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PubMed2000

Uses of Rasch scaling in the measurement of cognitive development and growth.

This report describes two types of findings: (a) the consistency between two major cognitive tests in terms of their developmental scales based on item-response theory, and (b) the initial development of ideas and methods for the revival of the classic concept of ratio IQ. The ratio IQ (e.g., Stanford-Binet, 1937) was formed by the division of mental age (derived from test performance) by chronological age multiplied by 100. Following a multitude of criticisms about the scaling qualities of the ratio IQ, it was mostly abandoned by the major intelligence batteries, beginning with the Wechsler scales in the 1940's, in favor of standard scores. This study presents a new approach to age equivalence scores as a basis for mental age, and the calculation of ratio IQ, based on Rasch-model item response theory. The new ratio IQ was compared statistically with standard-score IQ (mean 100, SD 15) from the Leiter International Performance Scale--Revised (Leiter-R) and from the Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery--Revised (WJ-R). The essential element of the new ratio IQ is the W-scale, a Rasch-based score employed in the WJ-R and in the Leiter-R. Mental age was estimated from the W-scale estimate of ability and chronological age from a W-scale age equivalence for each month of age. Statistical results showed a highly similar growth curve for the W-scale scores on the Leiter-R and the WJ-R, even though the two scales have different content and standardization samples. Also, high correlations were found between the new ratio IQ and standard-score IQ (e.g., correlations ranging from .87 to .95 depending on age range). Criterion-related evidence of validity was found in the correlation of .82 between the new ratio IQ and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Third Edition (WISC-III) standard-score IQ and in correlations with achievement-test scores. Finally, the ratio IQ showed predictable mean differences between groups of children with typical cognitive ability, cognitive delay levels of performance and giftedness. The standard deviation of the new ratio IQ was somewhat variable across age groups, however, so new interpretive guidelines would be needed if the new index is to employed in published tests. Implications of the scaling methods are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Translation and adaptation in the Spanish environment of the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study is the translation, adaptation and validation in the Spanish environment of a self-rating of mania scale, the Altman Self-Rating Scale for Mania (ASRM), to fulfill a need in our environment in the self-rating of mania. METHODS: The scale was translated, and then a back translation was done. This was sent to the author of the original scale. The scale was administered to a sample of 74 patients with bipolar disorder, divided into two groups, one formed by patients with acute mania (n=35) and the other one constituted by asymptomatic patients (n=39). Concurrently we applied the Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M) and the Numeric Evaluation Scale (NES). RESULTS: High internal consistency, high and significant correlation with the CARS-M mania sub-scale, as well as with the NES and very significant differences between the two groups in the scale score were found. The ROC curve indicates excellent adjustment of the scale, when discriminating among bipolar patients with and without manic symptoms. The factorial analysis provided a single factor that accounts for 62% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale is shown to be a reliable and valid self-rating instrument to assess the presence and intensity of manic symptoms. It makes it possible to carry out simple and quick assessments of the patient's state, can be used for research as clinical objectives and can also be a screening instrument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Discussion on hydrologic scaling].

Hydrologic scaling is the hotspot and frontier of today's hydrologic research, which includes three different meanings distinguished from each other, i.e., process scale, observation scale and modelling scale. As a characteristic of hydrologic scale, dominant process scale has been paid more attention. Hydrologic scaling includes the scaling of hydrologic models, parameters, state variables and inputs, which owns special research methods respectively. The difficulty of hydrologic scaling mainly comes from the organized complexity of hydrologic systems, the heterogeneity and variability in space and time, and the insufficiency of data. The ubiquitous self-similarity of natural river networks makes itself an important part of hydrologic scaling research. The combination of various techniques and theories is needed to motivate hydrologic scaling research.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed1992

N-linked glycoproteins associated with flagellar scales in a flagellate green alga: characterization of interactions.

Glycoproteins associated with one type of flagellar scale (p-scale) isolated from the flagellate green alga Tetraselmis striata (Prasinophyceae) were shown to bind the mannose-specific lectin GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin). Enzymatic deglycosylation of the glycoproteins with N-glycosidase F led to an electrophoretic mobility shift to lower molecular masses in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and abolished GNA-binding strongly indicating that most of the scale-associated glycoproteins contain asparagine-linked oligosaccharide side chains presumably of the high mannose type. To evaluate the significance of N-linked glycoproteins for scale structure and integrity, p-scales were digested with various proteases or extracted with 8 M urea and their ultrastructure and protein composition determined. The results show that while scale-associated N-linked glycoproteins do not determine the overall structure of the scale subunits (which consist of complex polysaccharides), they are apparently involved in mediating linkages between scale subunits; we have tentatively identified one glycoprotein of Mr 280,000 which may link outer scale subunits to one another. In addition, some scale-associated N-linked glycoproteins may provide connections between the layer of p-scales and the underlying flagellar membrane.

Chlorophyta↗
PubMed2005

Development & standardization of a scale to measure socio-economic status in urban & rural communities in India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The commonly used available scales for measurement of socio-economic status (SES) with some cross regional applicability are old and have lost their relevance. There is a need for the development of a valid and reliable instrument for measurement of SES in rural and urban communities in India. The present study was undertaken to develop a cross regionally applicable scale for the purpose of enlisting true measures of socio-economic items applicable in multilingual, multicultural, multireligious, setting of the country. METHODS: For developing the scale, seven indicators (house, materials possession, education, occupation, monthly income, land, social participation and understanding), presumably determining the socioeconomic status were selected. These indicators were named as profiles. Thus, initially the scale had seven profiles and every profile contained five alternatives. This instrument was prepared on a 10-point scale. Weightage system of scoring (varying from 2 to 10) was followed from first to sixth profile while the additive pattern of scoring was followed in seventh profile. The final version of the scale was arrived at through three trial administrations on rural and urban families. The basis of selection of the families for the first two trials was stratified random. The validity and reliability of the scale was established through a defined visual analogue scale (VAS) and test-retest methods. RESULTS: Both the initial version as well as the final version of the scale for the measurement of SES of incumbents had seven profiles. The difference between the two versions was in terms of contents and range of items in different categories of SES. The final version was arrived at through field trials and suggestions of the experts. The reliability of the scale was high with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The new scale appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of socio-economic status of the families/individuals from urban as well as rural areas in India.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Neonatal and infancy time scale for extension into childhood and adulthood.

A logarithmic time scale is presented for exposition of clinical events and related data on a unified scale extending from neonatal time into childhood and adulthood. Such a scale preserves time scale proportions but has the advantage for certain applications of featuring early neonatal and infancy events. This type of time base avoids the disadvantages of a crowded and obscured linear scale or an arbitrary and non-unified split time scale. For clinical application all timed events are initially converted to a common unit such as days. A visually comprehensible logarithmic time scale can be derived by plotting the logarithmic scale (labeled in days, base 2) and then establishing conventional calendar interval marks (weeks, months, years) and the data plot points. A simple equation is presented for establishing the time scale graph markers and the plot data points for a logarithmic time scale of any scale axis length.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validity and reliability of the Collaborative Practice Scales.

The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Collaborative Practice Scales, two distinct self-report measures that assess the degree to which the interactions of nurses (Scale 1) and physicians (Scale 2) enable synergistic influence of patient care. Ninety-five nurses and 94 physicians completed test-retest versions of the scales as well as measures of attitudes toward shared responsibility and their mode of handling differences of opinion. Interdisciplinary peer evaluators rated subjects on collaborative practice. Two theoretically relevant factors were delineated for each of the scales, with the 9-item nurse scale measuring direct assertion of professional expertise/opinion and active clarification of mutual responsibilities and the 10-item physician scale measuring acknowledgement of the nurse's contribution to patient care and consensus development with nurses. Eigenvalues ranged from 1.27 to 4.17. Alpha coefficients were .80 and .84. Correlations with receptivity to shared responsibility and collaborative management of differences indicated support for factors underlying each scale. Sex of physician and the physician's behavior as rated by peer evaluators predicted scores on the physician scale; educational preparation and type of professional responsibility predicted nurses' collaborative practice. Six-week test-retest reliability was significant for both scales. Although results of the study were encouraging, a need for the addition of other theory-linked factors, combined with further testing of the scales, was identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[A scale for clinical evaluation of serotonergic deficit in elderly people].

In contrast to young adults, symptoms of serotonergic deficiency are relatively undocumented in elderly subjects. Specific abnormalities of serotonergic neurotransmission are nevertheless remarkable and have clinically important repercussions in affect, as well as in cognition and behavior. The aim of this study was to develop a scale for the clinical and transnosographic quantitation of serotonergic deficiency in elderly persons (5-HT scale). Based on the data in the literature and following a preliminary study, we developed a 10-point scale. The analysis into primary components, among 155 subjects, showed a stable factorial structure and highly saturated "pure" items (62 to 90) distributed into 4 factors: "loss of control", "anxiety-insomnia", "depression" and "disturbances of behavior". The factorial structure does not depend on the psychiatric diagnosis: the 5-HT scale is not correlated with the COVI anxiety scale, the Jouvent mood scale, the Widlocher slowing down scale or the Hamilton depression scale in the subgroup of depressed subjects. Factorial analysis on the cumulated items of the 5-HT and Hamilton depression scales shows dispersion of the items on the latter scale whereas those on the 5-HT retain a factorial distribution. These data seem to confirm the clinical importance of serotonin deficiency in elderly subjects and the pertinence of the transnosographic approach. The 5-HT scale, which still requires outside validation, would seem to contribute to the clinical evaluation of this deficiency.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Prognostic value of the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign and stroke scale score before ultraearly thrombolytic therapy.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) and neurologic deficit, as evidenced by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale score, and to determine the relationship of the HMCAS and the NIH stroke scale score to arteriographic findings after thrombolytic therapy. METHODS: Fifty-five patients with acute ischemic stroke were rated on the NIH stroke scale, were examined with CT, and were treated with intravenous alteplase within 90 minutes of symptom onset. Presence of the HMCAS was determined on the baseline CT scan by a neuroradiologist blinded to the patient's neurologic deficit. Patients with the HMCAS were compared with those without HMCAS with regard to baseline NIH stroke scale score, 2-hour NIH stroke scale score, findings at posttreatment arteriography, 3-month residual neurologic deficit, and 3-month ischemia volumes as evidenced on CT scans. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (33%) had the HMCAS. These patients had a median baseline NIH stroke scale score of 19.5 compared with a median score of 10 for the patients lacking the HMCAS sign. At 3 months, one (6%) of the HMCAS-positive patients was completely improved neurologically compared with 17 (47%) of the HMCAS-negative patients. Restricting analysis to those patients with a stroke scale score of 10 or greater (n = 37), 18 HMCAS-positive patients showed less early neurologic improvement, were less likely to be completely improved at 3 months, and had larger infarcts compared with the 19 HMCAS-negative patients. Compared with the HMCAS-positive and HMCAS-negative patients with a stroke scale score of 10 or greater, patients with a stroke scale score of less than 10 had fewer occlusive changes of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries on posttreatment arteriograms and had a better neurologic recovery at 3 months. CONCLUSION: The presence of the HMCAS on CT scans obtained within 90 minutes of stroke onset is associated with a major neurologic deficit, and in this study it predicted a poor clinical and radiologic outcome after intravenous thrombolytic therapy. However, a major neurologic deficit, defined as a stroke scale score of 10 or more, was better than a positive HMCAS as a predictor of poor neurologic outcome after thrombolytic therapy. Patients with a low stroke scale score (< 10) may benefit from ultraearly intravenous alteplase therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Development and validation of a rheumatoid hand functional disability scale that assesses functional handicap.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a functional disability scale for the rheumatoid hand and to determine if this scale also assesses functional handicap. METHODS: Outpatients and inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) according to the ACR criteria answered a set of questions on their daily hand activities. Intrarater and interrater reliability were examined. Criterion referenced validity, and convergent and divergent validities were investigated. Factor analysis followed by varimax rotation was performed. Spearman's (rs) correlation coefficients between 2 quantitative variables were examined. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: 96 patients with RA were recruited. The provisional scale had 41 questions. The elimination process left 18 hand activity questions with 6 levels of answers. The intrarater and interrater reliabilities of the scale were 0.97 and 0.96, respectively. Correlation of the scale's total score with visual analog scale (VAS) measure of functional handicap (rs = 0.78) showed good criterion referenced validity. The scale had good convergence with Revel's Functional Index (rs = 0.91) and a moderate relation to the Hand Functional Index (HFI) (rs = 0.58). The scale had a moderate, fair, or no relation to age, morning stiffness, pain measures, and hand swelling. The scale had 3 main factors by factor analysis. An English translation of the scale was validated. CONCLUSION: We have developed a practical functional disability scale for rheumatoid hands that also assesses functional handicap. It has 18 hand activity questions and has been validated in a French population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The use of pain measurement scales in the Zimbabwean context.

OBJECTIVE: Although pain intensity is difficult to assess and quantify, different assessment tools have been developed for this purpose. The most widely used are verbal and numerical pain rating scales. This study aimed to establish the reliability in the Zimbabwean setting of four standardised scales. DESIGN: The study used a prospective, descriptive cross sectional design. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 40 females inpatients of the two government maternity units in Harare who had undergone caesarian section, one to three days prior to participation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Each subject responded twice to four scales, the Visual Analogue, the Box Numerical, the Hewer and the McGill verbal descriptive scales with a one hour interval between each response. RESULTS: The Spearman's rank correlation showed significant positive correlations between each pain rating scale for the whole sample for the first responses. There were non significant correlations between the first and second responses for each scale for those with seven years or less years of education. There were positive significant correlations between first and second responses on each scale for those with more than seven years of education. CONCLUSIONS: Both the numerical and verbal scales measure the same construct of pain experience. The scales are reliable when used with the more educated of the Zimbabwean population. It is recommended that the scales should not be used on a population who have less than seven years of education. More research is needed to determine the validity of pain scales within the Zimbabwean context.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Reliability and concurrent relations between the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile and the Conners Revised Teacher Rating Scale.

A total of 104 disturbed boys aged 6-11 were assessed with the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile and the Conners Revised Teacher Rating Scale (TRS). A subsample of 55 boys were reassessed with both measures at an interval of 1 week. For the teacher Profile, test-retest correlations averaged r = .87 for eight behavior problem scales and r = .91 for four adaptive functioning scales. Reliabilities were slightly higher for Externalizing scales (average r = .91) than for Internalizing scales (r = .80). Reliabilities averaged .94 for the Revised TRS. Correlations between the two measures indicated a strong correspondence between the three Externalizing scales of the Profile and the factor-based TRS scales. Specifically, Profile scales labeled Inattentive, Nervous-Overactive, and Aggressive correlated highly (p less than .001) with TRS scales labeled Inattentive-Passive, Hyperactivity, and Conduct Problem, respectively. The Conners Hyperkinesis Index correlated highly with all three Externalizing scales of the Profile, particularly Aggressive (r = .82). Overall, these results support the reliability and concurrent validity of both measures.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Two self-rating scales for depression in Hmong refugees: assessment in clinical and nonclinical samples.

An exploratory cross-cultural study was undertaken of two widely used self-rating scales: the Zung and the Depression Scale on the 90 Item Symptom Checklist, or SCL-Depression. Both scales were translated into Hmong and tested in two samples of Hmong refugees in the U.S.A. One sample (n = 86) consisted of a field survey of all Hmong people living in Minnesota. Of the 86, 15 sought treatment and were diagnosed as having major depression during the year following their self rating, so that a comparison of patients' scores with nonpatients' scores was possible. The other sample consisted of another 51 Hmong psychiatric patients with major depression. This second group was also assessed by four psychiatric rating scales (i.e. Hamilton Depression Scale, brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Inpatient Multidimensional Rating Scale, and Nurse's Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation) and two measures of treatment intensity (i.e. number of visits, duration of treatment). In the general Hmong population (n = 86), both self-rating scales were highly intercorrelated, and strongly associated with patient status. In the patient sample (n = 51), only the SCL-Depression showed any correlations with psychiatric rating scales or with treatment variables. This is contrary to the anticipated outcome, as it had been expected that the Zung would perform better than the SCL-Depression. In addition, duration of treatment was inversely correlated with the SCL-Depression, also opposite to our prediction. Probable causes for these unexpected results are presented. An item analysis was undertaken, comparing 71 Hmong survey subjects who were not treated for depression with 51 Hmong psychiatric patients who were treated for depression. Most Zung and SCL-Depression items showed significantly higher symptom levels in the depressed patients. However, non-depressed controls unexpectedly reported significantly higher symptom levels on certain items. No significant differences were observed on several Zung and SCL items. These unexpected findings are discussed in light of the refugee's adjustment and experience.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Obstetric complications as antecedents of schizophrenia: empirical effects of using different obstetric complication scales.

The new McNeil-Sjöström Scale for obstetric complications (OCs), as well as scales of Lewis et al. (Schizophrenia: Scientific progress. Oxford University Press, 1989) and Parnas et al. (British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 416-420, 1982), were applied to the OC histories of 70 singleton schizophrenics and 70 demographically-matched controls from the same hospital delivery series, using blindly assessed hospital pregnancy and birth record information. With the McNeil-Sjöström scale, schizophrenics were found to have significantly increased rates of OCs for the total reproduction, as well as for labor-delivery and the neonatal period but not for pregnancy. Significant increases in OCs in these schizophrenics were also found in scores produced by the Lewis et al. scale but not by the Parnas et al. scale. Further application of these three scales to OC data obtained through parental report for 23 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant and 10 pairs concordant for schizophrenia, as well as seven normal control MZ pairs, showed a significant difference in OC rates across the different twin pair groups, when assessed by the McNeil-Sjöström and Parnas et al. scales, but not by the Lewis et al. scale. The particular scoring system used in a study is thus of considerable importance not only for findings concerning OC histories of schizophrenics vs. controls, but also for the relationship between OCs and other presumed etiological factors in schizophrenia. Among the three scales, the McNeil-Sjöström scale provided the most sensitive assessment of OC history for schizophrenics.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Limitations of the Glasgow Coma Scale in predicting outcome in children with traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To study the hypothesis that, in the absence of an ischemic-hypoxic state, children with severe traumatic brain injury and with unfavorable Glasgow Coma Scale scores may have good recovery. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study with factorial design. SETTING: Inpatient population in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy-nine children with traumatic brain injury admitted to the intensive care unit. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received close monitoring and strict control of intracranial pressure (less than 20 mm Hg) and cerebral perfusion pressure (greater than 60 mm Hg). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, survival, need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, presence of shock, peak intracranial pressure, duration of coma, Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and the results of neuropsychologic tests were analyzed. Of 79 children, 70 (89%) survived. Although the mortality rate was higher among patients with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, 14 (64%) of 22 of these children survived. Nonsurvivors had a significantly higher incidence of shock and need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Except for two patients who had prolonged hypoxemia, all children, including those with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, had a satisfactory outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 or 5). Neuropsychologic outcome was not significantly different in the survivors with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5 and those with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 6 or more. CONCLUSIONS: A low Glasgow Coma Scale score does not always accurately predict the outcome of severe traumatic brain injury; in the absence of hypoxic-ischemic injury, children with traumatic brain injury and Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5 can recover independent function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of four scales measuring depression in schizophrenic inpatients.

Several scales have been used to diagnose and evaluate depression in schizophrenia. However, the association between different depression scales and between depression scales and negative symptoms has not been studied adequately. Sixty-four consecutively admitted schizophrenic patients to Eginition Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Athens, were assessed on the following scales: the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Depression subscale (EBPRS-D), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Depression subscale (PANSS-D) and the Negative Symptoms subscale (PANSS-N). The depression scales were found to be highly intercorrelated with the exception of the comparison between the EBPRS-D and the PANSS-D. Out of the four depression scales studied, only CDSS and EBPRS-D can discriminate between depression and a PANSS-Negative Symptoms subscale score or negative item scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Italian version of the organic brain syndrome and the depression scales from the CARE: evaluation of their performance in geriatric institutions.

The Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) and the Depression (D) scales derived from the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) were translated into Italian and used in a survey of geriatric institutions in Milan. During the survey validity and reliability tests of the scales were conducted. Inter-rater reliability (total score weighted kappa) was highly satisfactory for both scales (0.96 for OBS and 0.83 for D scale). Reliability was assessed three times during the survey and showed good stability for both scales, with a slight but significant trend towards reduction over time for the D scale. Reliability of the D scale was significantly lower when the subjects interviewed scored highly on the OBS scale (severe cognitive impairment). Criterion validity was highly satisfactory both for the OBS scale (cut-off point 4/5: sensitivity 77%, specificity 96%, positive predictive value 91%) and the D scale (cut-off point 10/11: sensitivity 95%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value 84%). Results are discussed with special reference to longitudinal assessment of reliability, the choice of the cut-off point, and the context-dependent properties of questionnaires.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Fatigue rating scales: an empirical comparison.

BACKGROUND: There has been limited research comparing the efficacy of different fatigue rating scales for use with individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This investigation explored relationships between two commonly-used fatigue rating scales in CFS research, the Fatigue Scale and the Fatigue Severity Scale. Theoretically, these scales have been described as measuring different aspects of the fatigue construct. The Fatigue Scale was developed as a measure of the severity of specific fatigue-related symptoms, while the Fatigue Severity Scale was designed to assess functional outcomes related to fatigue. METHODS: Associations of these scales with the eight definitional symptoms of CFS and with eight domains of functional disability were examined separately in: (1) an overall sample of individuals with a wide range of fatigue severity and symptomatology; (2) a subsample of individuals with CFS-like symptomatology, and, (3) a subsample of healthy controls. RESULTS: Findings revealed that both scales are appropriate and useful measures of fatigue-related symptomatology and disability within a general population of individuals with varying levels of fatigue. However, the Fatigue Severity Scale appears to represent a more accurate and comprehensive measure of fatigue-related severity, symptomatology, and functional disability for individuals with CFS-like symptomatology.

Adolescent↗