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PubMed1989

Orofacial manifestations of a group of British patients infected with HIV-1.

The orofacial manifestations of 44 HIV-infected individuals from the South West of England are reported. Oral candidiasis, periodontal disease and cervical lymphadenopathy were the most commonly observed disorders although hairy leukoplakia was also present in 15% of patients. The orofacial features of this group of British patients are similar to those of HIV-infected individuals from other parts of Europe, North America and Scandinavia.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1980

Minor and trace inorganic components of toothpastes.

Elements present in minor or trace quantities in various toothpastes available in Scandinavia have been quantitatively assayed by means of emission spectrography and neutron activation analysis. The elements antimony, arsenic, mercury or selenium were observed at levels less than 2 parts/10(6). Boron, gallium, iron, magnesium, manganese and titanium occurred at levels between 0.001 and 1%. Cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and tin could not be identified. The detection limit for these elements amounted to 10 parts/10(6). The amounts of any of these elements which could be transferred to the body after swallowing toothpaste during brushing, have been compared with daily intake of similar elements through food and drinks, and found to be small compared to the diet intake except in the case of titanium. The intake of titanium from toothpaste could exceed the diet intake five times.

Dentifrices↗
PubMed1992

Policy and research in oral health care.

The purpose of the paper is to highlight the interrelationship between social and health policy, and health services research. The principles and concepts in social and health policy in the Scandinavian welfare states are described with reference to oral health care. The concept of policy analysis is defined and distinctions are made between "analysis of policy", and "analysis for policy". The policy perspective is discussed with the focus on the planning--budgeting--implementation--evaluation cycle and related to the WHO Strategy for Health for All. Finally, the implications for oral health services research in Scandinavia are emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Salivary fluoride clearance after a single intake of fluoride tablets and chewing gums in children, adults, and dry mouth patients.

The aim of the present investigation was to compare the clearance pattern in saliva and the salivary stimulating effect of a new fluoride (F) chewing gum (Fluorette) with three other F products used in Scandinavia for many years for caries prevention. Concentration of F was determined in whole saliva in three groups of subjects: 1) children, 10-12 yr of age (n = 20), 2) adults (n = 20), and 3) dry mouth patients (n = 15), after a single intake of the two tablets, Dentan and Fludent, and the two chewing gums, Fluomin and Fluorette, all containing 0.25 mg F as NaF. Sucking was allowed until the tablets had been completely dissolved in the mouth. The chewing gums were used for 15 min. Saliva samples were collected from subjects expectorating 0.3-0.5 ml at nine different time intervals up to 45 min after the intake. There were some significant differences in the maximum F concentration, the area under the salivary fluoride concentration curve (AUC) when plotted against time, and the salivary stimulating effect among the four products, but as a whole they were small and probably of minor clinical importance. Among the various groups, the dry mouth patients showed the highest salivary F concentration. Thus, the main conclusion from this study is that the F tablets and chewing gums studied, including the new product Fluorette, had approximately the same clearance pattern in saliva and the same salivary stimulating effect. However, there were great variations among the different subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

In vivo and in vitro toxicity of fractionated fish lipids, with particular regard to their content of chlorinated organic compounds.

Six different lipid matrices (the intact lipid (IL), four lipid fractions with different polarity, and the free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained by hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol (TAG) containing fraction) were obtained from salmon (Salmo salar) and eel (Anguilla anguilla), each collected at a contaminated and a comparatively uncontaminated catch site along the coast of Scandinavia. The lipid matrices were studied in toxicological test systems representing various biological functions of different organ systems from several species and trophic levels. The results were evaluated with particular respect to the concentrations of extractable organically bound chlorine (EOC1) in the matrices tested. In some test systems, the specimens with a higher EOC1 concentration appeared to be more toxic. For example, the TAG containing fraction (F2) from Idefjord eel, having a higher EOC1 content than F2 from Oslofjord eel, reduced the number and hatchability of eggs laid by zebrafish. Both IL and F2 of Idefjord eel increased mortality and reduced the oxygen/nitrogen-ratio in blue mussels. Non-polar compounds (F1) from Bothnian Sea salmon induced 7-ethoxyresurofin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in rainbow trout hepatocytes, whereas F1 from Senja salmon did not. F1 from Bothnian Sea salmon also reduced the number of T-cells in foetal mouse thymus analagen in vitro compared with the cell number in anlagen exposed to F1 from Senja salmon. A positive correlation between EOC1 concentration and test response was found for EROD activity in rainbow trout hepatocytes and for ATP-leakage in Erlich ascites tumour cells when testing the phospolipid containing fraction (F4). However, in most test systems the fish oils, irrespective of EOC1 content, were of low toxicity, and the observed effects need to be verified in future studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Oral hygiene: past history and future recommendations.

Review of the dental literature reveals a changing emphasis attached to maintenance of optimal oral hygiene among patients over time. Moreover, a different relationship to this topic has been evident in the USA, Britain and Scandinavia. These changes, differences, and the rationale behind them, are described. The age of initiating oral hygiene practice and the optimal frequency of dental cleaning is discussed. Finally, recommendations are offered concerning oral hygiene promotion, both at the individual and community levels.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1998

Microsatellite variation in Scandinavian Cervidae using primers derived from Bovidae.

The possibility of using microsatellite primers developed in Bovidae to amplify microsatellite markers in Cervidae was surveyed by using 75 microsatellite primer sets of bovine, ovine or caprine origin to analyse DNA from moose, red deer, reindeer and roe deer from Scandinavia. On average for the four cervids, approximately 50% of the ovine/caprine primer pairs amplified a specific PCR product, compared to only 16% of the bovine primers. Approximately 50% of both ovine/caprine and bovine primers that amplified a specific product were polymorphic, giving 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers in moose, 11 in red deer, 21 in reindeer and 10 in roe deer. Reindeer had a higher proportion of polymorphic loci, more alleles per locus and higher mean heterozygosity than the other cervids.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

On the mtDNA restriction patterns variation of the Iberian wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Comparison with other west Mediterranean populations.

In previous studies, the presence of three main lineages of wood mice mtDNA was described in western Europe: a first one distributed from the Pyrenees to Scandinavia. a Thyrrenian one occurring in peninsular Italy, Elba, Corsica and Sardinia and a third one restricted to Sicily and Marettimo. Do the Iberian wood mice belong to one of these lineages? In order to answer this question, animals were trapped all over the Iberian peninsula (11 sites) as well as in three of the Balearic islands. Comparisons with specimens from the above mentioned lineages were made. From 158 animals trapped in 30 sites, 78 different mtDNA restriction patterns were obtained and compared using the NEI and LI index ((Nei M and Li WH, (1979). Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5269-5273) of nucleotide divergence. A neighbour-joining tree, with a specimen of Apodemus flavicollis as outgroup, was then computed from the similarity matrix. Apodemus flavicollis is well separated from all the A. sylvaticus and all the Iberian restriction patterns are clustered with those of continental France, showing a great similarity level between the Iberian and north-west European animals. This group is well separated from the Sicilian and from the Tyrrhenian ones. These results suggest that the Pyrenees are not a biogeographic barrier for the wood mouse and that the postglacial recolonisation of western Europe by that species has its origin in populations which, during the latest Ice age, were living in refuges situated in southern France or in the Iberian peninsula. Because the Balearic restriction patterns are clustered in a lineage joining Iberian pattern at a low divergence level, we suggest that their origin is continental Spain or southern France.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Allozyme variation as a demographic predictor at high latitudes: the moor frog and the pool frog at 60 degrees N

Allozyme variability was examined in relation to population size among sympatric moor frogs (Rana arvalis) and pool frogs (R. lessonae) at a pond in east-central Sweden (60 degrees N). Average heterozygosity (H) and polymorphism level (P), respectively, were 0.099 and 0.33 in the moor frog (24 loci) and 0.0047 and 0.071 in the pool frog (28 loci). This marked difference in variability corresponded to a significant difference in the yearly numbers of reproducing individuals corrected for skewed sex ratio, during a 5-yr. period preceding the genetic surveys. The mean of the moor frog population (64.6) exceeded that of the pool frogs (27.6), but the yearly deviation in relation to the mean did not differ between the species. The pool frogs in question belong to a geographically restricted metapopulation, while the moor frog is common and widespread in Scandinavia. Our results conform to the expectation that level of genetic diversity primarily reflect population characteristics such as size and gene flow even at this northern latitude, while disagreeing with a proposed deterministic relationship between life-zone (latitude) and genetic diversity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Infantile periarteritis nodosa or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A report on four cases and diagnostic considerations.

Coronary artery aneurysm in childhood is a rare disease and has in most cases been ascribed to infantile periarteritis nodosa (IPN). In recent years a mucocutaneous lymph node syndrom (MLNS) has been found almost exclusively in Japan first described by Kawasaki 1967; this disease frequently involves the coronary arteries and myocardium. Four cases with coronary aneurysms are presented from Sweden and seem to be first described from Scandinavia. Three of these patients died a sudden death with cardiac arrest. Since MLNS and IPN have identical clinical and pathological features, we suggest that MLNS and IPN constitute a pathologic entity and that to separate them on a clinical or histological basis is nonsensical. The risk of coronary aneurysm and possible sudden death must be considered in patients with uncharacteristic symptoms including prolonged fever, conjunctivitis, exanthema, lesions in the oral mucosa, elevated sedimintation rate, and leukocytosis.

Cardiomegaly↗
PubMed1978

Kawasaki disease in Kuwait. A report of two cases.

Kawasaki disease was first reported in Japan in 1967. Since then, it has been reported from the United States, South Korea, Greece, Canada, Australia, Scandinavia and Scotland. Two cases of Kawasaki disease are presented from Kuwait and believed to be the first report of the disease from the Arab world.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Transient intestinal lymphangiectasia.

Intestinal lymphangiectasia may be more protean in clinical manifestations and less rare than earlier suspected. A recent report points out that there are two types of the disorder, one congenital and the other acquired and transitory. A case is reported which fulfills the current clinical, laboratory, radiological and histological criteria for the diagnosis of the disease, and represents the first report in Scandinavia of transient intestinal lymphangiectasis with rapid and complete recovery within a few months after initiation of MCT diet.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Neuroaxonal dystrophy in childhood. Report of two second cousins with Hallerworden-Spatz disease, and a case of Seitelberger's disease.

Three late infantile cases of neuroaxonal dystrophy are presented, two of them second cousins with Hallerworden-Spatz disease and one sporadic case with Seitelberger's disease. At about 1 1/2 years of age the patients with Hallerworden-Spatz disease developed clinical signs including progressive extrapyramidal motor disorder and mental retardation. They died at 8 and 11 years. Iron deposits and axonal dystrophy were found in the pallidum. The changes are compared to those in a case of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (Seitelberger's disease), the first to be reported in Scandinavia.

Basal Ganglia Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Selenium and human lactation in Australia: milk and blood selenium levels in lactating women, and selenium intakes of their breast-fed infants.

A series of 20 mother-infant pairs were studied in Brisbane, Australia, at 6-12 weeks postpartum. The mean selenium concentration in maternal blood was 101 (SD +/- 19) ng/g and in maternal serum 81(+/- 15) ng/g; serum values appeared low in comparison with those reported for lactating women from Japan and the USA, but similar to those from Finland and from a previous Australian study. Breast milk selenium concentrations (11.9 +/- 3.5 ng/g) were also low by international standards, but not as low as in New Zealand or Scandinavia. There was no correlation between selenium concentrations in milk and blood (or serum). The infants' 24-h breast-milk intakes were 856 +/- 172 g, and their 24-h selenium intakes 10.7 +/- 4.1 micrograms (compared to the Australian RDI of 10 micrograms).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Fatal outcome of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in childhood. A case of primary incompetent monocyte/macrophage function?

Disseminated BCG infection rarely heals, and disseminated disease caused by the Mycobacterium avium complex usually has a poor prognosis with a short time to death. The case of a boy who died after 9 years of diagnosed disseminated M. avium complex infection is described. He showed no signs of previously known immunodeficiency except an incompetent primary monocyte/macrophage function. This case has been commented on in Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia (1982) as "the first infant to survive a generalized BCG infection".

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The aetiology of type 1 diabetes: an epidemiological perspective.

Type 1 diabetes is increasing rapidly in many parts of the Western world, most evidently in Scandinavia. A low concordance rate of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among monozygotic twins clearly indicates that genetic risk factors may be necessary, but are not sufficient for the disease to occur. The strongest genetic risk markers are located in the HLA region of chromosome 6, but these DNA specificities differ in different populations. Risk genes are indicated in other chromosomes of the human genome, suggesting a complex interaction between genes and environment as the cause of the disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is proposed to be autoimmune in nature and environmental risk factors may either initiate autoimmunity or accelerate an already ongoing beta-cell destruction. Risk factors disclosed by epidemiological studies that may accelerate the pathogenetic process are: a cold environment, a high growth rate, infections and stressful life events. Risk factors that may initiate the autoimmune process include early exposure to cow's milk proteins, nitrosamines or early foetal events such as blood group incompatibility or foetal viral infections. In conclusion, population-based epidemiological studies have helped to confirm proposed aetiological models that have arisen from experimental research. These epidemiological studies have also introduced important new findings that may reveal the complex aetiology of the disease and advance understanding closer to the ultimate goal of primary prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Breastfeeding and infant-mother interaction.

The prevalence of breastfeeding varies very much throughout the world. In some countries, such as in Scandinavia, it is extremely high, whereas it is rather low in many industrialized countries such as northern Italy. In urban areas of many developing countries the prevalence is extremely low, although it may be high in rural areas. For instance, in rural Guinea-Bissau in West Africa it is reported to be 100% at 3 mo of age, and this high prevalence may be explained by the fact that infants who have not been breastfed die before this age. In Sweden the prevalence at 2 mo of age was around 95% in 1945 (including infants fed by milk-mothers) but then gradually dropped until 1972, when it was as low as 20%. However, during the following 10-y period the prevalence gradually increased to around 80%. The main reasons for the decline most probably were that infant formulae, then considered to be safe, became available, that an increasing number of women started to work outside their homes, making formula feeding part of the feminist movement, and finally that no real attempts were made to promote breastfeeding in the maternity wards and well-baby clinics. The reverse trend started in 1972, when the attitude towards breastfeeding changed completely. Well-educated mothers became aware of the new discoveries of the importance of breastfeeding from immunological and nutritional points of view, and organized campaigns. Within a few years, the Swedish parliament passed a law which guaranteed all mothers paid leave from their work (80% of their salary) for 9 mo after childbirth, which has now been increased to 12 mo. The WHO/UNICEF code from 1980, which regulates the marketing of infant formula, has also probably played an important role. After a plateau for the prevalence of breastfeeding between 1982 and 1990, a further increase has taken place, particularly between 6 and 9 mo of age. Whereas the first phase in the increase of the prevalence of breastfeeding was, to a certain extent, the result of the concern of well-educated mothers, the second phase (1990-1998) may, at least partly, be explained by the fact that Swedish maternity wards then implemented the suggestion, launched by WHO/UNICEF, to create "baby-friendly" maternity hospitals with the aim of enabling all women to practise exclusive breastfeeding immediately after birth. Methods to stimulate lactation and proper nutritional suckling behaviour of the newborn were then developed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1979

Biological indicators for the control of ethylene oxide sterilization.

A new biological indicator has been developed for the control of ethylene oxide sterilization, particularly for large scale sterilization of disposable medical equipment. The aim has been to provide the new indicator with the same resistance to the combined effect of ethylene oxide and water vapour as the biological indicator referred to by the health authorities in Scandinavia. The reference indicator contains spores of a Danish test strain, Bacillus subtilis, in sand. The new one contains spores of a test strain used extensively for biological indicators, viz. B. subtilis var. niger (B. globigii). The spores in the new preparation are dried in pieces of cotton yarn. The two indicators were exposed to ethylene oxide and water vapour in five different series of experiments and almost the same resistance was found. In simulated routine sterilization procedures, the new indicator was placed at locations not easily accessible for the gas and water vapour, and the results reflected the blockage of diffusion. The experiments included samples of household dust. The resistance of the microorganisms in the dust was compared with that of the biological indicators. Based on these comparisons, it is concluded that the resistance of the two biological indicators to ethylene oxide is in accordance with the official Scandinavian standard for sterilized medical equipment when used in the control of sterilization of products with low microbial contamination.

Bacillus subtilis↗