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PubMed2004

[Consensus double reading of mammograms in private practice].

PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively the results of consensus double reading of mammograms in a private practice for a period of 1.5 years (November 2001 to March 2003). MATERIALS AND METHOD: Two independent experts with dedicated training read all mammograms on a weekly basis. All mammograms including sonographic examinations were evaluated independently and categorized using the BI-RADS classification. The achieved consensus included a possible recommendation for recall or therapy. A total of 3936 mammograms and 1912 sonography studies were evaluated. All cases with BI-RADS 4 and 5 categories were compared with the histologic results. For a period of three months, the acceptance of double reading including a delay of the final report by one week was tested with a questionnaire and informed consent sheet. RESULTS: BI-RADS categories 4 and 5 were found in 57 cases, with 41 consensus results by two independent readers and 26 carcinomas verified by histology. No consensus could be reached in 16 patients, of which 10 had a final histologic result, with 5 benign lesions and 5 carcinomas of less than 1 cm in diameter. Clinical symptoms or alterations were absent in all patients. The 5 carcinomas were discovered by the double reading procedure. The result of the questionnaire (695 questionnaires) showed a refusal rate of 0.7 %, with only 5 women refusing the opportunity of double reading their mammograms. CONCLUSION: Double reading of mammograms by independent experts is feasible, shows a measurable increase in quality and is accepted by almost all women.

Breast↗
PubMed1993

A defective visual pathway in children with reading disability.

BACKGROUND: The possibility that reading disability in children is associated with visual problems is in dispute. We sought to test the existence of this association by using electrophysiologic techniques to measure the processing of visual information in the magnicellular and parvicellular visual pathways of the brain. METHODS: Visual evoked potentials were measured with scalp electrodes in children 8 to 11 years old who were normal readers and in those with reading disability. The potentials were measured for targets with low (0.5 cycle per degree of visual angle) and high (4.5 cycles per degree) spatial frequency, surrounded by either a steady background or a uniform-field flickering 12 times per second. A flickering field normally reduces the amplitude and increases the latency of a transient potential evoked by a low-spatial-frequency target, which preferentially excites the magnicellular visual pathway, but has little effect on the response to a high-spatial-frequency target. RESULTS: With a steady background, the latencies of the early components (N1 and P1) of the visual evoked potentials were longer in the reading-disabled children than in the normal readers when the low-spatial-frequency target was used, but not when the high-spatial-frequency target was used. In normal readers, the flickering background increased the latency and reduced the amplitude of the early components, whereas in the reading-disabled children only the amplitude was affected. No differences were observed in either group with the high-spatial-frequency target. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of results suggests that the response of the magnicellular visual pathway is slowed in reading-disabled children, who do not, however, have a general slowing of the visual response. The possibility that there is a cause-and-effect relation between these findings and reading disability will require further study.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Laryngeal function and vocal fatigue after prolonged reading in individuals with unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of prolonged loud reading, intended to induce fatigue, on vocal function in adults with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Subjects were 20 adults, 37-60 years old, with UVFP secondary to recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Subjective ratings and instrumental measures of vocal function were obtained before and after reading. Statistical analysis revealed subjects rated their vocal quality and physical effort for voicing more severely following prolonged loud reading, whereas expert raters did not detect a significant perceptual difference in vocal quality. Reading fundamental frequency (F0) was significantly increased following prolonged loud reading, as were mean airflow rates at all pitch conditions. Maximum phonation times for comfort and low pitches significantly decreased during posttests. Multiple regression analyses revealed significant associations between ratings of posttest physical effort and select posttest measures. Interpretation of results indicates the prolonged loud reading task was successful in vocally fatiguing most of the UVFP subjects. Key physiologic correlates of vocal fatigue, in individuals with UVFP, include further reduction of glottic efficiency, resulting in decreased regulation of glottic airflow and a temporary destabilization of speaking fundamental frequency.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cleavage, but not read-through, stimulation activity is responsible for three biologic functions of transcription elongation factor S-II.

Transcription elongation factor S-II stimulates cleavage of nascent transcripts generated by RNA polymerase II stalled at transcription arrest sites. In vitro experiments have shown that this action promotes RNA polymerase II to read through these transcription arrest sites. This S-II-mediated cleavage is thought to be necessary, but not sufficient, to promote read-through in the in vitro systems. Therefore, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing S-II mutant proteins with different in vitro activities were used to study both the cleavage and the read-through stimulation activities of S-II to determine which S-II functions are responsible for its biologic functions. Strains expressing mutant S-II proteins active in both cleavage and read-through stimulation were as resistant as wild type strains to 6-azauracil and mycophenolic acid. 6-Azauracil also induced IMD2 gene expression in both these mutant strains and the wild type. Furthermore, strains having a genotype consisting of one of these S-II mutations and the spt4 null mutation grew as well as the spt4 null mutant at 37 degrees C, a restrictive temperature for a strain bearing double null mutations of spt4 and S-II. In contrast, strains bearing S-II mutations defective in both cleavage and read-through stimulation had phenotypes similar to those of an S-II null mutant. However, one strain expressing a mutant S-II protein active only in cleavage stimulation had a phenotype similar to that of the wild type strain. These results suggest that cleavage, but not read-through, stimulation activity is responsible for all three biologic functions of S-II (i.e. suppression of 6-azauracil sensitivity, induction of the IMD2 gene, and suppression of temperature sensitivity of spt4 null mutant).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

The role of dichotic listening performance and tasks of executive functions in reading impairment: a discriminant function analysis.

This study focused on the role of dichotic listening performance for the identification of reading impaired subtypes. Dichotic listening (DL), using verbal stimuli, has shown to be a valid measure of language lateralization. Usually, lateralization is estimated from the proportion of right ear over left ear accuracy during a free recall test procedure. However, it has been suggested that a more accurate estimate of laterality can be obtained by using a directed attention procedure. A sample of 43 reading disabled children of whom 18 showed signs of impaired language comprehension skills and 25 without language comprehension impairments, were compared to 20 age, and gender, matched controls on dichotic listening performance in both an unbiased free recall task and in a directed attention task using consonant-vowel syllables as dichotic stimuli. A laterality index was calculated for left and right ear stimuli reported during both the free recall condition and the attended ear-scores for the two directed attention conditions. Although both DL procedures yielded significant group differences, with a lower laterality score for the reading disabled compared to the controls, there was no main effect of DL-procedure or group x procedure interaction. Taken alone, DL performance could correctly classify 42% of the reading impaired samples, but together with other measures of executive functions, discriminant function analyses yielded 90.74% accuracy in classifying reading impaired children. The result indicates that DL together with tests of executive functions are valuable tools for assessment of reading impaired subjects.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Frequency of reading disability caused by ocular problems in 9- and 10-year-old children in a small town.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: In most children referred to our department with a diagnosis of dyslexia, we have found an ocular disorder that had not been detected during previous ophthalmologic examinations. Exophoria and/or hypoaccommodation were the most common cause. Some of these children needed eye muscle surgery to improve the reading problems. However, these patients represent a selection. Therefore, we performed a field study to determine the percentage of children with reading disability caused by ocular disorders and the percentage of children with real dyslexia in a normal population. This was made possible by an examination of most pupils in the 4th grade of the three primary schools in a small German town. The co-author and a very experienced orthoptist performed all of the examinations. RESULTS: Eighty-nine out of 127 children were examined. Of these, 16 (18%) had reading problems (2 girls and 14 boys). Most of them had accommodation problems: six (6.7%) suffered from an uncorrected hypoaccommodation, three children did not wear their prescribed glasses, one child had not been prescribed any glasses yet and one child had the wrong glasses. Two children suffered from pathophoria: one from eso- and the other from exophoria compensated by accommodative convergence. In 3 (3.4%) children no ocular cause could be found. These children may have true dyslexia. CONCLUSION: Of the 89 children examined, 16 (18%) had reading problems and only 3/16 had no detectable ophthalmologic explanation. Hypoaccommodation was the most common cause of reading problems (in 6 of 16). In most of the cases it had not been diagnosed before. In all of these children the reading ability improved markedly with the proper refractive correction, bifocals or prisms.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2001

Effects of accelerated reading rate on processing words' syntactic functions by normal and dyslexic readers: event related potentials evidence.

In the present study, the authors examined differences in brain activity, as measured by amplitudes and latencies of event related potentials (ERP) components, in Hebrew-speaking adult dyslexic and normal readers when processing sentence components with different grammatical functions. Participants were 20 dyslexic and 20 normally reading male college students aged 18-27 years. The authors examined the processing of normal word strings in word-by-word reading of sentences having subject-verb-object (SVO) syntactic structure in self- and fast-paced conditions. Data revealed that in both reading conditions, the N100 and P300 ERP components were sensitive to internal processes such as recognition of words' grammatical functions. However, the results revealed that fast-paced reading rate might affect this process, as was reflected in the systematic changes of amplitudes and latencies of both ERP components. In accelerated reading, a significant decrease of latencies and increase of amplitudes in dyslexics were shown. It was also found that influence of fast-paced reading rate was realized in the full usage of the word-order strategy in sentence processing. In turn, this fact confirmed the hypothesis concerning a syntactic processing "weakness" in dyslexia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Evaluation of sequencing reads at scale using rdeval.

MOTIVATION: Large sequencing datasets are being produced and deposited into public archives at unprecedented rates. The availability of tools that can reliably and efficiently generate and store sequencing read summary statistics has become critical. RESULTS: As part of the effort by the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) to generate high-quality reference genomes at scale, we sought to address the community's need for efficient sequence data evaluation by developing rdeval, a standalone tool to quickly compute and interactively display sequencing read metrics. Rdeval can either run on the fly or store key sequence data metrics in tiny read 'snapshot' files. Statistics can then be efficiently recalled from snapshots for additional processing. Rdeval can convert fa*[.gz] files to and from other popular formats including BAM and CRAM for better compression. Overall, while CRAM achieves the best compression, the gain compared to BAM is marginal, and BAM achieves the best compromise between data compression and access speed. Rdeval also generates a detailed visual report with multiple data analytics that can be exported in various formats. We showcase rdeval's functionalities using long-read data from different sequencing platforms and species, including human. For PacBio long-read sequencing, our analysis shows dramatic improvements in both read length and quality over time, as well as the benefit of increased coverage for genome assembly, though the magnitude varies by taxa. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Rdeval is implemented in C++ for data processing and in R for data visualization. Precompiled releases (Linux, MacOS, Windows) and commented source code for rdeval are available under MIT license at https://github.com/vgl-hub/rdeval. Documentation is available on ReadTheDocs (https://rdeval-documentation.readthedocs.io). Rdeval is also available in Bioconda and in Galaxy (https://usegalaxy.org). An automated test workflow ensures the consistency of software updates.

Software↗
PubMed2005

Reading radiographs in pairs or in chronological order influences radiological progression in osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of the order in which a series of radiographs were read on the sensitivity to change over a 2-yr follow-up period in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) at multiple sites. METHODS: Radiographs of 20 patients with OA in at least two joint sites were obtained at baseline and after 2 yr, and scored according to the consensus of two readers. Joint space narrowing (JSN) and osteophytes were graded (0-3) in the hand, hip and tibiofemoral joints. The cervical (C2-7) and lumbar spine disc spaces (L1-S1) were graded (0-3) for disc space narrowing (DSN) and anterior osteophytes. Films were read by two different procedures: in pairs, with an unknown time sequence and in chronological order. Radiological progression was defined as an increase of at least one grade in JSN, DSN or osteophyte total scores. The two procedures were compared using standardized response means (SRM). RESULTS: The SRM for changes in JSN or DSN progression scores in the hands, hips, knees and spine were, respectively, 0.00, 0.00, 0.32, 0.13 and 0.38, 0.32, 0.56, 0.18 for the paired and chronological readings. The SRM for changes in osteophyte progression scores in the hands, hips, knees and spine were, respectively, 0.39, 0.20, 0.32, 0.38 and 0.41, 0.37, 0.56, 0.66 for the paired and chronological readings. CONCLUSION: When assessing radiological progression in OA, reading a series of radiographs in chronological order tended to be more sensitive to change over a 2-yr follow-up period than reading in pairs with an unknown time sequence.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Is there an association between season of birth and reading disability?

Reported associations between season of birth and reading failure suggest medical causation and prevention. The relationship between season of birth and two measures of reading outcome in two cohorts of children (n1 = 2411 and n2 = 1972) was studied using chi2 tests. None was significant. Logistic regression was used to investigate the joint associations of gender, age at school entrance, and season of birth with reading outcome. A significant interaction between reading failure and age category (overage at school entrance vs correct age) by season of birth was observed. It was shown that this significant interaction was probably caused by kindergarten entrance cutoff birth dates. Although 67.8% of all overage children had summer births, only 15.3% failed in reading, which is not statistically different from the percentage of summer-born, correct-age low readers (13.6%). Results suggest that reported associations may be attributed to selective samples rather than the total population of school children who experience reading failure.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Twenty-five minutes between blood pressure readings: the influence on prevalence rates of isolated systolic hypertension.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of a 25-min time interval between the first and the last reading of a series of six, on systolic (SBP) and Phase V diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and its implications for prevalence rates of hypertension. Readings were taken from 5999 persons (2889 men and 3110 women) by two observers using a Hawksley random-zero sphygmomanometer. The first reading was taken 5 min after entering the examining room. The study showed a considerable fall in mean SBP (men, 10.3 mmHg; women, 10.4 mmHg) and hardly a difference in mean DBP (men, 0.8 mmHg; women, 0.1 mmHg) between the first and sixth reading. The fall in SBP was independent of observer and sex and hardly correlated with age or Quetelet's index. The study also showed the implications for the classification of hypertension. Prevalence rates of isolated systolic hypertension dropped remarkably (men, 4.0 to 0.5%; women, 0.9 to 0.1%) between both readings while prevalence rates of severe, moderate and mild diastolic hypertension were nearly similar for the first and sixth reading.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Addition lens alleviates reading-induced ocular stress.

BACKGROUND: Near tasks have been associated with binocular stress to induce myopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of accommodation on reading-induced near heterophoria. METHODS: We measured the near heterophoria of 22 young adults before and after 30 minutes of reading. The reading task comprised a column of local English newsletter studied monocularly at 33 cm. One of three addition lenses (that is, 0.00 D, +1.50 D and +3.00 D) was randomly incorporated into the optical prescription. The difference in near heterophoria between the pre- and post-reading task was recorded. The experiment was completed on separate days for the other lens powers. RESULTS: Reading for 30 minutes with a plano lens addition (control) increased the near heterophoria by 3.81 +/- 0.95 prism dioptres (SEM) toward exo-deviation (p < 0.002). Addition of a +3.00 D lens significantly decreased the reading-induced exophoric shift to 1.36 +/- 0.55 prism dioptres (SEM). Similarly, a +1.50 D lens reduced the exophoric shift to 3.14 +/- 0.85 prism dioptres (SEM) but the difference was not statistically significant when compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that close work might cause eye strain via the extraocular muscles. Incorporation of plus lens into the optical correction caused a power-dependent reduction in the stress, that is, smaller exophoric shift. Whether binocular stress contributes to myopia and its response to addition lens therapy deserve further investigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Teaching reading to disabled readers with language disorders: a controlled evaluation of synthetic speech feedback.

In a long-term study two groups of language and reading impaired students (N = 15 + 15) were reading with the aid of segmented speech-feedback in a computerized program. One group received feedback that was simultaneously segmented visually and auditorily into syllables, the other received feedback by letter names. In both groups subjects were expected to synthesize segments into words and to compare their synthesis to whole word feed-back subsequently provided by the computer. They worked for half a lesson (approximately 20 minutes) a day for a total of 40 days. During this period the experiment groups progressed more in reading than a control group of age and reading-level-matched students (N = 35) who received traditional remedial instruction. The group in the syllable condition gained slightly more in non-word reading and in syllable segmentation than did the letter group. Differences in gains in reading abilities were not explained by differences in age, but to some extent by initial level of phoneme and syllable awareness. Future applications of the speech-feedback system are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

The genetics of children's oral reading performance.

Measures of reading achievement and verbal ability have been shown to be heritable. Additionally, recent evidence has been suggestive of a major gene effect on reading disability and for problem reading in a sample of normal readers. We report on the etiology of individual differences in oral reading performance, the Slosson Oral Reading Test (SORT), for which biometrical analyses have not been reported in the literature previously. Oral reading performance was measured in a large population-based sample of twins of the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Biometrical analyses of the SORT suggested that, in both males and females, 69% of the phenotypic variation was due to heritable influences and 13% of the variation due to shared environmental effects. While the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences is equivalent for males and females, males showed greater phenotypic variability than females.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Cognitive resemblance in reading-disabled twins.

This study examined the cognitive abilities of 60 pairs of reading-disabled twins aged between eight and 18 years (at least one member of each twin pair had been diagnosed as having a reading disability). Principal component analysis of nine cognitive tests yielded three readily interpretable composites of cognitive abilities--reading, symbol-processing speed and sequential memory. Scores on these three cognitive composites were significantly lower for the disabled readers than for normal readers. Individual differences in these cognitive composites within the reading-disabled twin sample were found to be due to genetic differences. Furthermore, deficits in the reading composite for the reading-disabled sample appear to be heritable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Event-related potentials, spatial orienting, and reading disabilities.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the effects of visual-spatial orienting on selective neural processing in boys with learning disabilities. Twenty-seven 8-12 year old boys were classified into four groups depending on whether or not they had a reading disability or attention deficit disorder. Event-related potentials were recorded over the left and right occipital, central, and frontal cortical regions. The behavioral task required the subjects 1) to rapidly switch their attention from the center to the periphery of the visual field (spatial component), and 2) to selectively respond to a target versus a nontarget flash when the target was presented in the relevant visual field (nonspatial component). The amplitude of two ERP components was enhanced in response to relevant as compared to irrelevant stimuli. The enhancement of an early negative occipital-central component, which peaked 180-200 ms following targets (N1), indicated that selective neural processing associated with spatial attention could be switched in 600 ms. This enhancement of N1 was greater in boys with than without a reading disability, which implies that reading disability is associated with enhanced spatial attention. The enhancement of a later positive component, which peaked 300-340 ms following targets (P3), suggested that nonspatial target selection was reduced in boys with a reading disability, particularly over the left occipital hemisphere. Target relevance and reading disability also influenced trial-to-trial variability in the ERP waveform. The effects of reading disability on event-related potentials did not vary as a function of attention deficit disorder, indicating that these two disorders are distinct.

Arousal↗
PubMed1995

A study on expert reading of patch test reactions: inter-individual accordance.

To diagnose allergic or irritant contact dermatitis, a clinically relevant contact allergy has to be demonstrated or ruled out, respectively. Although patch testing has been used for 100 years, it remains the method of choice for diagnosing contact allergy. A disadvantage of patch testing is that reading is subjective, based on inspection and palpation of the test area, implying that the assessment is subject to the reader's knowledge and experience. This study was carried out to investigate the accordance in reading patch test reactions between 5 dermatologists. 4 groups, each with 10 patients, participated. Within each group, all 10 were allergic to one and the same sensitizer; nickel, epoxy resin, ethylenediamine, or Kathon CG. The sensitizers were tested in serial dilutions and applied randomly to the back. The tests were read independently by the dermatologists in a blinded fashion. A protocol was used where the dermatologists had to note the presence of the morphological features erythema, infiltration, papules, vesicles, and bullae. In this way, it was possible to allocate the various readings into 4 classification systems, 3 European and one American, although the definition of the various classifications might differ slightly. Based on the readings and classifications, it was possible to calculate the degree of accordance within the 4 systems used. It was also possible to analyze the degree of accordance for the various morphological features. Total accordance for the 5 reading dermatologists for positive and negative test reactions was noted in 36% and 46%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Patch testing with budesonide in serial dilutions: the significance of dose, occlusion time and reading time.

Budesonide is advocated as a marker molecule for corticosteroid contact allergy. When patch testing corticosteroids, one must consider their sensitizing potential but also their anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the possibility of different time courses for such properties. The dose-response relationship for budesonide was therefore investigated with regard to dose, occlusion time, and reading time. 10 patients were patch tested with budesonide in ethanol in serial dilutions from 2.0% down to 0.0002% with occlusion times of 48, 24, and 5 h. Readings were on D2, D4, and D7. The 48-h occlusion picked up most positive reactors, 8/10. The D4 reading (48-h occlusion) detected most positive reactors, 8/10, and here 0.002% picked up most contact allergies. Late readings favoured high concentrations. The "edge effect" was noted for several concentrations at early readings. Due to the individual corticosteroid reactivity, the dose-response relationship and the time courses of the elicitation and the anti-inflammatory capacity, several features may be explained, i.e., that lower concentrations may detect budesonide allergy better at early readings, that patients with an "edge reaction" can have positive reactions to lower concentrations.

Administration, Topical↗