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PubMed1988

Processes of pair formation leading to assortative mating in biological populations: dynamic interaction model.

A model of pair formation that treats mating between two individuals as a dynamic process rather than an instant event is suggested. A number of cases corresponding to polygamous and monogamous matings of individuals are considered. The individual mating preferences are represented in the model by a set of "compatibility probabilities." It is shown that the mating pattern (the distribution of characters among mating pairs) established in a population as a result of the process of pair formation does not uniquely reflect the pattern of mating preferences. Quite different mating patterns may occur in populations with very similar mating preferences, as well as similar mating patterns may occur in populations with different individual mating preferences. The model demonstrates that not only mating preferences of individuals but also specific mechanisms of pair formation play an important role in determining the mating pattern of a population.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cooperation and competition between dentists and denturists in Finland.

The aim of this study was to investigate cooperation between dentists and denturists in Finland, particularly in relation to perceived competition between the two professions. From a representative sample of 350 private dentists and 253 denturists, 68% returned acceptably filled-in questionnaires dealing with competition and cooperation with other healthcare professionals. Dentists referred their patients significantly (P < 0.001) less often to denturists (26.2%) than denturists did to dentists (94.1%). Those who referred their patients to members of the other profession also received patients from the other profession significantly (P< 0.001) more often than those who did not (60.7% vs 16.7% among dentists; 90.0% vs 44.4% among denturists). Denturists saw themselves as competing with dentists (56.0%) significantly (P< 0.001) more often than dentists did with denturists (29.2%). Dentists practicing in small towns or rural areas cooperated more often with denturists than did those practicing in more urban areas. Among denturists, the likelihood of referring patients to dentists was associated with younger age and fewer clinical working hours. It was concluded that cooperation between dentists and denturists was common. Oral healthcare professionals who referred their patients to the other profession also benefited by receiving more patients on referral from them. Dental services provided by denturists are limited, which may explain their greater willingness to cooperate with dentists.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

[Not Available].

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Demography↗
PubMed2003

Personal awareness of domestic violence: implications for health care providers.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate how many Californians know a victim of domestic violence, to examine their knowledge of certain characteristics of the violence, and to estimate and examine such knowledge among specific demographic groups. METHOD: A total of 3713 California adults (similar numbers of whites, blacks, Hispanics, Korean Americans, Vietnamese Americans, and other Asian Americans) completed a random-digit-dial interview. Respondents were asked whether a friend, relative, or coworker had been threatened or harmed by an intimate partner. Weights were applied to the cross-sectional sample to obtain estimates for the general population. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regressions were used with the full sample. RESULTS: Nearly half (45.5%) of the adult general population of California knows a victim of domestic violence (DV); 40.5% know a woman and 5.0% know a man. More than one-third of the population (35.7%) knew the victim while the abuse was happening. Although 86.5% of those who reported knowing a DV victim indicated that the victim incurred physical harm, only 18.3% of the injured victims were reported to have sought medical care. Gender was the most consistent respondent predictor: Men were less likely to know someone who was a victim of DV and to have specific information about the violence. Ethnic differences were fewer, but distinctions among groups were documented. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing a victim of DV is common among California adults. Implications for medical practice are discussed in terms of the ethnicity, gender, and work force status of the population served and geographic location of the medical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Blood pressure in the small-for-gestational age newborn.

AIM: The aim of the paper is to verify the existence of an inverse correlation between birth weight and blood pressure (BP) in neonates, infants and adolescents. METHODS: BP was measured at 7 days, 3, 6, 9, 12 months and 7-18 years in 432 subjects born at term at the Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena; 228 of these subjects were small for gestational age (SGA) and 204 appropriate for gestational age (AGA). For small babies, BP was measured with a DYNAMAP oscillometer which provides digital visualisation of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure and heart rate. In older children, a mercury sphygmomanometer was used. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS 8.01 software using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality of populations. RESULTS: Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant differences between SGA and AGA subjects in the various age classes of the first 12 months of life. Significant correlation was found between 7 and 18 years with differences in the various age classes for systolic pressure. Subjects with normal birthweight had lower systolic and diastolic BP. SGA males had higher risk of high systolic and diastolic pressure, whereas SGA females were only at higher risk for elevated diastolic pressure. CONCLUSIONS: SGA subjects should be monitored for BP and life-style between 7 and 18 years to risk of cardiovascular disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of districts in Pakistan with persistent transmission of wild poliovirus, 2000-2001.

We sought to identify factors associated with being a reservoir district for wild poliovirus in Pakistan. Differences between reservoir and non-reservoir districts were identified using acute flaccid paralysis surveillance data, population census statistics and data from a survey of district health officials (DHOs). Of the 11 poliovirus reservoir districts identified, population density was significantly higher (median 550 persons/km2) than the non-reservoirs (median 175 persons/km2). DHOs from reservoir districts more often reported that planning was affected by refugees and they had more frequent DHO transfers compared with non-reservoir districts. Multivariate analysis confirmed that reservoirs more often had high population density and frequent DHO transfers. Assessment of district-level and management characteristics can supplement surveillance methods to further improve health programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Distribution and content of nuclear and cellular RNA among cell populations of acute lymphoblastic and nonlymphoblastic leukemia.

The RNA content of intact cells and isolated nuclei of normal human lymphocytes and mononuclear cell populations (containing at least 50% blasts) from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) was measured by flow cytometry based on metachromatic red luminescence of acridine orange-stained cells. Relative nuclear RNA (n-RNA) and cellular RNA (c-RNA) content was estimated in relation to luminescence of RNase-treated nuclei, which served as a standard. The mean values (+/- SE) of n-RNA were 22.6 +/- 3.2, 25.8 +/- 3.2, and 51.5 +/- 6.1 arbitrary units for normal lymphocytes, ALL, and ANLL cell populations, respectively. The mean values for c-RNA were 51.3 +/- 5.2, 71.9 +/- 11.3, and 128 +/- 13.4 for the same cell populations, respectively. The differences between normal lymphocytes or ALL and ANLL cell populations were statistically significant (t-test, with respect to both n- and c-RNA), while differences between normal and ALL populations were not. The proportions of n-RNA versus c-RNA were similar within all three types of cell populations. The intercellular variabilities with respect to n- and c-RNA among the G0/1 cell populations of all three types of cells were characterized by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean RNA and the third moment about the mean (MOM3). CV and MOM3 of c-RNA were significantly different between all three types of cell populations, whereas CV and MOM3 of n-RNA showed significant differences between control and leukemic cells. Thus, mean RNA, CV, and MOM3 of RNA on the cellular and nuclear levels of G0/1 cells discriminate normal lymphocytes, ALL lymphoblasts, and ANLL blast cells from each other fully on statistically significant levels.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2003

A macroscopic approach to demography.

A canonical/lognormal model for human demography is established, specifying the net maternity function and the age distribution for mothers of new-borns using a single macroscopic parameter vector of dimension five. The age distribution of mothers is canonical, while the net maternity function normalizes to a lognormal density. Comparison of an actual population with the model serves to identify anomalies in the population which may be indicative of phase transitions or influences from levels outside the demographic. Tracking the time development of the parameter vector may be used to predict the future state of a population, or to interpolate for data missing from the record. In accordance with classical theoretical considerations of Backman, Prigogine, et al., it emerges that the logarithm of a mother's age is the most fundamental time variable for demographic purposes.

Adolescent↗