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PubMed2004

Toxicity characterization of complex mixtures using biological and chemical analysis in preparation for assessment of mixture similarity.

In the United States, several proposed approaches for using bioassays for the risk assessment of complex hazardous mixtures require that selected mixtures be "sufficiently similar" to each other. The goal of this research was to evaluate the utility of a protocol using in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis as a basis for assessing mixture similarity. Two wood preserving wastes (WPWs) containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pentachlorophenol were extracted and fractionated to generate potentially similar mixtures. Chemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Genotoxicity was evaluated using the Salmonella/microsome and Escherichia coli prophage induction assays. The crude extract of one WPW was also tested in the chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST) assay. The CHEST assay provided the most sensitive measurement of toxicity. Overall, the biological potency of the samples was not well correlated with predicted potency based on chemical analysis. Although several mixtures appeared similar based on chemical analysis, the magnitude of the response in bioassays was often dissimilar. Fractionation was required to detect the genotoxicity of mixture components in vitro. The results confirm the need for an integrated protocol, combining chemical analysis, fractionation, and biological testing to characterize the risk associated with complex mixtures.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed2005

Preparation of titania nanotubes and their environmental applications as electrode.

Titanium oxide nanotubes were successfully grown from a titanium plate by direct anodic oxidation with 0.2 wt % hydrofluoric acid being the supporting electrolyte. These nanotubes are of uniform size and are well-aligned into high-density arrays. They look like honeywell with the structure similar to that of porous alumina obtained by the same technique. TiO2 anatase phase was identified by X-ray diffraction. Significant blue-shift in the spectrum of UV- vis absorption was observed. The mechanism of the novel, simple, and direct growth of the nanotubes was postulated. To investigate their potentials in environmental applications, degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in aqueous solution was carried out using photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) processes, comparing with electrochemical process (EP) and photocatalytic (PC). A significant photoelectrochemical synergetic effect was observed. The kinetic constant of PEC degradation of PCP using TiO2 nanotubes electrode was 86.5% higher than that using TiO2 film electrode. In degrading PCP, 70% of TOC was removed using the TiO2 nanotubes electrode against 50% removed using TiO2 film electrode formed by sol-gel method in 4 h under similar conditions.

Carbon↗
PubMed2005

Immobilization of humic acid in nanostructured layer-by-layer films for sensing applications.

Humic acids (HAs), naturally occurring biomacromolecules, were incorporated into nanostructured polymeric films using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, in which HA layers were alternated with layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed very smooth films, with mean roughness varying from 0.89 to 1.19 nm for films containing 5 and 15 PAH/HA bilayers, respectively. The films displayed electroactivity, with the presence of only one reduction peak at ca. 0.675 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Such a well-defined electroactivity allowed the films to be used as highly sensitive pesticide sensors, with detection of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in solutions at concentrations as low as 10(-9) mol L(-1).

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Numerical simulation of a steam-injection pilot study for a PCP-contaminated aquifer.

The following study was focused on the simulation of a steam-injection field pilottest conducted in our past research. The scope of research contained two main subjects: heat transfer and contaminant transport when steam was injected into a pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated aquifer. Numerical simulation of the heat transfer during the field test showed that vertical permeability is more influential to the distribution of water temperature than the horizontal permeability. If the vertical permeability is relatively high, the steam in the aquifer has a higher tendency to migrate upward and cause the aquifer temperature to rise faster. The simulation results also showed that heat convection is very sensitive to the soil permeability. Therefore, high permeability media makes the effect of heat convection more important on applying the steam-injection method. Heat conduction dominates the heat transfer within the hot aqueous zone. However, the hot aqueous zone is relatively smaller than the steam zone when steam is injected into the aquifer. Therefore, heat conduction is not as important as heat convection within the steam zone, which is the same result observed in the field test. Specific heat of soil media is also a sensitive factor. A numerical simulator, T2VOC, was utilized to simulate the PCP transport in the aquifer when steam was injected into the aquifer. The results showed that the shape of PCP distribution was identical to that of steam. It illustrated thatthe steam carried PCP upward and laterally. The high vertical soil permeability causes the steam to migrate upward with PCP easily. A low partitioning coefficient allows PCP to be desorbed easier, also an important factor. A majority of the PCP in the soil was transferred to the aqueous phase as the water temperature increased, showing similar results to those observed in the field test. According to the sensitivity analysis, PCP transport is more sensitive to the vertical permeability than the partitioning coefficient. The steam-injection rate is also an important operation parameter and may determine the success of the remediation work.

Models, Chemical↗
PubMed2002

Complete mass balance of dietary polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in dairy cattle and characterization of the apparent synthesis of hepta- and octachlorodioxins.

Mass balances of 2,3,7,8-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in cows following administration of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-treated wood. Fecal excretion accounted for the major fraction of all congeners. Recovery in feces increased with increasing chlorination, while storage in body fat and excretion in milk decreased with increasing chlorination. The PCDFs with no chlorines in the 4- and 6-positions were apparently metabolized because residues were not detected in milk and body fat. Storage and excretion of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD exceeded intake by factors of 1.7 and 3.4, but recovery of other PCDD/Fs did not exceed intake significantly. Excess excretion of OCDD, but not HpCDD, was confirmed in a follow-up study. Synthesis of HpCDD and OCDD did not occur when PCP-treated wood was fermented with rumen microorganisms, and enhanced concentrations of HpCDD and OCDD were not found in gastrointestinal tract contents of dosed animals. Formation of OCDD during incubation of feces spiked with PCP-treated wood led to the conclusion that synthesis was postexcretion during sample preparation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of sulfation and/or acetylation in the metabolism of the cooked-food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Salmonella typhimurium and isolated rat hepatocytes.

Mutagenic activity of the cooked-food mutagen/carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is highly dependent upon cytochrome P450 activation to the N-hydroxylated intermediate. In the present study the bioactivation pathways of PhIP were investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and isolated rat hepatocyte preparations. In the Ames/S. typhimurium assay, the acetyltransferase and sulfotransferase enzyme inhibitors pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP) were used to modulate mutagenicity. DCNP, but not PCP, produced a concentration-dependent decrease in mutagenic activity of 2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (N-hydroxy-PhIP). In rat hepatocyte preparations, PCP and DCNP, as well as the cytochrome P450 IA1 and IA2 inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), were used to modulate metabolite, protein adduct, and DNA adduct formation. Incubations of [3H]PhIP (100 microM) with Aroclor 1254-induced or uninduced hepatocytes resulted in the formation of several metabolites, including 4'-(2-amino-1-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyrid-6-yl)phenyl sulfate (4'-PhIP-sulfate), 2-amino-1-methyl-4'-hydroxy-6- phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (4'-hydroxy-PhIP), a glucuronide conjugate of 2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and other uncharacterized metabolites. While PCP or DCNP pretreatment produced a significant decline in sulfate-dependent conjugation of 4'-hydroxy-PhIP to 4'-PhIP-sulfate, these inhibitors produced only slight decreases in PhIP-dependent covalent binding to proteins in hepatocytes derived from either Aroclor 1254-induced or uninduced rats. PhIP DNA adduct levels were relatively unchanged by PCP or DCNP pretreatment of Aroclor 1254-induced hepatocytes. DNA adducts from hepatocytes dosed with N-hydroxy-PhIP, however, resulted in a decrease in adduct levels from cells pretreated with PCP or DCNP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylation↗
PubMed2005

Role of phenoxyl radicals in DNA adduction by chlorophenol xenobiotics following peroxidase activation.

Chlorophenol (CP) toxins are classified as probable human carcinogens and are known to undergo bioactivation to generate benzoquinone (BQ) electrophiles that react covalently with biopolymers. Recently, we characterized the ability of pentachlorophenol (PCP) to react covalently with deoxyguanosine (dG) following treatment with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2 or myeloperoxidase to yield a C8-dG oxygen (O)-adduct that suggested the intermediacy of the pentachlorophenoxyl radical in covalent bond formation [Dai, J., Wright, M. W., and Manderville, R. A. (2003) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16, 817-821]. Investigations currently focus on a wider range of CP substrates (PCP, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,4,5-TCP, and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)) to establish their reactivity toward dG and duplex DNA (calf thymus (CT)) following activation by HRP/H2O2, as a representative peroxidase system. Our data show that chlorophenoxyl radicals may either react directly with dG and CT-DNA to form C8-dG O-adducts in an irreversible process or couple to yield 1,4-BQ electrophiles that react with dG to afford adducts of the benzetheno variety. These results are the first to establish the in vitro relevance of C8-dG O-adducts of phenolic toxins. The 1H NMR chemical shifts and reactivity of the benzetheno adducts favor 4' '-hydroxy-1,N2-benzetheno-dG adduct assignment, which is in contrast to other literature which has assigned the 1,4-BQ-dG adduct as 3' '-hydroxy-1,N2-benzetheno-dG. Overall, the results from this current study have provided new insights into peroxidase-mediated activation of CP substrates and have strengthened the hypothesis that direct reactions of phenoxyl radicals with DNA contribute to peroxidase-driven toxic effects of phenolic xenobiotics.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of a deoxyguanosine adduct of tetrachlorobenzoquinone: dichlorobenzoquinone-1,N2-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP), a widespread environmental pollutant that is possibly carcinogenic to humans, is metabolically oxidized to tetrachloroquinone. DNA adducts attributable to tetrachloroquinone have been observed previously in vitro and detected in vivo. In addition, an unidentified adduct in these studies coeluted with the product of the reaction of deoxyguanosine (dG) and tetrachlorobenzoquinone (Cl4BQ). We have synthesized, isolated, purified, and characterized the predominant adduct formed from the reaction of dG and Cl4BQ. The preparation of a 13C-labeled version of this adduct facilitated its structural characterization. On the basis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, IR, UV, and cyclic voltammetry, we propose that the adduct is a dichlorobenzoquinone nucleoside in which two chlorine atoms in Cl4BQ have been displaced by reaction at the 1- and N2-positions of dG. The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts are consistent with the dichlorobenzoquinone assignment. In contrast, under standard analytical conditions, LC-MS data are consistent with a reduced hydroquinone structure, similar to what may be expected based on results from other chloroquinones. Data from the present study indicate that this reduction could be occurring in the electrospray ionization source and that the initial product of the reaction of dG and Cl4BQ is a dichlorobenzoquinone. The results of this study contribute to the hypothesis that direct reactions between chlorophenols and DNA may play a role in the toxic effects of chlorophenols and indicate a potential difference in reactivity and biological influence between PCP and other less substituted chlorophenols or phenols.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of interactive toxicity of chlorophenols in water and soil using lux-marked biosensors.

An assessment of the toxicity of three chlorophenol compounds (2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP)), individually and in combinations, was made in deionised water, soil extracts and soils using the lux-marked microbial biosensors: Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 10586r pUCD607. These biosensors responded to the bioavailable fraction of pollutants enabling a rapid and ecologically relevant toxicity test. Toxicity interaction responses of pollutant mixtures were predicted after individual compounds were assessed. Synergistic interactions were observed in the response of P. fluorescens to all combinations of chlorophenols tested, while the toxicity response of E. coli varied with the matrices tested. Soil characteristics influenced the toxicity response when compared with aqueous solutions. These results highlight the significance of interactive factors and physicochemical parameters when evaluating toxicity. To develop an understanding of pollution derived hazard assessment in soils we need to integrate a wide spectrum of parameters.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed1977

Phenol sulphotransferase and uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase from rat liver in vivo and vitro. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol as selective inhibitor of sulphation.

Microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase and cytosolic sulphotransferase share many substrates, such as phenols and hydroxamic acids. In a search for a selective inhibitor of sulphation, several phenolic compounds were tested. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol is introduced as a selective inhibitor of sulphation in vivo, having no effect on UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. As substrate for both conjugating enzymes the phenolic drug harmol (7-hydroxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) was used. In the rat in vivo 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol caused almost complete inhibition of harmol sulphation after a single intraperitoneal injection (26mumol/kg) for 48h; the percentage of harmol sulphated decreased from 75% in controls to 5% in the treated rats. The percentage of harmol glucuronidated increased from 25 to 95%. Pentachlorophenol was equally effective but also highly toxic. Salicylamide had only a very-short-lasting inhibitory effect on sulphation. In vitro, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol inhibited sulphation of harmol by a rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant completely at 1mum, whereas even at 100mum it had no effect on glucuronidation of harmol. It is concluded that 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol is a selective inhibitor of sulphation and, further, that its long duration of action makes it suitable for studies on the regulatory role of sulphation in some biological processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport into cells from R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma. Evidence for sodium ion-dependent and -independent carrier-mediated entry and effects of diabetes.

In the presence of Na+, alpha-aminoisobutyrate was transported by saturable and non-saturable processes into R3230AC mammary tumour cells isolated by enzymic treatment. Eadie-Hofstee analysis for the saturable process gave a curvilinear plot, suggesting that transport occurred by more than one carrier. In the absence of Na+, alpha-aminoisobutyrate was also transported by both saturable and non-saturable processes. This Na+-independent saturable process gave a linear plot according to Eadie-Hofstee analysis: V, 708 +/- 105 pmol/min per 5 X 10(6) cells; Km, 0.36 +/- 0.33 mM (mean +/- S.E.M.). Subtracting alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry in the absence of Na+ from total alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake (in the presence of Na+) showed the presence of another saturable process (Na+-dependent), accounting for 75% of total alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake. This component gave a linear Eadie-Hofstee plot: V, 2086 +/- 213; Km, 1.75 +/- 0.16 alpha-(Methylamino)isobutyrate, a substrate specifically taken up by the A system, inhibited 80% of alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry. The presence of both alhpa-(methylamino)isobutyrate and phenylalanine inhibited alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry completely. 2-Aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate, an analogue specifically taken up by the Na+-independent system, inhibited completely the Na+-independent entry of alpha-aminoisobutyrate. In the presence of Na+, the distribution ratio, which is defined as the amino acid concentration in the intracellular space divided by that in the incubation medium for alpha-aminoisobutyrate, at 90 min was 19, and in the absence of Na+ at 60 min was 5. These concentrative processes were sensitive to the metabolic inhibitor pentachlorophenol. The Na+-dependent, but not the Na+-independent, alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake was increased in cells from diabetic rats. This was primarily due to an increase in the V for the Na+-dependent component (164%) with no effect on the Km. We conclude, therefore, that alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry into cells from this mammary tumour is mediated by two transport systems, one Na+-dependent and another Na+-independent. Furthermore, the Na+-dependent component of alpha-aminoisobutyrate is sensitive to alterations of insulin in vivo.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Oscillations of nitric oxide concentration in the perturbed denitrification pathway of Paracoccus denitrificans.

The metabolism of nitric oxide in Paracoccus denitrificans has been studied using a Clark-type electrode. The uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and the SH reagent N-ethylmaleimide, both of which released nitric oxide from cells respiring nitrite, were found to be efficient inhibitors of nitric oxide reductase activity. Control experiments with another uncoupler, pentachlorophenol, showed that the inhibitory effect of CCCP was not the result of a decrease in membrane potential. The denitrification pathway in cells with partly inhibited nitric oxide reductase, or in a reconstituted system containing purified nitric reductase and membrane vesicles, exhibited marked sustained oscillations of nitric oxide concentration. The occurrence of the oscillations was strictly dependent on the initial concentration of nitrite. The observed oscillatory kinetics is considered to reflect two regulatory signals destabilizing the denitrification pathway, namely the inhibition of nitric oxide reductase by nitric oxide and/or by nitrite.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1997

PCP degradation is mediated by closely related strains of the genus Sphingomonas.

There have been numerous reports in the literature of diverse bacteria capable of degrading pentachlorophenol (PCP). In order to gain further insight into the phylogenetic relationships of PCP-degrading bacteria, we examined four strains: Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 33790, Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723, Pseudomonas sp. strain SR3, and Sphingomonas sp. strain RA2. These organisms were isolated from different geographical locations and all of them degrade high concentrations (100-200 mg/L) of PCP. Southern blot analyses determined that these bacteria all harbour DNA that encodes similar, if not identical, genes involved in PCP degradation. Comparison of the 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences revealed that these organisms were very closely related and, in fact, represent a monophyletic group. The 16S rRNA analyses together with fatty acid and sphingolipid analyses strongly suggest that the four strains are members of the genus Sphingomonas. The close relationship of the four organisms is supported by nucleotide sequence analysis data of the pcpB locus encoding PCP-4-monooxygenase, the first enzyme in the PCP degradative pathway.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Development of a novel, bioluminescence-based, fungal bioassay for toxicity testing.

Naturally bioluminescent fungi, Armillaria mellea and Mycena citricolor, were used to develop a novel, bioluminescence-based bioassay for toxicity testing. Bioassays were carried out to assess the toxicity of 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), copper and zinc. The results suggested that 60 min was a suitable exposure time for the bioassay. Light reduction was observed in response to 3,5-DCP, PCP and Cu for both A. mellea and M. citricolor, but to Zn only for A. mellea. Armillaria mellea was significantly less sensitive to 3,5-DCP and PCP than M. citricolor. The EC50 values for A. mellea and M. citricolor were similar to EC50 values for 3,5-DCP, PCP and Cu (but not Zn) of bioluminescence-based bacterial biosensors. They were also similar to EC50 values for Cu and Zn of a bioluminescence-based yeast biosensor. The results highlighted the importance of using both prokaryotic and eukaryotic biosensors. The novel bioassay provides a rapid and sensitive method to assess bioavailability of pollutants as well as a method to determine their toxicity to filamentous fungi. It also expands the range of organisms that can be used for bioluminescence-based toxicity testing by complementing existing biosensors.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2001

Retention of heme in axial ligand mutants of succinate-ubiquinone xxidoreductase (complex II) from Escherichia coli.

Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SdhCDAB, complex II) from Escherichia coli is a four-subunit membrane-bound respiratory complex that catalyzes ubiquinone reduction by succinate. In the E. coli enzyme, heme b(556) is ligated between SdhC His(84) and SdhD His(71). Contrary to a previous report (Vibat, C. R. T., Cecchini, G., Nakamura, K., Kita, K., and Gennis, R. B. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 4148-4159), we demonstrate the presence of heme in both SdhC H84L and SdhD H71Q mutants of SdhCDAB. EPR spectroscopy reveals the presence of low spin heme in the SdhC H84L (g(z) = 2.92) mutant and high spin heme in the SdhD H71Q mutant (g = 6.0). The presence of low spin heme in the SdhC H84L mutant suggests that the heme b(556) is able to pick up another ligand from the protein. CO binds to the reduced form of the mutants, indicating that it is able to displace one of the ligands to the low spin heme of the SdhC H84L mutant. The g = 2.92 signal of the SdhC H84L mutant titrates with a redox potential at pH 7.0 (E(m)(,7)) of approximately +15 mV, whereas the g = 6.0 signal of the SdhD H71Q mutant titrates with an E(m)(,7) of approximately -100 mV. The quinone site inhibitor pentachlorophenol perturbs the heme optical spectrum of the wild-type and SdhD H71Q mutant enzymes but not the SdhC H84L mutant. This finding suggests that the latter residue also plays an important role in defining the quinone binding site of the enzyme. The SdhC H84L mutation also results in a significant increase in the K(m) and a decrease in the k(cat) for ubiquinone-1, whereas the SdhD H71Q mutant has little effect on these parameters. Overall, these data indicate that SdhC His(84) has an important role in defining the interaction of SdhCDAB with both quinones and heme b(556).

Benzoquinones↗
PubMed2002

Predictive value of human biomonitoring in environmental medicine: experiences at the outpatient unit of environmental medicine (UEM) of the University Hospital Aachen, Germany.

There is little data on the distribution of biomonitoring parameters in patients at outpatient Units of Environmental Medicine (UEM). We evaluated the biomonitoring parameters of 646 UEM outpatients from our University Hospital 1988-1998. Few patients were exposed to specific substances. Data of patients who were not obviously exposed was analysed statistically (geometric mean, standard deviation, median, 95th percentile). Results were compared with reference values in literature. Normal distribution of biomonitoring parameters was rare. 95th percentiles for arsenic, chromium, selenium, zinc, phenol and toluene were below standard, 95th percentiles for copper and mercury above, and 95th percentiles for lead, cadmium, pentachlorophenol, lindane, and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane were within the published range of reference values. Thallium as well as most volatile organic compounds analyzed were below detection levels. Aluminum and fluorine exposure was rarely analysed. In view of these results, it is concluded that the indication for biomonitoring needs to be stringent as levels of biomonitoring parameters are generally not risen in patients of the UEM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

PCP in the blood plasma: current exposure of the population in Germany, based on data obtained in 1998.

The fungicidal substance pentachlorophenol (PCP) had been used commonly for wood protection and leather impregnation in Germany until 1989, when this substance was prohibited by law. Hence, the body burden in the general population in Germany has been steadily declining. The reference values (95th percentiles) in blood plasma decreased from 20 micrograms PCP/l in 1991 to 12 micrograms/l in 1996. In 1998 the current exposure in a large residential population was investigated. 623 persons with an average age of 34.6 years (0-62 years) were investigated. For all of them there was neither evidence of occupational contact with PCP nor of the presence of PCP in the residential indoor environment. The mean PCP concentration in the plasma samples was 2.4 +/- 3.9 micrograms/l, the median 1.7 micrograms/l, and the 95th percentile 6.1 micrograms/l, the maximum value was 59.3 micrograms/l. In children and adolescents higher median and 95th percentiles were obtained than in adults (median 2.5 vs. 1.5 micrograms/l and 95th percentile 7.7 vs. 5.9 micrograms/l). All values above 20 micrograms/l were checked again individually: relationships with the level of PCP in household dust could not be detected. In one family leather clothing containing PCP, however, was found to be the cause of unusually high PCP values in the blood. Our investigations confirm a trend observed in recent years: exposure to PCP in the population in Germany decreases steadily and leads to an actualized reference value of 6.1 micrograms PCP/l plasma. In individual cases, however, greatly increased PCP levels in blood can still occur today, for example due to leather clothing treated with PCP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effects of phenolic compounds on in vivo blood parameters of a fish Notopterus notopterus.

Effects of phenol (P), dinitrophenol (DNP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and their three combinations, antagonistic [(PCP + DNP)/P], additive [(DNP + P)/PCP] and synergistic [(P + DNP)/PCP], at three subacute concentrations (1/10th, 1/15th and 1/20th fractions of 96 h LC50) were determined on several blood parameters after 30 days exposure taking Notopterus notopterus as a test fish. Generally, RBC, WBC and PCV were found to be increased while CT, ESR, Hb, MCH, MCHC and MCV were decreased. However, PCP showed dual effects in many cases. CT and MCV were decreased in PCP alone and in (DNP + P)/PCP combination, while increased in (P + DNP)/PCP combinations while decreased in PCP alone. Again RBC and MCV were decreased/increased in DNP alone. Significance of findings is that these haematological parameters can be used as scientifically most accurate are reliable laboratory diagnostic indices by fish breeders, administrators and scientists as to know the state of health of fish population and to make warning about deleterious effects of phenolic compounds so that appropriate measure may be taken by all concerned to protect a valuable source of human food.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗