie positive sheep were of the ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/AHQ or ARQ/VRQ genotypes. No significant differences in scrapie prevalence were observed among these genotypes. The estimated risk of the three targeted alleles was also similar, suggesting that in this breed the VRQ allele was not at higher risk for scrapie, compared to the ARQ and AHQ alleles.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of lead levels in local Jordanian and imported sheep meat and organs using atomic absorption spectrometry.

A total of two hundred and forty random samples were collected equally from mutton, liver and kidney of 40 local (Jordanian) and 40 imported Australian sheep (40 each sub sample). Fresh samples were collected from 12-18 m old sheep slaughtered in abattoirs in Jordan in 2002. Besides, 40 fresh mutton samples of imported Chinese sheep were collected from different markets. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to estimate the lead (Pb) content of the samples. Results indicated that Australian mutton had significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean of lead pollution than that of the local and Chinese muttons. The mean concentration of lead (mg/kg) in Australian, local and Chinese muttons was 4.30, 3.15 and 2.17, respectively. The mean concentration of lead in Australian sheep liver was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that recorded in the local sheep liver. The mean concentration of Pb in Australian and local sheep liver was 5.69 and 4.52 mg/kg, respectively. The mean concentrations of Pb in the kidney of the Australian and local sheep were not significantly different (p > 0.05). They were 4.59 and 3.87 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of the samples lead level, 85, 92 and 87.5% of local, Australian and Chinese mutton respectively, exceeded the international safe permissible limit of 1.0 mg/kg. Furthermore, the effect of Pb on animal and human health was discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Central administration of somatostatin suppresses the stimulated sodium intake of sheep.

The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion (50 micrograms/h over 3 h) of somatostatin (SOM) on Na and water intake of sheep was determined. In Na-deplete sheep, infusion of SOM-(28) but not SOM-(14) decreased (P less than 0.05) Na intake, while both SOM-(28) and SOM-(14) increased water intake. I.c.v. infusion of SOM-(28) did not significantly affect Na or water intake of Na-replete sheep. I.c.v. infusion of SOM-(28) decreased (P less than 0.01) Na intake but did not alter the high water intakes of water-deprived sheep or sheep infused i.c.v. with angiotensin II. The results are compatible with an inhibitory action of somatostatin on stimulated brain mechanisms subserving Na appetite but not on stimulated brain mechanisms subserving thirst. Somatostatin may antagonize the inhibition of thirst in Na-deplete sheep. The results suggest that somatostatin may have a regulatory role in ingestive behavior concerned with body fluid and Na homeostasis. The difference between SOM-(14) and SOM-(28) in decreasing the Na intake of Na-deplete sheep may be due to a difference in potency or mechanism of action.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1995

The effect of level of feed intake on the pharmacokinetic disposition of oxfendazole in sheep.

Oxfendazole (OFZ) containing a trace of [14C]-OFZ was administered intraruminally and intravenously to sheep fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulae and which were being fed 800 and 400 g of 50:50 lucerne:wheaten chaff daily. The [14C] was extensively associated with rumen particulate digesta, the shorter residence time of digesta in sheep on high compared to low feed intake reduced the duration of OFZ absorption. Abomasal fluid flow was greater in sheep on high than low intake and was attributed to increased gastric secretions. At high intake a greater proportion of the [14C] dose flowed from the abomasum in digesta fluid, but its residence time in the abomasum was of shorter duration compared with low intake. The more rapid passage of digesta through the gastrointestinal tract in the former sheep reduced the duration for drug desorption from particulate material and absorption into the bloodstream. In these high intake sheep and availability of [14C]-compounds in plasma was lower and more rapidly cleared than in sheep on low feed intake. Concomitant with the reduced absorption a greater proportion of the dose was excreted in faeces, and a lower proportion in the urine of sheep on high compared with low feed intake. The extensive association of OFZ and its metabolites with rumen digesta, is a principal determinant of OFZ kinetics.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Liver blood flow and volatile fatty acid utilization in sheep before and after carbon tetrachloride treatment.

Liver blood flow and the net uptakes of acetate, propionate and butyrate were estimated in control and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treated sheep after an 18 h fast and during intra-ruminal infusion of a solution of the above volatile fatty acids (VFA). Portal venous blood flow was increased and the hepatic arterial blood flow reciprocally decreased by the VFA infusions in the control sheep and, even more so, in the CCl4-treated sheep. In the control sheep, increased hepatic availability of propionate was accompanied by increased hepatic uptake so that the propionate extraction percentage was maintained. In the CCl4-treated sheep, the propionate extraction percentage was greatly reduced when the propionate availability was increased and consequently the systemic blood concentrations of propionate were greatly elevated in these circumstances. Neither VFA infusion nor CCl4 treatment caused changes in hepatic acetate utilization. However, the systemic blood concentrations of acetate were significantly increased in the VFA-infused CCl4-treated sheep, suggesting changes in extra-splanchnic acetate utilization in this group. Increased hepatic butyrate availability was accompanied by increases in hepatic uptakes without changes in percentage extraction in both the control and CCl4-treated sheep.

Acetates↗