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PubMed2004

Retinoblastoma protein purification and transduction of retina and retinoblastoma cells using improved alphavirus vectors.

PURPOSE: To develop and use improved Semliki Forest vectors (SFVs) for functional and structural analyses of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) in developing retina and retinoblastoma cells. METHODS: Virus was harvested from cells transfected with replicon and helper plasmids. Combinations of producer and target cells were tested for optimal virus production and protein expression. The replicon was improved by adding an expanded multiple cloning site, translational enhancer, and FLAG and HIS10 epitope and affinity tags. Affinity chromatography was used to purify beta-galactosidase or RB. RB function was assessed through interaction with E2F1. The efficacy of SFV as a retinal delivery system was tested on mouse explants and cultured human retinoblastoma cells. RESULTS: The optimal producer and target cell lines were an HEK-293 derivative (Phoenix Eco) and BHK-21, respectively. Stable expression of structural proteins in the BHK-21 helper line simplified virus production and amplified virus yield 100-fold. The translational enhancer improved expression three- to eightfold. Full-length, functional RB was produced without the truncated products characteristic of bacterially produced RB and was purified using the affinity tags. SFVs efficiently transduced mouse retinal explants and multiple hard-to-transduce retinoblastoma tumor lines. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes a simple, rapid, SFV vector system to produce recombinant proteins, such as RB, in mammalian cells. These SFV vectors represent an efficient approach to purification of proteins and protein complexes and transduction of retinal or retinoblastoma cells for the purpose of in vivo analysis of protein functions.

Alphavirus↗
PubMed2004

Pharmacokinetics of systemic versus focal Carboplatin chemotherapy in the rabbit eye: possible implication in the treatment of retinoblastoma.

PURPOSE: To characterize the pharmacology and toxicity of intravenous versus focal carboplatin delivery in the rabbit eye. METHODS: Pharmacological distribution of carboplatin was examined in New Zealand White Rabbits after a single intravenous infusion of carboplatin (18.7 mg/kg of body weight), a single subconjunctival carboplatin injection (5.0 mg/400 microL), or a single application of carboplatin delivered by Coulomb-controlled iontophoresis (CCI; 14 mg/mL carboplatin, 5.0 mA/cm(2), 20 minutes). After each treatment, animals were euthanatized, and the eyes analyzed at 1, 2, 6, or 24 hours by atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine carboplatin concentration in ocular structures. Potential toxicity of focally delivered carboplatin was assessed by histology after six cycles of 5.0 mg carboplatin delivered by subconjunctival injection or six transscleral carboplatin CCI applications at 72-hour intervals (14.0 mg/mL, 20 minutes at 2.5 mA). RESULTS: Determination of concentrations through atomic absorption spectroscopy in the retina, choroid, vitreous humor, and optic nerve after subconjunctival injection or iontophoretic carboplatin delivery revealed significantly higher levels than those achieved with intravenous administration. Carboplatin concentrations in the blood plasma were found to be significantly higher after intravenous delivery than after focal delivery by subconjunctival injection or CCI. No evidence of ocular toxicity was detected after focally delivered Carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS: Focal administration of carboplatin using subconjunctival or noninvasive CCI safely and effectively transmits this chemotherapeutic drug into the target tissues of the retina, choroid, vitreous, and optic nerve. These results suggest that focal carboplatin delivery may effectively increase intraorbital carboplatin concentrations while decreasing systemic exposure to this cytotoxic drug.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Human retinoblastoma cells are resistant to apoptosis induced by death receptors: role of caspase-8 gene silencing.

PURPOSE: Fas ligand (FasL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/Apo2L are members of the TNFalpha family that can trigger apoptosis in susceptible cells via respective death receptors (DRs). FasL cross-links its receptor Fas, resulting in recruitment and proteolytic activation of caspase-8, which initiates the downstream apoptotic cascade. TRAIL signals through its receptors DR4 and DR5, which can activate caspase-8 as well. This study was undertaken to investigate the functional status of the FasL and TRAIL apoptotic pathways in retinoblastoma (Rb) cells. METHODS: The human Rb cell lines Y79 and WERI-Rb1 were evaluated for their response to the Fas cross-linking antibody CH11 and recombinant TRAIL, as well as for cell surface presence and mutational status of Fas, DR4, and DR5 by flow cytometry and genomic DNA sequencing, respectively. The expression of caspase-8 and its inhibitor FLIP, as well as their recruitment to the DR signaling complex were studied by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS: Rb cells express Fas, DR4, and DR5 on their surfaces, yet were resistant to DR-mediated apoptosis. This was not due to DR mutations or secretion of the soluble decoy Fas, antiapoptotic NF-kappaB activity, or FLIP overexpression, but to the absence of caspase-8 expression. The demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored caspase-8 expression and sensitivity to DR-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Rb cells are resistant to DR-mediated apoptosis because of a deficiency in caspase-8 expression secondary to epigenetic gene silencing by overmethylation. The data help delineate the apoptotic pathways in Rb cells and suggest that the combination of demethylating agents with DR-activating modalities, such as TRAIL receptor monoclonal antibodies, may benefit patients with retinoblastoma.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2005

Combretastatin A-4 prodrug in the treatment of a murine model of retinoblastoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of subconjunctival injections of combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA-4P) prodrug treatment on tumor vasculature and growth in an animal model of hereditary retinoblastoma. METHODS: Twenty-four, 12-week-old simian virus-40 T-antigen-positive mice received six subconjunctival CA-4P injections at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg delivered at 72-hour intervals to the right eye only. Six control animals received placebo treatment. All animals underwent serial ophthalmic evaluations and were euthanatized at 16 weeks of age, and eyes were obtained for histopathologic examination. Eyes were graded for presence or absence of tumor, delay of tumor growth, and intratumoral vascularity. RESULTS: The use of subconjunctivally injected CA-4P prodrug induced an extensive, dose-dependent decrease in microvessel density and led to significant tumor reduction in treated eyes compared with the placebo control (P <0.001). No evidence of corneal, lenticular, choroidal, or retinal toxicity was observed by histopathologic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Subconjunctival delivery of CA-4P is associated with extensive dose-dependent reduction in blood vessel count in this murine model of retinoblastoma. A combination treatment of retinoblastoma incorporating CA-4P may allow enhanced tumor reduction enabling a decrease in standard treatment doses of both chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cyclosporin a inhibits calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells signaling and induces apoptosis in retinoblastoma cells.

PURPOSE: Although the clinical efficacy of cyclosporin A (CSA) in retinoblastoma (RB) has been attributed to multidrug resistance reversal activity, the authors hypothesized that CSA is also directly toxic to RB cells through inhibition of calcineurin (CN)/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling. METHODS: Antiproliferative effects of CSA, PSC-833 (a CSA analogue that does not inhibit CN), and FK506 (a CN inhibitor structurally unrelated to CSA) were evaluated in Y79 and Weri-RB1 cells by WST-1 assay. Apoptosis induction by CSA and PSC-833 was measured by detection of caspase 3/7 activity and by flow cytometry, using annexin-V and 7-AAD stains. Expression of CN was assayed in RB cells by immunocytochemistry. Expression of NFAT, a CN-dependent transcription factor family, and FK506 binding protein 12/12.6 (FKBP12/12.6), effectors of CN inhibition by FK506, was assayed in RB cells by Western blot analysis. NFAT activity was assayed in CSA-treated and -untreated Y79 cells transfected with an NFAT-sensitive reporter gene. RESULTS: CSA induced dose-dependent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects at clinically achievable levels in Y79 and Weri-RB1 cells. PSC-833 induced antiproliferative effects only at nonphysiologic concentrations with minimal associated apoptosis. FK506 induced minimal antiproliferative effects in RB cell lines, probably due to trace or absent FKBP12/12.6 expression. RB cell lines expressed CN-alpha, CN-beta, NFATc1, and NFATc3. CSA treatment also potently inhibited NFAT-mediated reporter gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate functional integrity of the CN/NFAT signaling cascade in RB cells and suggest that CSA is cytotoxic to RB cells through inhibition of this pathway and consequent apoptosis induction.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2005

Antitumoral action of the neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist L-733,060 and mitogenic action of substance P on human retinoblastoma cell lines.

PURPOSE: Activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor is known to induce proliferation in tumor cells, but it is as yet unknown whether this applies to retinoblastoma. This was an in vitro study of the growth inhibitory capacity of the potent and long-acting neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist L-733,060, at concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 20 microM, against the human retinoblastoma line WERI-Rb-1 and from 10 to 25 microM against the human retinoblastoma line Y-79. The ability of substance P (an neurokinin-1 stimulator) to activate the cell growth of these retinoblastoma cell lines was also determined. METHODS: A cell counter was used to determine the number of viable cells, followed by application of the tetrazolium compound WST-8 [2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4 nitrophenyl))-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt, colorimetric method to evaluate cell viability in this cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS: Nanomolar concentrations of substance P increased the growth of both cell lines and micromolar concentrations of L-733,060 inhibited the growth of the two cell lines studied, with and without previous administration of substance P. L-733,060 inhibited the growth of the WERI-Rb-1 and Y-79 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 was 12.15 microM for 49 hours for WERI-Rb1 and 17.38 microM for 40 hours for Y-79. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that substance P is a mitogen and also indicate that the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist L-733,060 acts on both human retinoblastoma cell lines as an antitumoral agent.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Anecortave acetate as single and adjuvant therapy in the treatment of retinal tumors of LH(BETA)T(AG) mice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tumor control efficacy of the antiangiogenic agent anecortave acetate as single and combined therapy, in retinal tumor reduction using the LH(BETA)T(AG) mouse model of retinoblastoma. METHODS: Group A: Ten-week-old, LH(BETA)T(AG) mice received a single subconjunctival injection of anecortave acetate (1200, 600, 300, and 150 microg) delivered to right eyes only. Group B: Ten-week-old, LH(BETA)T(AG) mice received a single subconjunctival injection of anecortave acetate (600, 300, and 150 microg) delivered to right eyes only, either during a cycle of carboplatin (six subconjunctival deliveries) or after the completed cycle. Carboplatin was delivered at the subtherapeutic concentration of 62.5 microg. All animals were euthanatized at 16 weeks of age, and the eyes were examined histopathologically. RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in tumor burden was detected after a single periocular injection of anecortave acetate. The reduction of tumor burden followed a U-shaped dose-response curve. Tumor burden was significantly decreased when anecortave acetate and carboplatin were combined. However, varying doses and delivery schedule of these agents had significant impact on the effectiveness of the combined treatment. The most effective scheme was delivering a low dose (150-300 microg) of anecortave acetate after a complete cycle of carboplatin. Histopathological evaluation showed no signs of retinal toxicity to anecortave acetate delivery alone or in combination with carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS: Anecortave acetate, as monotherapy or as adjuvant therapy, significantly controlled tumor burden in a murine model of retinoblastoma. Moreover, adjuvant therapy enabled the use of typically subtherapeutic carboplatin doses without decreasing efficacy of the therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immunohistochemical detection of multidrug-resistant protein expression in retinoblastoma treated by primary enucleation.

PURPOSE: To compare the expression of multidrug-resistant proteins in retinoblastoma tumors among eyes treated with primary enucleation. METHODS: A group of 18 patients with unilateral retinoblastoma with advanced intraocular disease was selected for the study. All patients had undergone primary enucleation. A histologic specimen from each patient was retrieved from the pathology archives and a tissue gene microarray was constructed (0.6 x 3-4 mm). Standard immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the tissue microarrays for the expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2), multidrug-resistant protein 1/P-glycoprotein (MDR1/Pgp; ABCB1), multidrug-resistant-associated protein 1 (MRP1; ABCC1), MRP2 (ABCC2), and MRP4 (ABCC4). RESULTS: Of the 18 specimens retrieved, 16 had adequate tissue for study. MRP1 was expressed in 8 (50%) of 16 tumors, and MRP2 was expressed in 5 (31%) of 16 tumors. MDR1/Pgp was found in 2 (12%) of 16 retinoblastomas. MRP4 and BCRP were not detected in any of the tumors studied. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that multiple ABC transporters were present in a cohort of sporadic patients with unilateral retinoblastoma who underwent primary enucleation. Studies are planned of the expression of ABC transporters in eyes treated by chemotherapy and/or radiation as a comparison with this group.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed2006

Mitochondria as the primary target of resveratrol-induced apoptosis in human retinoblastoma cells.

PURPOSE: To determine the molecular mechanisms by which resveratrol induces retinoblastoma tumor cell death. METHODS: After resveratrol treatment, Y79 tumor cell viability was measured using a fluorescence-based assay, and proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects were characterized by Hoechst stain and flow cytometry, respectively. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) was measured as a function of drug treatment using 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-benzamidazolocarbocyanin iodide (JC-1), whereas the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria was assayed by immunoblotting and caspase activities were determined by monitoring the cleavage of fluorogenic peptide substrates. RESULTS: Resveratrol induced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in Y79 tumor cell viability and inhibited proliferation by inducing S-phase growth arrest and apoptotic cell death. Preceding cell death, resveratrol evoked a rapid dissipation of DeltaPsim. This was followed by the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and a substantial increase in the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Additionally, in a cell-free system, resveratrol directly induced the depolarization of isolated mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that resveratrol, a nontoxic natural plant compound, inhibits Y79 cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway and may warrant further exploration as an adjuvant to conventional anticancer therapies for retinoblastoma.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2006

Expression of costimulatory molecules on human retinoblastoma cells Y-79: functional expression of CD40 and B7H1.

PURPOSE: To examine the expression of various costimulatory molecules on the human retinoblastoma cell line Y-79 and assess the functional roles of selected costimulatory molecules. METHODS: Y-79 cells were incubated in the presence or absence of IFN-gamma, with or without irradiation (100 Gy). Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, MHC class II, CD80, CD86, CD40, CD70, B7H1, B7DC, B7H2, OX40L, and 4-1BBL on Y-79 cells was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometric analysis. The functional role of CD40-mediated interactions in modifying immune responses to Y-79 was assessed in vitro by using recombinant human CD40 ligand (rhCD40L). The costimulatory effect of B7H1-expressing IFN-gamma-treated Y-79 cells on proliferation of purified T cells was studied in Y-79/T-cell coculture experiments with a blocking anti-B7H1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). RESULTS: CD40 and B7H2 were consistently detected on Y-79 cells by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Cell surface expression of CD40 was upregulated on stimulation by IFN-gamma alone, radiation alone, and IFN-gamma combined with radiation. B7H1 expression was induced by IFN-gamma stimulation and increased further when irradiated Y-79 cells were stimulated by IFN-gamma. Treatment of Y-79 cells with rhCD40L enhanced cell surface expression of MHC class I and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and also stimulated monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 production. Proliferative response of purified CD3+ T cells costimulated with IFN-gamma-stimulated Y-79 was significantly enhanced by the addition of anti-B7H1 mAb. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CD40 expressed on Y-79 plays an important role in augmenting antitumor immunity. In contrast, the expression of B7H1 on IFN-gamma-treated Y-79 cells contributes to the suppression of T cells. The dual effects of CD40 and B7H1 on Y-79 cells may contribute to positive or negative regulation of antitumor immune responses in human retinoblastoma.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2006

Pax6 regulation in retinal cells by CCCTC binding factor.

PURPOSE: A previous study demonstrated that CTCF (CCCTC binding factor) regulates homeobox Pax6 gene expression in early embryonic stages and plays a dominant role in eye development. The purpose of the present study was to explore further the mechanism of CTCF controlling Pax6 gene expression in human retinoblastoma (Rb) cells and in the development of chicken and mouse retinas. METHODS: Northern and Western analyses were used to detect expressions of CTCF and Pax6 in Rb cells. Pax6 transcription reporter and deletion mutants were used to study the regulatory interaction between CTCF and Pax6 in Rb cells and in the retina of chicken embryos. CTCF transgenic chicken embryos and mice were established by lipofection and microinjection of linearized cytomegalovirus (CMV)-CTCF construct into fertilized eggs and mouse oocytes, respectively. Injected oocytes were implanted in the uterus of foster mothers through microinjection into the ovarian duct. The expression of CTCF and Pax6 was determined in embryo sections by immunochemistry. RESULTS: Stimulation of Rb cells with 10% FBS resulted in an increase in CTCF expression and a decrease in Pax6 expression. To study the regulatory mechanism, the Pax6 reporter and its deletion mutant activities were determined in transfected Rb cells and chicken embryonic retinas, revealing that CTCF interacts with the Pax6 gene in Rb cells through transcription control in the 5'-flanking region upstream from the Pax6 P0 promoter. Overexpression of CTCF in Rb cells suppressed Pax6 reporter activity and downregulated endogenous Pax6 expression. In contrast, downregulation of CTCF expression by knockdown of CTCF mRNA using specific small interfering (si)RNA markedly enhanced Pax6 expression in Rb cells. Further study in CTCF transgenic mouse embryos verified that overexpression of CTCF suppressed Pax6 gene expression in the retina. CONCLUSIONS: CTCF plays an important role in regulating Pax6 expression in Rb cells and in the developmental retina, and the regulation of Pax6 gene expression by CTCF in the retina is through transcriptional regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Iontophoretic delivery of carboplatin in a murine model of retinoblastoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and dose-response of transcorneoscleral Coulomb controlled iontophoresis (CCI) of carboplatin in the treatment of retinal tumors of a murine model of retinoblastoma. METHODS: Thirty 6-week-old LHBETATAG mice underwent a total of six, serial iontophoretic treatments administered two times per week using a current density of 2.57 mA/cm2 for 5 minutes. Fourteen animals received carboplatin treatments at concentrations of 1.4, 7.0, 10.0, or 14.0 mg/mL without current. Ten control mice underwent treatment with balanced saline solution. RESULTS: A dose-dependent inhibition of intraocular tumor was observed after repetitive iontophoretic treatment. At carboplatin concentrations of 7 mg/mL, 50% of the treated eyes (4/8) exhibited tumor control. No corneal toxicity was observed in eyes treated at carboplatin concentrations under 10 mg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: CCI delivery of carboplatin safely and effectively controls intraocular tumors in a dose-dependent manner in this murine model of retinoblastoma. CCI is a noninvasive, painless option for the focal delivery of carboplatin. However, further clinical and laboratory research is needed before this method of drug delivery is available for children with retinoblastoma.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraocular transplantation of E1A-immortalized retinal precursor cells.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the ocular environment on the survival, tumorigenicity, and phenotypic marker expression of immortalized retinal precursor cells transplanted into immunocompetent adult and neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. EIA-NR.3, a rat immortalized retinal precursor cell culture, was used as an inexhaustible source of experimental graft material. These cells were prelabeled with the fluorescent marker dil (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) and transplanted intravitreally (50,000 cells per microL) into 11 adult and 31 neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat eyes. At 1 mo posttransplant, animals were sacrificed and retinal tissue sections examined histologically for the presence of grafted cells, signs of tumor formation, and retinal phenotypic marker expression. No obvious signs of tumor formation or rejection were seen in a total of 42 eyes in the immunocompetent hosts. Our results indicate that EIA-NR.3 cells survive at least 1 month in vivo, and can migrate from the vitreous into neuroretinal cell layers. Subpopulations of surviving grafted cells were seen to express photoreceptor markers rhodopsin and recoverin comparably between in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, the number of cells immunoreactive for vimentin and E1A decreased significantly under in vivo conditions. This report represents the first experimental intravitreal transplantation of E1A-immortalized retinal precursor cells into adult and neonatal rats. The intraocular location and environment appears to affect phenotypic expression of surviving grafted cells, especially with respect to vimentin and E1A expression. The fact that E1A-NR.3 cells survived intraocularly at least 1 mo without tumor formation suggests that the cells may continue to be useful for further in vivo studies of experimental retinal transplantation, and effects of histological location on retinal cell phenotype and histogenesis in immunocompetent hosts.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The treatment of retinoblastoma: a case study.

Research in the treatment of retinoblastoma and multidrug resistance has led to new treatment protocols for children. This case study introduces information regarding a clinical trial for the treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma. It also highlights important nursing issues in the care of these children and their families.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metachronous tumor development in unilateral retinoblastoma.

PURPOSE: A series of 205 retinoblastoma (RB) patients referred to the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Siena (Italy) was evaluated in order to assess the proportion of unilateral cases later developing tumors in the companion eye ("metachronous" bilateral retinobastoma) (MBRB). METHODS: The total number of unilaterally affected patients developing tumors in the fellow eye was recorded and the risk factors assessed for the development of asynchronous bilateral retinoblastoma, i.e., family history, tumor multifocality and early age at diagnosis. RESULTS: Only two out of 133 (1.5%) unilateral retinoblastoma patients in our series could be considered affected by MBRB. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of MBRB in our series was negligible (1.5% of all unilateral cases) compared to other reports. None of the reported risk factors for the development of tumors in the fellow eye was relevant in the present series. Although close follow-up of some unilateral cases is still recommended, thorough examination of the fellow eye, to search for lesions in the peripheral retina, is essential in all cases of unilateral RB. MBRB may be a distinctive clinical entity with specific clinical, genetic and prognostic features. However, all these aspects need to be better investigated in larger series.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transretinal feeder vessel ligature in von Hippel-Lindau disease.

PURPOSE: To present a new technique called transretinal feeder vessel ligature for the treatment of retinal angiomas. METHODS: Case report of a patient with peripheral retinal angiomas previously treated unsuccessfully with photocoagulation who responded to this new, alternative surgical treatment. RESULTS: The retinal angiomas decreased in size although two new feeder vessels appeared and the lesions showed a regression pattern after additional laser therapy over the vascular tumors. CONCLUSIONS: A transretinal feeder vessel ligature in association with vitrectomy and photocoagulation may be useful for some advanced or non-responsive cases of retinal angiomas.

Adult↗