Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Reasoning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Influenza vaccination and self-reported reasons for not receiving influenza vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries aged > or =65 years--United States, 1991-2002.

Annual influenza vaccination of the U.S. elderly population has been demonstrated as safe and effective in reducing the risks of illness, hospitalization, and death. The Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) has measured annual influenza vaccination rates since 1991; the latest data available are for the 2001-02 influenza season. Since 1996, self-reported reasons for not receiving influenza vaccine also have been measured. During 1991-2002, MCBS indicated a steady upward trend in vaccination coverage among Medicare beneficiaries, with the exception of the 2000-01 influenza season, when vaccine distribution was delayed. The most frequently cited reasons for not receiving influenza vaccine were 1) not knowing that influenza vaccination was needed and 2) concerns that vaccination might cause influenza or side effects. During the 2000-01 influenza season, vaccine shortage or unavailability was noted for the first time as an important reason for nonvaccination. Further efforts are needed to educate the elderly regarding the benefits of influenza vaccination and to address any concerns regarding the safety of the vaccine.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Reasoning process characteristics in the diagnostic skills of beginner, competent, and expert dentists.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate qualitative differences in the diagnostic reasoning process at different developmental stages of expertise. A qualitative design was used to study cognitive processes that characterize the diagnosis of oral disease at the stages of beginner (five junior students who had passed the NBDE I), competent (five GPR first-year residents), and expert dentists (five general dentists with ten or more years of experience). Individually, each participant was asked to determine the diagnosis of an oral condition based on a written clinical case, using the think aloud technique and retrospective reports. A subsequent interview was conducted to obtain the participants' diagnostic process model and pathophysiology of the case. The analysis of the verbal protocols indicated that experts referred to the patient's sociomedical context more frequently, demonstrated better organization of ideas, could determine key clinical findings, and had an ability to plan for the search of pertinent information. Fewer diagnostic hypotheses were formulated by participants who used forward reasoning, independent of the stage of development. Beginners requested additional diagnostic aids (radiographs, laboratory tests) more frequently than the competent/expert dentists. Experts recalled typical experiences with patients, while competent/beginner dentists recalled information from didactic courses. Experts evidenced cognitive diagnostic schemas that integrate pathophysiology of disease, while competent and beginner participants had not achieved this integration. We conclude that expert performance is a combination of a knowledge base, reasoning skills, and an accumulation of experiences with patients that is qualitatively different from that of competent and beginner dentists. It is important for dental education to emphasize the teaching of cognitive processes and to incorporate a wide variety of clinical experiences in addition to the teaching of disciplinary content.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1992

Model-based reasoning in biomedicine.

Significant advances have been achieved in model-based reasoning in the past decade, rendering it one of the most active branches of artificial intelligence. Research on model-based reasoning focuses on two major goals: being able to predict and explain device behavior, mostly using qualitative representations. Viewed from the same perspective, many research issues in biomedicine share the same outlook: being able to predict the behavior of a certain biological system, and being able to explain why the system behaves as it does (or will behave as it is predicted to). Qualitative modeling, with its wide margins for ambiguity, provides an excellent toolset for the simulation of biological systems which do not lend themselves easily to mathematical modeling. This article presents a review of recent advances in model-based reasoning in biomedicine.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

[Complications of chickenpox as reason for children's hospitalization].

Chickenpox is self limiting disease, with potentially dangerous course. Chickenpox complications can evoke the necessity of hospitalization. Assess the types and courses of chickenpox complications in child patients hospitalized in Provincial Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Bydogoszcz between 1999 and 2003. Cases of chickenpox complications being the reason of children hospitalization were retrospectively analyzed. The total number of children hospitalized because of chickenpox complication is 153. Patients age ranged from 18 days to 18 years, with average of 5,4 years. 62% of children were younger than 5 and, 1/3 children were younger than 1. The average period of hospitalization was 7 days. 17% of patients stayed in hospital longer than 10 days. 53% of patients were male. In 5 cases chronic diseases were diagnosed. The most common reason of hospitalization connected with chickenpox were symptoms of alimentary canal disorder (30%), respiratory tract inflammations, with pneumonia and bronchitis in the lead (30/47). Neurological complications during chickenpox occurred in 23 of 153 hospitalized (15%): febrile convulsions - 6/153, cerebellar ataxia - 9/153, meningitis and brain fever - 6/153, peripheral nerve - 2/153. Bacterial skin infection as the reason of hospitalization of 16 children, hepatitis of 3 and joints inflammation of 1 child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Contraception continuation rates and reasons for discontinuation in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran.

We evaluated contraception continuation rates and discontinuation reasons in Zahedan among 1741 women from 1998-2000. By Kaplan-Meier technique continuation rates were 92% for low dose combined hormonal oral contraceptives (OC), 86% for a levonorgestrel-releasing implant, 82% for intrauterine devices (IUD) and 53% for medroxyprogesterone acetate at the first year. After 3 years, continuation was 78% for levonorgestrel implant, 70% for OC, 60% for IUD and 44% for medroxyprogesterone acetate. The commonest reason for discontinuing OC and medroxyprogesterone acetate was changing method; for IUD and levonorgestrel-releasing implant, the commonest reason was side-effects. By Cox regression model, continuation rate and contraceptive type were significantly related to health centre.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The use of complementary and alternative medicine in children at a general paediatric clinic and parental reasons for use].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of and reasons for the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in paediatric patients, and to determine the parental need for appropriate information from their paediatrician. DESIGN: Questionnaire. METHOD: A questionnaire was given to the parents of general paediatric patients of the St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein and the University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands, in the period June 2003-March 2004. Parents were asked about CAM use in the past 12 months, which CAM modalities were used and their reasons for using it. They were also asked about their need to receive information on CAM from their paediatrician. RESULTS: A total of 581 of 617 parents completed the questionnaire (94%). CAM was used by 177 (30%) patients. The most frequently used types of CAM were homeopathy (48%), phytotherapy (45%), nutritional supplements (28%) and manual therapies (28%). CAM was used most often in children with headache or chronic fatigue. The most frequently cited reasons for CAM use were a desire for the child to feel better and a preference for a 'more natural' therapy. Factors associated with CAM use were a high level of parental education and use of CAM by the parent. Only 40% of parents had reported the use of CAM to their paediatrician, usually on their own initiative. The majority of the parents (60%) found it important to very important that the paediatrician is able to provide information on CAM. CONCLUSION: Almost one-third of patients visiting a general paediatrician had used complementary or alternative medicine in the past year. Given the possible interactions with conventional therapies and the desire of parents to receive more information on CAM, paediatricians should expand the patient history assessment to include questions regarding the use of CAM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Use of description logic classification to reason about consequences of penetrating injuries.

The consequences of penetrating injuries can be complex, including abnormal blood flow through the injury channel and functional impairment of organs if arteries supplying them have been severed. Determining the consequences of such injuries can be posed as a classification problem, requiring a priori symbolic knowledge of anatomy. We hypothesize that such symbolic knowledge can be modeled using ontologies, and that the reasoning task can be accomplished using knowl-edge representation in description logics (DL) and automatic classification. We demonstrate the capabilities of automated classification using the Web Ontology Language (OWL) to reason about the consequences of penetrating injuries. We created in OWL a knowledge model of chest and heart anatomy describing the heart structure and the surrounding anatomic compartments, as well as the perfusion of regions of the heart by branches of the coronary arteries. We then used a domain-independent classifier to infer ischemic regions of the heart as well as anatomic spaces containing ectopic blood secondary to the injuries. Our results highlight the advantages of posing reasoning problems as a classification task, and lever-aging the automatic classification capabilities of DL to create intelligent applications.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

Reasons for third molar teeth extraction in Jordanian adults.

AIMS: To assess reasons for third molar teeth extractions in a sample of Jordanian dental patients and to evaluate the association of extractions with other independent variables. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study sample was comprised of dental patients in North Jordan who had third molar extractions. Data were collected from 36 dentists who were instructed to administer questionnaires to their adult patients undergoing third molar extractions and then to record the primary reason for those extractions. The data in this study was analyzed using a descriptive summary and chi square statistics. RESULTS: Dentists performed 810 extractions for 648 patients. The reasons for the extractions were: dental caries and its consequences about 42%, eruption problems 39%, periodontal diseases about 7%, and approximately 9% of extractions were a result of the dentist's choice. The percentage of extractions due to dental caries significantly increased with increasing age. However, significant numbers of teeth were extracted due to eruption problems (51%-69%) in young adults. For 46+ year olds, 23% of extractions were caused by periodontal diseases. Extraction due to dental caries was distributed equally among the sexes. Persons with irregular tooth brushing and fewer dental visits had significantly more third molar teeth extracted due to caries and periodontal diseases compared to persons with regular tooth brushing and dental visits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The reasonable legal nursing manpower-staffing by using the system dynamics approach.

The Purpose of the study is to lay foundation for reasonable legal nursing manpower staffing by building the nursing manpower-staffing model. The System dynamics approach was adapted to build a simulation model. The model was built up on Vensim 5.0b DSS. In terms of economic efficiency on tertiary hospitals, the ratio of bed to nurse for the best reasonable legal nursing manpower-staffing is 3.0: 1(2.6:1 if calculating in terms of the ratio of patient to nurse) In terms of economic efficiency on secondary hospitals, the ratio of bed to nurse for the best reasonable legal nursing manpower-staffing is 3.5: 1(3.0:1 if calculating in terms of the ratio of patient to nurse).

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed1977

[Errors in practising a so-called "reasonable" regimen (author's transl)].

The significant decrease of the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphatides, beta-cholesterol, and beta-lipoproteins, which usually is observed after conversion from normal eating habits to a "reasonable" diet, is prevented by supplementary and unverifiable consumption of confectionery and/or by alcohol abuse in irregular intervals. The so-called "reasonable" regimen is a high-fat and protein-rich diet food containing more than 50 per cent of multiple-unsaturated fatty acid in the fat supply. The fact that the average serum concentrations of the divers lipid fractions within the entire group of the 30 patients examined (patients who - admittedly - were practising a luxury form of consumption) showed merely insignificant fluctuations, is in no way a justification for the conclusion that a "reasonable" diet will at any time ostensively represent a protection against the effect of luxury consumption on the serum lipids.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The social facts of deviance in school: a study of mundane reason.

This paper reports an ethnomethodological study of the use of mundane reason in relation to deviance in schools. Its central theme is that the social facts of deviance in schools are constituted through the assumptions, practices and procedures which comprise mundane reason. The data upon which the study is based consist of transcribed tape recordings of meetings between teachers, psychologists and social workers at which children referred from schools to the Child and Family Guidance Service are discussed. The talk in these meetings is shown to reveal the use of mundane reason with respect to a variety of practical actions. These include categorization, accounting for referral and other actions towards referrals, referral recipiency, reporting referrals, and the formulation of reactions to referrals. Each of these practical actions is considered in turn and its contribution to fact constitution identified. Taken together and viewed consecutively, they can be seen to have a cumulative impact on the social constitution of deviance in schools.

Child↗
PubMed1991

An analysis of reasons for discontinuing participation in a practice-based research network.

Now that primary care practice-based research networks are known to be feasible, it is important to learn more about the reasons practices participate and withdraw. The Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network (ASPN) experience presents a special opportunity to study 32 practices that withdrew from the Network since it began in 1982. One hundred percent of these practices responded to a structured telephone survey. The desire to be part of a group doing research (47%) and response to recruitment by an esteemed colleague (28%) were the most important reasons for joining the Network. Changes within the practice (50%), the additional burdens associated with ASPN (22%), and lack of support among practice colleagues and staff (13%) were the most important reasons for withdrawing. Six suggestions were made that could have helped these practices continue in ASPN. Thirteen percent of practices that withdrew rejoined the Network at a later date. Eight years after initiating investigations, 70% of the practices that were ever part of ASPN remained fully involved.

Primary Health Care↗
PubMed1991

[Abortion applicants--reasons, prevention, information].

In 1989, 300 women who were admitted for abortion at Buskerud Central Hospital answered questions about their reasons for deciding to terminate the pregnancy, and about prevention and information. The material was compared with a previous study of journals from 1977. In both cases the age group 15-20 years constituted 25% of the material. In 1989, 53% gave problems at home and economy as reasons for abortion, compared with 66% in 1977. In 1989, 34% emphasized school and education as reasons, compared with 14% in the previous study. 36% indicated that preventive measures had failed. 81% had received satisfactory information about the operation. 50% were in doubt about their decision.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reasons for choice of dentistry as a career in Calcutta: a survey report.

A survey was carried out on a randomly selected student sample among the students of Dr. R Ahmed Dental College & Hospital, Calcutta to find out the main reasons for dentistry for a career. The main aim of the survey was to provide base line data on the topic. The reply rate was 71%. Among the sample, 71% chose dentistry as a second choice of career making. Only 5% were influenced by their dentists regarding their choice. 79% of the students were not well aware about the profession prior to admission. That dentistry offers a specialized profession was the commonest reason for its choice of a career. There were significant difference among males and females with respect to reasons other than the main ones. Further studies have been suggested and a need to popularise the profession among the potential applicants has been suggested to increase the applicant pool for dentistry.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Reasons for postponing anti-tuberculosis BCG vaccination of newborn infants].

Reasons for antituberculous BCG vaccination postponement in 1985 and those for BCG-M in 1986 and 1988 in 2 maternity homes of Moscow are analysed. All the newborns were divided into 3 groups each 3100 infants strong. A number of the postponed infants in every group for medical reasons appeared to be practically the same, i.e. in 1985-160 (5.16%), in 1986-172 (5.56%) and in 1988-180 (5.81%). After BCG-M vaccine which is less reactogenic, there was an increase in the number of infants with unduly indicated postponed vaccination (in 1985-28.1%, in 1986-44.6% and in 1988-41.7%). At the same time there was a decrease in the number of non-vaccinated infants since they were prematurely born, and as from 1986 the leading vaccination postponement reasons were nervous diseases which are not considered to be counterindications for antituberculous vaccination.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinicostatistical study of the reasons for placing and replacing restorations].

This article presents the results of a clinical study conducted in the department of Operative Dentistry of the University of Athens. The reasons for placing and replacing restorations, the restorative material used, patient's age and sex, teeth and surfaces involved and age of replaced restorations were the variables studied in 1520 restorations. The results revealed that 53.2% of the restorations were placed for the first time. 92.6% of the new restorations were placed due to primary caries. Secondary caries were the reasons for the 35% of the replaced with amalgam restorations. Secondary caries and color mismatch were the reasons for the 25% and 23.2% respectively of the replaced with composite restorations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reasons and factors which are causing tooth loss in the population of Greece].

The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for tooth loss among the population of Greece and the factors which contribute to it. A total of 600 individuals, ages 18-50, was included in this study. During the examination the following were recorded: 1) The number of teeth which had already been lost and the number of teeth which had to be extracted. 2) The dental disease which was responsible for tooth loss. 3) The age, the socioeconomic status, the oral hygiene habits and the dental care of the individual. For the entire age group the percentages of teeth which had to be extracted due to caries, periodontal disease or other reasons were 68.7%, 12.3% and 19.0% respectively. The percentages of teeth which had been lost due to caries, periodontal disease or other reasons were 56.5%, 10.8% and 32.8%. The mean number of extractions of individuals was inversely related to their oral hygiene habits and frequency of visits to their dentist. Tooth loss was greater among the rural population than the urban population. People of the higher socioeconomic class tend to have a lower number of extractions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

100 years of animal welfare regulation and of experiments with animals in Germany, effects and reasons.

The first regulations (1883) have been renewed twice (1933, 1972) and will soon be renewed once again (1986). They have always been influenced by two motivations: men's feeling of responsibility for animals on one hand and antiscientism or public suspicion against scientists on the other hand. The general rules concerning animal welfare (anaesthesia, reduction of number and harm, species selection etc.) have been constant for 100 years, but governmental control increases by the establishment of special licences (for each project, for the responsible scientist, for the location) by regular controls of the laboratories, by installing a permanent animal welfare officer in the institutions, by protocols, special taxes and increasing penalties. Out of different public ethical concepts about the use of animals, the law for the present agrees with those permitting to use animals for "reasonable purposes". But now the public opinion wants to change to "only for necessary" purposes; this especially concerns animal experiments causing severe pain. Philosophers and public have difficulties to find consentaneous reasons for the "necessity" of basic research. Each basic research in biology must be accepted as necessary because life is multifactorially organized and can be analyzed sufficiently only by random-like strategies to test not monocausally evidenthypotheses alone, but all reasonable possibilities.

Animal Welfare↗