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This ethnographic exploratory study sought to define the meaning of Sanhujori from the perspective of the women who experienced it. Participant observation and interviews indicated that the women perceived the postpartum to be a new state of being, in which they underwent profound physiological, psychological, and sociological changes. Sanhujori was regarded as a phenomenon including belief system and practice system of care that would assure the successful recovery of the woman, her long-term well-being, and the health of her child. Sanhujori as a Belief System includes know-how, period, rationale, condition and consequences built upon six principles. They included: invigorating the body by augmentation of heat and avoidance of cold; resting without working; eating well; protecting the body from harmful strains; keeping cleanness; and handling with the whole heart. Sanhujori as a Practice System is a dynamic process performing according to Belief System. A failure to "Doing a Sanhujori well" was believed to put the mother at risk for a variety of ills (Sanhubyung). Influencing factors on the process included personal and environmental factors. This finding raises a basic question about the relation of professional care during the postpartum to the women's received cultural beliefs about that care.
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Interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by human monocytes is stringently regulated through the inducibility of both subunits, p35 and p40, and expression of p35 mRNA is the limiting factor for the secretion of the bioactive IL-12 p70 heterodimer. Optimal induction of p35 mRNA requires priming of the monocytes by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), followed by brief exposure to lipopolysaccharide or other bacterial products. To investigate control of p35 gene expression, we isolated genomic clones containing the human p35 gene and determined the 5' end of the mRNA expressed in monocytes. We discovered that a unique p35 transcript is induced in monocytes that begins downstream of a consensus TATA box that lies within the 5' end of the cDNA originally cloned from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells. Analysis of p35 mRNA by Northern blotting showed that the message from monocytes is approximately 200 bases shorter than message derived from the EBV-transformed B-cell line VDS. The initiation sites downstream from the TATA box were confirmed by RNase protection and 5' RACE. The data indicate that p35 transcription can initiate from different sites depending on the cell type and that the shorter inducible transcript in monocytes is the one that accumulates after stimulation. Protein translation of these two forms may result in proteins of different sizes with potential implications for the regulation of IL-12 secretion and function.
BACKGROUND: Non-nutritive sucking is used during gavage feeding and in the transition from gavage to breast/bottle feeding in preterm infants. The rationale for this intervention is that non-nutritive sucking facilitates the development of sucking behaviour and improves digestion of enteral feedings. Non-nutritive sucking has been considered to be a benign intervention, although it has the potential to have a negative effect on breastfeeding or on the incidence of later oral aversion. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether non-nutritive sucking (NNS) in preterm infants influences: a) weight gain, b) energy intake, c) heart rate, d) oxygen saturation, e) length of hospital stay, f) intestinal transit time, g) age at full oral feeds, or h) any other clinically relevant outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE and CINAHL databases back to 1976 and the Cochrane Controlled Trials register were searched. Reference lists/bibliographies of relevant articles and reviews were also searched. A comprehensive list of relevant articles was sent to two major authors in this area. They were asked if they knew of any other published or unpublished studies relevant to the area that had not been included in the original list. SELECTION CRITERIA: All trials utilizing experimental or quasi-experimental designs in which non-nutritive sucking in preterm infants was compared to no provision of non-nutritive sucking. Measured clinically relevant outcomes. Reports were in English or a language for which a translator was available. Computerized searches were conducted by both reviewers. All potentially relevant titles and abstracts identified by either reviewer were extracted. All retrieved articles were assessed for relevance independently by each reviewer, based on a pre-determined set of criteria. The reference lists/bibliographies of each article were reviewed independently for additional relevant titles and were also retrieved and assessed for relevance. Articles that met all relevance criteria were then assessed for methodologic quality based on a predetermined set of criteria. Those articles judged to have the appropriate quality by both reviewers were included in the analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by the two authors. No subgroup analyses were performed because of the small number of studies related to the relevant outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: This review consisted of 19 studies, 13 of which were randomized controlled trials. NNS was found to decrease significantly the length of hospital stay in preterm infants. The review did not reveal a consistent benefit of NNS with respect to other major clinical variables (weight gain, energy intake, heart rate, oxygen saturation, intestinal transit time, and age at full oral feeds). The review identified other positive clinical outcomes of NNS: transition from tube to bottle feeds and behavior. No negative outcomes were reported in any of the studies. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This review found a significant decrease in length of stay in preterm infants receiving a NNS intervention. The review did not reveal a consistent benefit of NNS with respect to other major clinical variables (weight gain, energy intake, heart rate, oxygen saturation, intestinal transit time, and age at full oral feeds). The review identified other positive clinical outcomes of NNS: transition from tube to bottle feeds and behavior. No negative outcomes were reported in any of the studies. There were also a number of limitations of the presently available evidence related to the design of the studies, outcome variability, and lack of long-term data. Based on the available evidence, NNS in preterm infants would appear to have some clinical benefit. It does not appear to have any short-term negative effects. In view of the fact that there are no long-term data, further investigations are recommended. In order to facilitate meta-analysis of these data, future research in this area should involve outcome measures
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The effects of dietary exposure to sodium L-ascorbate (Na-AsA), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and diphenyl on the development of urinary bladder tumors in a mouse two-stage carcinogenesis model were examined. Male B6C3F1 mice received 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) in the drinking water for 4 weeks and were then treated with 5% Na-AsA, 1% BHA, or 1% diphenyl for 32 weeks. None of these chemicals enhanced the development of either preneoplastic or neoplastic lesions in the urinary bladder. Furthermore, DNA synthesis levels of urinary bladder epithelium in mice treated with each substance alone for 8 weeks were not elevated significantly, although Na-AsA was associated with a significant increase in the urinary pH value and Na+ concentration. The results indicate that Na-AsA, BHA, and diphenyl do not exert an enhancing influence on mouse bladder carcinogenesis, in clear contrast to the case in the rat.
T cell activation via the antigen receptor or by PKC-activating drugs results in phosphorylation of Lck and alteration of its electrophoretic mobility. Although tyrosine phosphorylation appears to regulate Lck enzymatic activity, the significance of phosphorylation of serine residues and its relevance to the cell proliferation process are yet unclear. We found that the PKC activator, bryostatin, like PMA, induced the conversion of p56lck to a slower migrating form with an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa. The effect of PMA lasted over 48 hr but that of bryostatin was transient and correlated in time kinetics with that of the bryostatin-induced degradation of PKC. The effects of bryostatin were dominant over those of PMA. In addition, PKC was found to affect both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of Lck but had no significant effect on the in vitro catalytic activity of Lck. To test whether serine phosphorylation of Lck may affect its ability to bind tyrosine phosphoproteins, we compared Lck immunoprecipitates from PMA- and bryostatin-treated T cells. We found that a 36- to 38-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein co-immunoprecipitated with Lck from cells that were treated for 24 hr with PMA, but not bryostatin. A p36-38 from PMA- but not bryostatin-treated cells also interacted with an Lck-SH2 fusion protein, suggesting differential regulation of p36-38 by PMA and bryostatin. Furthermore, in vitro phosphorylation of p36-38 occurred in lysates of cells that were treated for 24 hr with PMA, but not in lysates of bryostatin-treated cells. The results show that tyrosine phosphorylation and the association of p36-38 with Lck are differentially affected by bryostatin and PMA and suggest that PKC regulates the interaction of potential signaling molecules with Lck, thereby regulating biochemical events that are relevant to T cell mitogenesis and/or transformation.
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When the trp operon is translocated into the early region of lambda phage, transcription originated at the PL promotor is known to be modified by function of the N gene product so that transcription of the operon continues when translation is blocked by nonsense mutations or by ribosomal antibiotics. When N function is deficient in a phage that joins the trp operon to a point distal to the N gene, deleting the tL site, nonsense mutations (Franklin, 1974) or chloramphenicol (Nakamura et al., accompanying paper) again block transcription of the bacterial operon. However, here we report that transcription over about the first 800 nucleotide pairs starting from the PL promotor of the N-trp operon is still insensitive to chloramphenicol even in the absence of N function. The region covers the full N gene and the initial bit of the trp operon.
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