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PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal hypothyroxinemia: psychoneurological deficits of progeny.

Maternal thyroid function was evaluated clinically, by reproductive history, and by serial measurements of serum butanol-extractable iodine (thyroxine-like iodine), two before and two after 24 gestational weeks during 1,349 pregnancies. Three percent of the women were hypothyroxinemic. Developmental, intellectual, and motor abilities of progeny born to (Group I) 210 euthyroxinemic, (Group II) 15 hypothyroxinemic given adequate thyroid replacement therapy, and (Group III) 21 inadequately treated hypothyroxinemic women were compared. The groups of mothers exhibited no significant differences in intelligence, years of education, or chronological age. Mean developmental and intellectual scores at eight months, four and seven years of Group II progeny evidenced remarkably consistent similarity to scores of siblings and controls. At each age, mean developmental and intellectual scores were lower for Group III progeny, and motor scores of the latter were lowest. Some progeny of Group II mothers, treated only after 12 or 29 weeks, failed the ball catch and line walk tests; some had strabismus and other ocular disturbances. Could these deficits have originated with maternal hypothyroxinemia during first semester weeks before the thyroid-pituitary axis matures? Now in 1990-1991, early findings fit into the modern concepts of significant maternal gestational transfer of thyroxine to the fetus. The authors encourage prenatal and/or early gestational screening for maternal hypothyroxinemia and urge prescription of adequate thyroid replacement therapy for hypothyroxinemic women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk in young women: subgroup analyses. UK National Case-Control Study Group.

The UK National Case-Control Study Group reported an increased risk of breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use in women in whom the disease was diagnosed before the age of 36. In further analyses to ascertain whether any subgroup is at particularly increased risk, women were grouped by age at diagnosis, reproductive history, personal habits and characteristics, family history of breast cancer, and history of biopsy for benign breast disease; these subgroups were also defined by overall risk score. There was little evidence of altered risk in relation to subgroups: women with a family history of breast cancer had a slightly greater risk associated with OC use than those without, but the difference in trends was not significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Occupational health: how work environments can affect reproductive capacity and outcome.

This article presents a compilation of descriptive data on how work environments can affect reproductive capacity and outcome. A thorough background in issues relevant to reproductive health provides a basis for understanding the effects of work on pregnancy and the effects of pregnancy on work performance. The physical changes of pregnancy and the sequential events by trimester are discussed in relation to work demands and risks. A review of specific job-related risks is also presented, including various chemicals, infections and environmental agents. A third section focuses on the clinical application of taking occupational and reproductive histories, and on guidelines for preconception and pregnancy counseling.

Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic↗
PubMed1990

[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with ectopic pregnancy].

Chlamydia trachomatis infection, presumably sexually transmitted, has been implicated in the spread of tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In searching evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a possible cause of tubal ectopic pregnancy, we enrolled 40 consecutive pathologically proven tubal ectopic women and 37 normal early intrauterine pregnant women from our OPD and ward from Jan. 1989 to July 1989. All cases underwent a structured interview giving particular attention to past reproductive history, contraception history and past history of STD. The levels of serum antibody IgG to Chlamydia trachomatis in all cases were determined. Seven ectopic women with wearing IUD in situ (group A) and 33 ectopic women with no identical factor (group B) were compared with 37 normal early intrauterine pregnant women (control group). The result showed group B more often had IgG antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis than control group (P = 0.001). Group A had higher antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis than control group but the difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). We concluded that the above findings add to the evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a major cause of tubal ectopic pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Detection of corpora lutea and follicles in cows: a comparison of transvaginal ultrasonography and rectal palpation.

The ovaries of 59 pluriparous cows of unknown reproductive history were palpated, scanned and dissected on the day of slaughter to compare the accuracy of rectal palpation and transvaginal ultrasonography with a 5 MHz linear array for the detection of corpora lutea and follicles. The rectal palpation was first carried out to judge the presence of follicles of more than 5 mm diameter, and corpora lutea which were classified as young (days 1 to 4), mid-cycle (days 5 to 16) or old (days 17 to 21) according to morphological criteria. The cows were then examined for follicles and corpora lutea by ultrasonography and the corpora lutea were again classified directly as young, mid-cycle or old according to their appearance. The cows were then slaughtered, their ovaries dissected, and the follicles over 5 mm in diameter were counted and the corpora lutea were classified in the above mentioned age categories. For the detection of a mid-cycle corpus luteum the sensitivity and predictive value of rectal palpation were, respectively, 83.3 per cent and 73.2 per cent and for ultrasonography the sensitivity and predictive value were 80.6 per cent and 85.3 per cent, respectively. However, both techniques were inaccurate for the detection of young and old corpora lutea. For detecting follicles ultrasonography was a significantly better method than rectal palpation. Ultrasonography detected 95 per cent of follicles larger than 10 mm whereas rectal palpation detected only 71 per cent of these follicles. Both techniques failed with follicles 5 to 10 mm in diameter; only 21.5 per cent were detected by rectal palpation and 34.3 per cent by ultrasonography.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The climacteric and gynaecological cancers.

Epidemiologic data show how the climacteric is definitely an high risk period for the developing of genital and mammary neoplasias. This can be probably explained for the genital district by the hyperestrogenic situation that the climacteric woman experiences and by the promoting effect that estrogens have on the neoplastic growth. As far as the mammary cancer concerns the reproductive history would seem to be more important than the perimenopausal hormonal in determining the high risk woman. Estrogen replacement therapy would seem to be dangerous only for the endometrium while little or no effect can be demonstrated for the ovary and the breast. The combined estrogen-progesterone therapy all the beneficial effects and seems to be absolutely safe.

Climacteric↗
PubMed1989

HIV serology in artificially inseminated lesbians.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the risks of HIV transmission from artificial insemination in a sample of lesbians residing in California and inseminated between 1979 and 1987. This population was selected because lesbians are considered to be at low risk for HIV infection, and have traditionally used semen from men engaging in high-risk behaviors, namely, homosexual men. Each of the 98 participants had blood drawn for the HIV antibody test (ELISA) and completed a questionnaire inquiring about her sexual, health, and reproductive history, including detailed information about her inseminations (e.g., vaginal vs. uterine, fresh vs. frozen semen, sexual orientation, and antibody status of donor). One-half of the women had homosexual or bisexual donors, many of whom resided in the San Francisco Bay area; most of these inseminations were with fresh semen. The women reported a marked decline in the use of homosexual donors after 1982 and a corresponding increase in the use of donations from sperm banks and health practitioners. Based on the women's reports, as many as 11 women may have received semen from an infected donor. However, none of the 98 women tested seropositive. We attribute our negative findings to the change to low-risk donors in the years when HIV became more prevalent in the population, and to the potentially lower rates of infectivity with artificial insemination than with heterosexual intercourse. Nevertheless, we recommend that women continue to follow the CDC guidelines for screening donors prior to artificial insemination.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Translocations are infrequent among couples having repeated spontaneous abortions but no other abnormal pregnancies.

During the years 1977 to 1986, cytogenetic studies were performed on 342 women and 297 men whose reproductive history included one or more first trimester spontaneous abortions. Thirty-nine women and 35 men experienced not only early fetal losses but also one or more stillborn infants, liveborn anomalous infants, or early neonatal deaths. Among the 303 women and 262 men evaluated solely because of repetitive abortions, only 1 woman and 1 man showed a translocation. Two translocations were detected among the 39 women and 35 men having not only repetitive abortions but also a stillborn infant, anomalous liveborn, or unexplained neonatal death. Only among the 25 women having abortions and other abnormal perinatal events was the frequency of translocations high (2/25 or 8%). Our data continue to indicate that balanced chromosomal translocations are relatively infrequent in individuals having repeated abortions but no other adverse perinatal outcome.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1989

[Risk factors for breast cancer in Belgrade].

Reproductive history, contraceptive use, family history of breast cancer, health behaviour and socioeconomic variables of 60 women with breast cancer were compared to those of 71 age and place of living matched hospital controls. Besides nulliparity, all known risk factors for breast cancer were more frequently present in the cases observed, although the statistical significance was not attained (age at first delivery, early menarche, positive family history of breast cancer, positive history of benign breast disease, obesity). Oral contraceptives ever used were reported for 16.7% of cases and 15.5% of controls (RR = 1.09; 95% confidence interval 0.42-2.77). Although the study is small and the difference in the risk factor distribution insignificant, it is clearly consistent with many published studies on the same subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

No relationship between pregnancy complications and variations in blood glucose levels among nondiabetic women.

Research using high-risk pregnant women suggests that postprandial blood glucose levels at the high end of normal are associated with greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than low-normal levels. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between pregnancy complications and glucose levels in low-risk pregnant women. Based on 2-hour postprandial glucose testing at 27 to 33 weeks, 337 women with normal reproductive histories were divided into three groups: group A, glucose less than 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), group B, 5.6 to 6.6 mmol/L (100 to 119 mg/dL), and group C, 6.7 to 9.1 mmol/L (120 to 164 mg/dL). Women with glucose levels greater than or equal to 9.2 mmol/L (165 mg/dL) were excluded. The groups were compared to detect differences in rates of various maternal outcomes (preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, forceps delivery) and neonatal outcomes (macrosomia, Apgar scores, prematurity, fetal death, infant death, congenital anomalies). No significant differences were found. These data indicate that variations in maternal glucose tolerance (within the normal range) are not associated with adverse outcomes in normal pregnant women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An epidemiologic study of contraception and preeclampsia.

The primary hypothesis of this study was that contraceptive methods that prevent exposure to sperm and seminal fluid (condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, withdrawal) are associated with an increased risk of developing preeclampsia during the subsequent pregnancy. A case-control study was conducted comparing the contraceptive and reproductive histories of 110 primiparous women with preeclampsia with 115 pregnant women without preeclampsia, aged 15 to 35 years, who gave birth at North Carolina Memorial Hospital, Chapel Hill, between 1984 and 1987. Controls were frequency matched to cases by age, race, and distance from the hospital. Unconditional logistic regression analysis indicated a 2.37-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 5.58) increased risk of preeclampsia for users of contraceptives that prevent exposure to sperm. A dose-response gradient was observed, with increasing risk of preeclampsia for those with fewer episodes of sperm exposure. These results were supportive of the hypothesis that birth control methods that prevent sperm exposure may play a role in the etiology of preeclampsia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix in Buffalo, New York.

An investigation was done to determine whether patients with cancer of the cervix from Buffalo and Kenmore, New York, differed from a random sample of women from the same communities on a variety of parameters associated with marital and reproductive history. A comparison of the 285 patients and 1,620 controls showed that patients were more likely than controls to have been black and non-Jewish, to have married young, to have had more than one husband, and to have been young at the time of their first pregnancy. In addition, they were more likely to have frequently used the vaginal douche and to have used it over many years. As frequency of douche increased, so did risk of cervix cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a clinical follow-up.

One hundred eighty-two women were diagnosed by laparoscopy as having an initial episode of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The classification of PID was based on a modification of Westrom's criteria. Antibiotic treatment followed recommended protocols established by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Each year, the woman is contacted to complete a questionnaire detailing her reproductive history, presence of pelvic pain, and menstrual history, as well as other miscellaneous gynecologic history. The study covers a follow-up interval of six months to 8 years. The results are categorized according to the severity of the acute PID, as well as the time elapsed since the infection. A psychological investigation of post-PID pain was performed, and yielded accurate prediction of whether or not pain had been reported by a patient during the acute phase of the disease. Results indicate an increased incidence of involuntary sterility as the disease progresses in severity. The occurrence of ectopic pregnancy is increased for all stages of PID, but most particularly, following tubo-ovarian abscess. The long-term consequences of a single episode of acute PID are often severe.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Current concepts in endometriosis.

There are no conclusive data available on the incidence or prevalence of endometriosis, yet the notion persists that the frequency of cases has dramatically risen in western societies during the past 25 years. Race, familial predisposition, reproductive history, socioeconomic status, personality type and a historical drop in age at menarche have been posited as risk factors for the complex and as-yet-unclear epidemiology of this disorder. The epidemiology of endometriosis is constrained by the difficulty of the diagnosis. Several analytic concepts from epidemiology, however, could be profitably used to further our knowledge of endometriosis. Included are the case-control study, survival and life-table analyses and correlations of psychologic traits with susceptibility to development of the disease. Though none of these techniques is original or without potential for bias, they may be underutilized in solving the conundrum of endometriosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Use of pulsatile intravenous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to induce fertile estrus in bitches.

The pulsatile IV administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was evaluated as a method to induce fertile estrus in 8 anestrous Beagle bitches. Bitches received 1.25 micrograms of GnRH every 90 minutes for 11 to 13 days. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone was delivered by use of an automatic pump. Reproductive history was known for all bitches, 4 of which, on the basis of 3 or 4 preceding cycles, had an interestrous interval of 219 +/- 14 days (mean +/- SEM). Estrus induction was attempted during early anestrus in 6 bitches (ie, 148 +/- 10 days since the preceding estrus) and late anestrus in 1 bitch (ie, 260 days since the preceding estrus); another bitch had not had an estrous cycle for nearly 2 years before GnRH administration. Signs of estrus were seen within 16 days after the start of GnRH administration in the bitches with regular estrous cycles (group 1, n = 7), and within 23 days in the bitch (group 2) with prolonged anestrus. All bitches were bred, and 7 of 8 (87.5%) became pregnant, with a mean litter size of 4.5 +/- 0.75. A normal hormonal response pattern was observed in group-1 bitches--a peak increase in plasma estrogen concentration of 22.3 +/- 2 pg/ml immediately before the onset of estrus. Peak plasma progesterone concentration (17.3 +/- 3 ng/ml) was observed 1 to 14 days after the onset of diestrus in the group-1 bitches that ovulated, and adequate plasma progesterone concentration was maintained throughout gestation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Hyperandrogenemia as a cause of amenorrhea].

The so-called postpill amenorrhea remains a much debated subject in gynecological endocrinology. We have therefore scrutinized the reproductive history and endocrinological parameters of 145 patients with the presumptive diagnosis of postpill amenorrhea, seen at our department during the last two years. 166 cases of secondary amenorrhea served as a control group. Both groups showed a high incidence of late menarche (20%), previous oligomenorrhea and elevated androgen serum levels. There were no significant differences between both collectives. These findings suggest that although oral contraceptives may unfavorably influence the menstrual cycle, there is no causal relationship between such agents and the development of secondary amenorrhea. It seems that in many cases of presumptive postpill amenorrhea the common juvenile hyperandrogenemic ovarian insufficiency might be the underlying problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

An infant with trisomy 9pter yields 9q22 resulting from 3:1 segregation in a 46,XX t(1;9) (p36;q22) mother.

A newborn infant with a 47,XY,+ der(.),t(1;9) (p36;q22)mat chromosome complement and the clinical features of the 9p trisomy is described. A review of the reproductive histories of five cases with trisomy 9pter yields 9q21 or 22 indicate that the balanced translocation mothers of these infants may have as high as a 23% chance of producing a chromosomally unbalanced offspring due to 3:1 disjunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Birth prevalence and recurrence rates of neural tube defects in southern Alberta in 1970-81.

Given the observed variation in birth prevalence and recurrence rates of neural tube defects, it is important to obtain such data specific to a given locality for research and genetic counseling purposes. A review of hospital medical charts, the patient lists of the Medical Genetics and Myelomeningocele clinics at Alberta Children's Hospital and data from the Canadian Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System revealed the annual birth prevalence rate of neural tube defects in southern Alberta in 1970-81 to be 1.62/1000 total births. This figure suggests southern Alberta to be a low-frequency area. There was no significant variation in the annual rates of spina bifida, encephalocele or all neural tube defects combined over the study period. A significant linear decline in the frequency of births of anencephalic infants, however, was noted (p = 0.025). Information on the total reproductive history of the mothers revealed that the empiric risk of recurrence of a neural tube defect was 2.2%, and the risk to all siblings was estimated to be 2.3%. In future prevalence studies multiple sources of case ascertainment should be used, including data on pregnancies terminated because of a fetal neural tube defect.

Alberta↗