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PubMed2002

Menstrual synchrony can be assessed, inherent cycle variability notwithstanding: commentary on Schank (2001).

J. C. Schank (2001) argued that biases in the calculation of synchrony (due to inherent variability in the menstrual cycle) and in respondents' recall of menstrual dates can produce spurious results. In this commentary, the major flaws in J. C. Schank's arguments regarding the calculation of synchrony are presented. Low standard deviations (< 2.0) of interwomen cycle lengths were found in a reanalysis of the Bedouin family data (A. Weller & L. Weller, 1997). This obviates J. C. Schank's major assumption that a high degree of cycle variability exists and his concern that high variability produces a spurious increase of onset differences over time. Furthermore, research that has used random control groups has found significantly greater levels of synchrony in their experimental groups, refuting J. C. Schank's arguments.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Partial support from a non-replication: comment on Roma, Silberberg, Ruggiero, and Suomi (2006).

A purported replication by P. G. Roma, A. Silberberg, A. M. Ruggiero, and S. J. Suomi of the authors' previous study claims to contradict their finding that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) refuse to exchange with an experimenter if their partner receives a superior reward. Roma et al. used no exchange task, however, or any other task. Roma et al. offered frustration as explanation of their findings, yet failed to statistically prove that the effect of frustration is stronger than that of inequity. They also misrepresented the dependent measure of the authors' study. Reanalysis of the authors' own data indicated no role of frustration, that is, no effect of previous experience with a superior reward. The authors conclude that Roma et al.'s study is not a replication and does not disprove the authors' findings.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Compound measure of hand-foot-eye preference masked opposite turning behavior in healthy right-handers and non-right-handers: technical comment on Mohr et al. (2003).

A previous article reported opposite turning behavior in right-handers and non-right-handers (C. Mohr. T. Landis, H. S. Bracha, & P. Brugger, 2003). This observation appears contradictory to the 1st study on long-term spontaneous turning behavior in healthy participants (H. S. Bracha, D. J. Seitz, J. Otemaa, & S. D. Click, 1987). These latter authors found a complex interaction between hemispheric dominance, preferred turning side, and sex. C. Mohr et al. (2003) argued that the differentiation of the population in hemisphere-dominant groups by a compound measure of hand-foot-eye preference might have masked their recent finding. Thus, this commentary presents a reanalysis of the original data set (H. S. Bracha et al., 1987). Replicating recent observation, right-handers preferred left-sided turns; and non-righthanders, right-sided turns. This replication strengthens the proposition that handedness and turning behavior might depend on interhemispheric dopamine asymmetries.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: correction to Freund and Baltes (1998)

Because of a scoring error, the data reported in Freund and Baltes (1998) were reanalyzed. Except for finding a lower positive manifold involving the 3 components of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC), the outcome of this reanalysis supports the major findings previously reported: Old and very old participants of the Berlin Aging Study reporting SOC-related behaviors also reported higher levels of well-being and aging well. Corrected versions of Tables 3, 6, and 7 are presented.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

The predictive validity of self-efficacy in training performance: little more than past performance.

Past research on the influence of self-efficacy in training has provided mixed results. Key differences between studies pertain to whether past performance is operationalized as a residual variable or as an unadjusted variable and to the type of task used. In this study, the authors conducted and performed a reanalysis to examine the influence of self-efficacy using both operationalizations of past performance in 2 experimental tasks. Results indicate that, regardless of task version or type, self-efficacy predicted performance only when a residual measure of past performance was used, but not when past performance was unadjusted. However, when past performance was adjusted, the findings for self-efficacy were likely a statistical artifact. These results suggest that self-efficacy is a consequence rather than a cause of performance in training.

Cues↗

PubMed2003

Racial identity and the MMPI in African American male college students.

The relation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to the Racial Identity Attitude Scale--Black, Short Form (RIAS-B) was examined among 50 African American male college students in a reanalysis of unpublished MMPI data described in R. H. Dana (1993). This permitted study of relationships between MMPI scores and specific psychological variables hypothesized to produce cultural differences among African Americans. Results indicated RIAS-B scale scores functioned as predictors of MMPI scale scores. Similar research with the MMPI-2 incorporating larger samples that more adequately represent African American heterogeneity is needed. Methodological implications of these findings for MMPI-2 research with ethnic and racial groups are discussed, emphasizing the importance of research to depathologize African American racial and cultural identity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Evaluating the MSCEIT V2.0 via CFA: comment on Mayer et al. (2003).

This investigation uncovered several substantial errors in the confirmatory factor analysis results reported by J. D. Mayer, P. Salovey, D. R. Caruso, and G. Sitarenios (see record 2003-02341-015). Specifically, the values associated with the close-fit indices (normed fit index, Tucker-Lewis Index, and root-mean-square error of approximation) are inaccurate. A reanalysis of the Mayer et al. subscale intercorrelation matrix provided accurate values of the close-fit indices, which resulted in different evaluations of the models tested by J. D. Mayer et al. Contrary to J. D. Mayer et al., the 1-factor model and the 2-factor model did not provide good fit. Although the 4-factor model was still considered good fitting, the non-constrained 4-factor model yielded a non-positive definite matrix, which was interpreted to be due to the fact that two of the branch-level factors (Perceiving and Facilitating) were collinear, suggesting that a model with 4 factors was implausible.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMed1990

Custody after divorce: demographic and attitudinal patterns.

In a reanalysis of data from a large sample of divorced parents, joint residential custody--and joint legal custody to a lesser extent--was shown to be a favorable arrangement for couples who chose it and for their children. Parents with joint custody reported better cooperation with former spouses and greater financial resources than did those with sole custody. No association was found between children's adjustment and form of custody.

Attitude↗

PubMed1991

Child welfare and the role of women: a feminist perspective.

Linked by caretaking, the major stakeholders in the child welfare system are women and children. Contrary to general assumption, however, their rights and needs are not equally satisfied by the same service systems. A feminist reanalysis of basic policy aims, and of caretaking roles and functions, is crucial to the development of a more satisfactory child welfare system.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Re-evaluation of the linkage relationship between chromosome 11p loci and the gene for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish.

Reanalysis of an Old Order Amish pedigree, to include several new individuals and two changes in clinical status, markedly reduces the probability of linkage between bipolar affective disorder and the Harvey-ras-1 oncogene and insulin loci on chromosome 11. This linkage can be excluded using a large lateral extension of the original Amish pedigree.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed2004

Climate (communication arising): impact of land-use change on climate.

Urbanization and other changes in land use have an impact on surface-air temperatures. Kalnay and Cai report that the observed surface-temperature trend in part of the United States exceeds the trend in the NCEP/NCAR 50-year reanalysis (NNR) and conclude that changes in land use account for the difference (0.035 degrees C per decade according to their corrected values). Although land-use change may explain some of this discrepancy, the authors do not quantify the impact of the many changes in observational practice that occurred during the analysis period. Our findings indicate that these 'non-climatic' changes have a systematic effect that overwhelms the reported difference in trends and therefore calls Kalnay and Cai's central conclusion into question.

Comment↗

PubMed2003

Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate.

The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emission of greenhouse gases and changes in land use, such as urbanization and agriculture. But it has been difficult to separate these two influences because both tend to increase the daily mean surface temperature. The impact of urbanization has been estimated by comparing observations in cities with those in surrounding rural areas, but the results differ significantly depending on whether population data or satellite measurements of night light are used to classify urban and rural areas. Here we use the difference between trends in observed surface temperatures in the continental United States and the corresponding trends in a reconstruction of surface temperatures determined from a reanalysis of global weather over the past 50 years, which is insensitive to surface observations, to estimate the impact of land-use changes on surface warming. Our results suggest that half of the observed decrease in diurnal temperature range is due to urban and other land-use changes. Moreover, our estimate of 0.27 degrees C mean surface warming per century due to land-use changes is at least twice as high as previous estimates based on urbanization alone.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2004

Palaeoclimatology: Archaean atmosphere and climate.

Ohmoto et al. argue that carbon dioxide was abundant in the late Archaean and early Proterozoic atmosphere and that methane was probably scarce, based on a reanalysis of the occurrence of siderite, FeCO3, in ancient rocks. Here I consider several factors that may undermine their conclusions.

Atmosphere↗

PubMed2005

Plant communities: ecosystem stability in Inner Mongolia.

Bai et al. suggest that in China's Inner Mongolia steppe, community-level stability arises from compensatory effects among the principal components at both the species and plant functional group (PFG) levels. By analysing a consistent 19-year data set (1980-98), we show here that their analysis of a 24-year field data set (1980-2003) is called into question by inconsistencies in sampling location and numbers after 1998; the authors' findings are further undermined because they do not distinguish temporal variation from spatial heterogeneity in analysing compensatory effects among species or PFGs. We believe that rigorous reanalysis is needed for a better understanding of grassland stability.

Biodiversity↗

PubMed2016

Sharing and community curation of mass spectrometry data with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking.

The potential of the diverse chemistries present in natural products (NP) for biotechnology and medicine remains untapped because NP databases are not searchable with raw data and the NP community has no way to share data other than in published papers. Although mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are well-suited to high-throughput characterization of NP, there is a pressing need for an infrastructure to enable sharing and curation of data. We present Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS; http://gnps.ucsd.edu), an open-access knowledge base for community-wide organization and sharing of raw, processed or identified tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry data. In GNPS, crowdsourced curation of freely available community-wide reference MS libraries will underpin improved annotations. Data-driven social-networking should facilitate identification of spectra and foster collaborations. We also introduce the concept of 'living data' through continuous reanalysis of deposited data.

Biological Products↗

PubMed1991

Spinal injury rehabilitation: do staff and patients agree on what they are talking about?

The psychological effects of spinal cord injury on patients themselves have been discussed in a number of articles, but few studies have been made of patients and staff, perceptions of the effectiveness of the treatment they receive and supply. An earlier investigation by the present authors showed that there were differences between the views of staff and of patients in terms of their understanding of rehabilitation. As a consequence, a number of procedural changes were implemented in the Spinal Unit, in an attempt to improve the information provided for patients and their relatives, and the selection and support of staff. Reanalysis of the staff and patients views of rehabilitation were carried out 12 months later using a standardised questionnaire and any changes in response were noted. The present findings are analysed, and the potential implications for other units are noted.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1997

Diet composition and body mass index in pre-school children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between diet composition and body mass index (BMI) in pre-school children. DESIGN: Reanalysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5-4.5 y. Height and weight of children were used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) and BMI standard deviation scores. Dietary intake data were used to calculate percentage of total energy intake derived from fat, carbohydrate and protein. These data were then divided into quintiles. The data were then analysed in order to assess if there was any relationship between the diet composition and BMI. SETTING: Community based project throughout Great Britain. SUBJECTS: 1444 children aged 1.5-4.5 y. MEASUREMENTS: Diet composition was assessed in terms of percentage energy derived from fat, protein and carbohydrate following a four day weighed intake carried out by the parents or carers of the child. Body size was assessed by measuring BMI and calculating the standard deviation score relative to UK reference data. RESULTS: There were no trends apparent using ANOVA and multiple regression that indicated that diet composition was related to body size. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of pre-school children we are unable to confirm the recent findings in much smaller samples that diet composition affects body size. Other factors such as energy intake per se and levels of habitual physical activity might have a more important bearing on BMI in pre-school children.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

Body composition unaltered for African women classified as 'normal but vulnerable' by body mass index and mid-upper-arm-circumference criteria.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that 'normal but vulnerable' adults, as defined by body mass index (BMI) in combination with mid-upper-arm-circumference (MUAC), are closer to normal than to malnourished ones. For that purpose body composition measurements were compared between normal and low BMI categories and according to MUAC value in an African context and for different age groups. DESIGN: Reanalysis of data from a previous cross-sectional cluster sample nutrition survey. SETTING: A rural area of the Republic of Congo, Central Africa. SUBJECTS: A representative sample (n=544) of non-pregnant women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Arm muscle area was calculated from measurements of triceps skinfold thickness and MUAC. Peripheral body fat was assessed by the sum of four skinfold thicknesses. The ratio of resistance at high and low frequencies was derived from whole body measurement of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and used as the extracellular to total body water ratio index. RESULTS: The prevalence of thinness decreased from 18.7% as defined by BMI alone to 9.0% as defined by BMI and MUAC. This difference was due to the group of subjects classified as 'normal but vulnerable' (9.7%). Prevalence of thinness increased with age when assessed by BMI alone, but no longer when assessed by BMI and MUAC. Comparison with the BMI> or =18.5 kg/m(2) category showed that in 'normal but vulnerable' subjects lower BMI was accompanied by lower both fat and lean compartments, in absolute values, but the equilibrium of body water compartments was not altered. In BMI<18.5 women, low MUAC was associated with altered lean tissues, at peripheral and whole body level, whereas fat tissue did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: 'Normal but vulnerable' subjects appeared as 'thin but healthy' rather than malnourished, at all ages, even though their BMI was lower than 18.5 kg/m(2). The new classification of thinness based on BMI and MUAC provides a more specific index of nutritional status when restricting the thin category to more at-risk subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗