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PubMed1998

Home, school, and community partnerships: integrating issues of race, culture, and social class.

The current review is an examination of home-school-community partnerships utilizing an ecological approach to understand the influences of race, culture, and social class. The ecological approach recognizes that families and schools are embedded in communities, and that these settings influence each other and the development of children. The roles of race, culture, and social class in the development of partnerships between the home, school, and community settings are explored. Race, culture, and social class may interact with parent and family attributes, teacher and school qualities, and community context. These factors are often misunderstood either through under investigation or lack of integration. The implications for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Correlates of African American and Latino parents' messages to children about ethnicity and race: a comparative study of racial socialization.

Recently, social scientists have become increasingly interested in the nature of communications from parents to children regarding ethnicity and race. Termed racial socialization, race-related messages to children may have important consequences for children's identity development and well-being. This study examined the frequency and correlates of two dimensions of racial socialization-messages about ethnic pride, history, and heritage (Cultural Socialization) and messages about discrimination and racial bias (Preparation for Bias)--among 273 urban African American, Puerto Rican, and Dominican parents. Parents reported more frequent Cultural Socialization than Preparation for Bias. There were no significant ethnic group differences in the frequency of Cultural Socialization. However, African American parents reported more frequent Preparation for Bias than did Dominican parents who, in turn, reported more frequent messages of this sort than did Puerto Rican parents Ethnic identity was a stronger predictor of Cultural Socialization among Puerto Rican and Dominican parents than among their African American counterparts. In contrast, perceived discrimination experiences was a stronger predictor of Preparation for Bias among African American and Dominican parents than among Puerto Rican parents. Finally, race-related phenomenon accounted for more variance in both Cultural Socialization and Preparation for Bias among parents reporting on their behaviors with children 10-17 years old as compared to parents reporting on their behaviors with children 6-9 years old.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

A Case Study on the Informational Efficiency of Markets: The Market for Horse Racing in Australia.

This paper describes a study of the informational efficiency of the thoroughbred horse racing market in Australia. It is based on the theory of stock market efficiency which explains the process by which information becomes reflected in share prices. In this paper, the theory is applied to the thoroughbred horse racing market to determine the predictive accuracy of alternative informative sources. The results obtained from the study are consistent with the underlying theory:(i) aggregated information (as reflected in a consensus of opinions) is a more accurate prediction of success than less information (as reflected in individual opinions), and;(ii) the most recent information (as reflected in race-time betting odds, known as starting prices) has greater predictive ability than less recent information (as reflected in an earlier consensus of opinions).The study examines predictive accuracy in a gambling context, but does not consider the profitability of alternative prediction processes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Race, combat, and PTSD in a community sample of New Zealand Vietnam War veterans.

The association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), combat exposure, and race was examined in a New Zealand community sample of 756 Vietnam War veterans. Maori veterans reported higher levels of PTSD than their non-Maori counterparts. However, the race effect was shown to be mediated by combat exposure level, rank, and combat role. These findings support differential experience explanations for the relationship between postwar adjustment and race, suggesting that higher levels of psychological symptoms reported by minority group veterans can be accounted for by their experience of higher levels of combat stressors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Examination of treatment pattern differences by race.

Examine differences in treatment patterns among Blacks and non-Blacks in the U.S. Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program. Baseline data from medical record abstraction, participant self-report and clinical assessment used to examine differences by race (race-gender pairings) (n = 2,239). Descriptive and multivariate (logistic) analysis employed. More Blacks were diagnosed with paranoid subtype. Blacks exhibited a more negative PANSS composite score, lower quality of life scores, and higher AIMS scores than non-Blacks. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of outpatient visits or inpatient admissions between Blacks and non-Blacks. Blacks had lower medication adherence and received less second-generation agents and more antiparkinson/anticholinergic agents. Proportion of Black males receiving depot was greater than other race-gender pairings. Regression results indicate Blacks more likely to be prescribed only first-generations after controlling for depot (OR = 1.64; CI = 1.27-2.12; p = 0.0002). Schizophrenia is, on average, accompanied by different diagnoses and symptoms in Blacks. Symptom profiles indicate that second-generation antipsychotics may be underprescribed to Black patients.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2002

Declining influence of race on the outcome of living-donor renal transplantation.

A racial disparity in graft survival for renal transplant recipients has been documented for both cadaveric and living-donor transplants. In the present single-center study we analyzed graft survival by race for recipients of living-donor kidney transplants in three eras: 1985-89, 1990-94, and 1995-2000. There was an intensification of the immunosuppressant regimen beginning in 1996, such that all patients received cyclosporine or tacrolimus with mycophenolate and prednisone. Graft survival was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. There were 79 black recipients and 210 white recipients with no difference in mean age, degree of HLA matching, or proportion of recipients with diabetes as the cause of end-stage renal disease. Using all data from 1985 to 2000, graft survival was significantly better for whites vs. blacks adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, era of the transplant, and haplotype match (p = 0.05). However, when analyzed by era, there was a temporal trend for a progressive decrease in the racial disparity in graft survival. In confirmation of this effect, there was a significant race-era interaction (p = 0.01) on multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis. The most recent data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) show a similar decrease in the racial difference in 1-year graft survival. We conclude that the influence of race on living-donor graft survival is diminishing over time.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effects of patient compliance, parental education and race on nephrologists' recommendations for kidney transplantation in children.

Transplantation is the treatment goal for youth with kidney failure. To assess the effects of compliance, parental education and race on nephrologists' recommendations for transplantation in children, we surveyed a national random sample of adult and pediatric nephrologists. We elicited transplant recommendations for case vignettes created from random combinations of patient age, gender, race, cause of renal failure, family structure, parental education and compliance. Of 519 eligible physicians, 316 (61%) responded. Nephrologists were more likely to recommend transplantation for children of college-educated parents than children of parents who did not finish high school, despite identical clinical and demographic characteristics (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.18, 1.86). Patient noncompliance negatively influenced transplant recommendations (adjusted OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.08, 0.13). Additionally, compliance had a different effect on transplant recommendations for white compared with black patients. The adjusted OR of a white, compliant patient being referred for transplantation were twice that of a black compliant patient (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.17, 3.6). Education and compliance with therapy independently influence nephrologists' recommendations for transplantation in youth with kidney failure. Among the most compliant candidates, referral for transplantation may vary with patient race.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Response time and accuracy revisited: converging support for the interactive race model.

The interactive race model embodies 2 central claims: that divided attention is best described as a race between separately processed codes and that the 2 types of design contingency to which the model is sensitive affect different processing stages. Previous support for the model has come from a series of redundant-target tasks examining reaction time (RT) (J.T. Mordkoff & S. Yantis, 1991). We tested both central claims using near-threshold, accuracy tasks. This approach capitalizes on a known difference between RT and accuracy measures: that (in simple tasks) accuracy is sensitive only to perceptual manipulations, whereas RT is affected by both perceptual and postperceptual factors (J.L. Santee & H.E. Egeth, 1982). The results from 3 experiments provide converging support for the proposed loci of the 2 contingency-sensitive mechanisms within the interactive race model, as well as additional evidence concerning the differential sensitivities of RT and accuracy measures.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Structural integration of the Affect Balance Scale and the Life Satisfaction Index A: race, sex, and age differences.

In this research we examined race, sex, and age differences in the factorial structure of Liang's (1985) model of subjective well-being that integrates the Affect Balance Scale and the Life Satisfaction Index A. In particular, we viewed the covariance structure of the items as a function of several parameter matrices. We analyzed the factorial invariance by testing hypotheses involving the equivalence constraints of one or more parameter matrices with regard to the following: White and Black subsamples, men and women, and the young-old and the old-old. Data for the research came from the 1974 Harris National Council on Aging Survey, Myths and Reality of Aging in America. Analysis of covariance structures, or LISREL, was used to assess the factorial invariance. Replicated race differences were found in the factorial structure, but sex and age differences were not found. Consistent race differences were found for the second-order factor loadings for negative affect.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Imaging race.

Researchers have recently begun to use the tools of neuroscience to examine the social psychological responses associated with race. This article serves as a review of the developing literature in this area. It advances the argument that neuroscience studies of race have the potential to shape fundamental assumptions about race, and the interplay between social and biological processes more generally.

Black People↗

PubMed1997

Reactions to cognitive ability tests: the relationships between race, test performance, face validity perceptions, and test-taking motivation.

The relationships among race, face validity perceptions, test-taking motivation, and test performance on a cognitive ability test were examined. Undergraduates completed 2 parallel cognitive ability tests and a test reactions measure. Results showed that test-taking motivation was related positively to subsequent performance on a parallel test even after the effects of race and performance on the first test were controlled. The effect of race on subsequent test performance was found to be mediated partially by motivation that provided evidence that some portion of the Black-White difference in test performance may be explained through differences in test-taking motivation. Results also indicated that Black-White differences in face validity perceptions of the test may be a function of Black-White differences in test performance. Face validity perceptions of the test affected subsequent performance on the parallel test but only indirectly through test-taking motivation.

Achievement↗

PubMed2006

Moderator effects of cognitive ability and social support on the relation between race-related stress and quality of life in a community sample of black Americans.

The current study examined the combined moderating effects of cognitive ability and social support on the relation between race-related stress and quality of life in a sample of Black Americans. Participants (N = 323) were administered the Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT; E. F. Wonderlic Associates, Inc., 1983), the Multidimensional Social Support Scale (MDSS; Winefield, Winefield, & Tiggemann, 1992), the Index of Race-Related Stress-Brief (Utsey, 1999), and the WHOQOL-BREF (The WHO Group, 1998). The findings indicated that cognitive ability and social support, conjointly, moderated the relation between individual and cultural race-related stress and quality of life for Black Americans in the current sample. The paper concludes by discussing the study's findings, limitations, and by offering recommendations for future research related to this area of inquiry.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life.

This study examined the effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life (QOL). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, the Index of Race Related Stress--Brief Version, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life--Brief Version were administered to 160 male and female participants from 3 ethnic groups (African American, Asian American, and Latino American). Results indicated that African American participants had significantly higher race-related stress, ethnic identity, and psychological QOL scores than did Asian and Latino American participants. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that ethnic identity and cultural racism were significant predictors of QOL and accounted for 16% of the total variance for the entire sample.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Social categorization and the perception of facial affect: target race moderates the response latency advantage for happy faces.

Two experiments competitively test 3 potential mechanisms (negativity inhibiting responses, feature-based accounts, and evaluative context) for the response latency advantage for recognizing happy expressions by investigating how the race of a target can moderate the strength of the effect. Both experiments indicate that target race modulates the happy face advantage, such that European American participants displayed the happy face advantage for White target faces, but displayed a response latency advantage for angry (Experiments 1 and 2) and sad (Experiment 2) Black target faces. This pattern of findings is consistent with an evaluative context mechanism and inconsistent with negativity inhibition and feature-based accounts of the happy face advantage. Thus, the race of a target face provides an evaluative context in which facial expressions are categorized.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Genetic differences between the Chinese and European races of the common carp. II. Multi-character variation-a response to the diverse methods of fish cultivation in Europe and China.

The European and Chinese races of the common carp and their F1 crossbreds were tested in five experimental environments. The two races differ widely and conspicuously in many characters. The Chinese carp has poorer growth rate but higher viability and fertility, earlier sexual maturity, higher resistance to crowding, better adaptation to unfavourable pond conditions, higher seine escapability, longer body and larger weight differences between females and males. The crossbreds between the two races are intermediate in some characters (differences in weight between females and males and seine escapability). In other characters (weight gain, specific adaptation to poor conditions and viability), the crossbreds showed dominance or even heterosis. An hypothesis was advanced to explain these genetic differences in terms of selection response to the different fish-farming practices that existed in the two regions. Specific suggestions were made for implementation of the present findings to genetic improvement of carp breeding stocks.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Peripheral location of the Y chromosome: relationship to race and length heteromorphism.

In the present report we examined the position of the Y chromosome with respect to its size and race to determine their relationship to its peripheral location. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured from 172 normal male individuals (70 Asian Indians; 49 American Blacks; and 53 Caucasians) and 2770 QFQ cells were photographed. The length of the Y chromosome was classified into four groups i.e., small, average, large and very large as described earlier (Verma et al., J. Med. Genet., 15, 227-281, 1978). The average incidence of peripheral location of all races for small, average, large and very large was 3.64, 5.84, 10.51 and 11.17 per cent respectively. For blacks and caucasians, the peripheral location was influenced by its size while the incidence remained the same for Indians for all sizes. Consequently, it is presumed that the position of the Y chromosome in somatic metaphases depends upon race as well as its size. Furthermore, we have provided a method for determining the position of the Y chromosome which should suffice for most situations.

Asian People↗

PubMed2004

Genetic variation, classification and 'race'.

New genetic data has enabled scientists to re-examine the relationship between human genetic variation and 'race'. We review the results of genetic analyses that show that human genetic variation is geographically structured, in accord with historical patterns of gene flow and genetic drift. Analysis of many loci now yields reasonably accurate estimates of genetic similarity among individuals, rather than populations. Clustering of individuals is correlated with geographic origin or ancestry. These clusters are also correlated with some traditional concepts of race, but the correlations are imperfect because genetic variation tends to be distributed in a continuous, overlapping fashion among populations. Therefore, ancestry, or even race, may in some cases prove useful in the biomedical setting, but direct assessment of disease-related genetic variation will ultimately yield more accurate and beneficial information.

Genetic Variation↗

PubMed2004

Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine.

In this review, we focus on the biogeographical distribution of genetic variation and address whether or not populations cluster according to the popular concept of 'race'. We show that racial classifications are inadequate descriptors of the distribution of genetic variation in our species. Although populations do cluster by broad geographic regions, which generally correspond to socially recognized races, the distribution of genetic variation is quasicontinuous in clinal patterns related to geography. The broad global pattern reflects the accumulation of genetic drift associated with a recent African origin of modern humans, followed by expansion out of Africa and across the rest of the globe. Because disease genes may be geographically restricted due to mutation, genetic drift, migration and natural selection, knowledge of individual ancestry will be important for biomedical studies. Identifiers based on race will often be insufficient.

Biological Evolution↗