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PubMed1985

Premedical syndrome.

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Education, Premedical↗
PubMed1992

The role of natural science in the premedical curriculum.

The authors examined the role of natural sciences in entering students' academic preparation for admission to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Medicine by analyzing the college transcripts of 290 students in the classes of 1990 and 1995 to determine the breadth of the students' college course work. In addition, during 1990 the authors surveyed 126 full-time basic science and clinical faculty about their views regarding the optimal requirements for admission. The vast majority of the students' college courses had been in the natural sciences, with no significant change in this finding over the five-year period. Of the faculty surveyed, 97 (77%) responded, stating that the majority of prerequisites should be in the natural sciences; their prerequisites were similar to UCLA's 1991-92 admission requirements. The authors suggest that the persistently narrow focus on the natural sciences as a preparation for medical school may explain the nationwide need to instruct medical students in the humanities, and that perhaps it is time to require non-science courses to broaden the educational backgrounds of entering students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Premedication.

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Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed2004

The effect of beta-blocker premedication on the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: A number of previous studies have tried to assess the effects of hypotension on the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery. These studies have been limited by inadequate sample sizes, lack of a control group, and limited data collection. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the routine use of beta-blockers as a pre-medication could improve the operative field in endoscopic sinus surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Eighty patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery who fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly assigned to receive either a beta-blocker, Metoprolol (group 1), or a placebo tablet (group 2) 30 minutes before surgery. A standard anesthetic protocol was followed. At the commencement of surgery and at regular 15-minute intervals the surgical field, blood loss, heart rate, blood pressure, and isoflurane concentration were assessed. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in overall mean heart rate between the placebo and beta-blocker groups (P <.0001). In the entire group, surgical grade correlated with heart rate (r = 0.36, P <.05) but not with mean arterial blood pressure. Mean surgical grade was similar between the placebo and beta-blocker groups, but early in the study a significantly better surgical field was recorded in the beta-blocker group (P <.001). Surgical grade was significantly better in those with a mean heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (P <.02). CONCLUSION: Although "optimum" conditions were present in the patients receiving beta-blocker, the authors thought that the grading system was not discriminating enough to demonstrate a significant difference between the groups. The crucial finding in the study was the correlation between heart rate and surgical grade in the entire group. During endoscopic sinus surgery surgery, anesthetic manipulations should be directed at maintaining a low heart rate.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes of African American premedical students toward genetic testing and screening.

PURPOSE: Genetic research is progressing at a rapid rate. While most view genetic advances favorably, concerns regarding eugenics and discrimination based on genetic test results have been raised. These concerns have been found among all groups studied; however, they have particular relevance for members of the African American community. Studies have shown that because of a long history of negative experiences, African Americans have a general mistrust of the medical establishment. It is unclear whether these negative attitudes encompass genetic advances. Because there is little empiric data in the literature, it is not known whether African Americans have a positive view of genetic advances or whether they have the same level of mistrust as is seen in their attitudes toward other forms of biomedical research. METHODS: This study was conducted as an initial effort to examine the attitudes of African Americans toward recent genetic advances and, specifically, genetic testing. A cohort of 97 college-age minority students, including 78 African Americans, participating in the Health Career Enhancement for Minorities Program (HCEM) at Case Western Reserve University were surveyed. Surveys were made available before and after the summer long course, which included five lectures on basic genetic principles and medical genetics. RESULTS: Both African American students and other minority students initially (questionnaire prior to HCEM course) had an overall positive view of genetic testing. The vast majority supported genetic testing for preventive care (95%) and presymptomatic detection of disease (88%) and agreed that it should be easily available (83%). However, several concerns were expressed as well, including fears about discrimination (68%), privacy (68%), that abortions will become more common (51%), and eugenics (37%). It is interesting that in the postcourse questionnaire, the percentages of positive views remained similar to those of the precourse survey, but the number of respondents expressing concerns increased. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the minority students surveyed view many aspects of genetic testing and other advances favorably. However, these students expressed concerns about discrimination, privacy, and eugenics. These concerns were increased, not lessened, by exposure to genetics education. One possible explanation for this observation is that the students had a greater understanding of the issues regarding genetic testing after the HCEM lectures and discussion. Of note, there was a greater negative response toward genetic screening programs among the African American students compared with the non-African American minority students. This suggests that the negative attitudes of African Americans toward biomedical research do extend to some aspects of genetics and that educational programs must be designed and implemented if this community is going to receive the maximum benefits of this advancing technology.

Adult↗