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PubMed1975

Significance of the gel diffusion precipitin test for invasive amoebiasis.

The double diffusion precipitinin test for amoebiasis, has been evaluated in invasive amoebiasis. It gave positive percentages of 91-3 and 90-0 in cases of amoebic liver abscess and amoebic dysentery. False positive rates of 8-0 per cent and 0-0 per cent were obtained in miscellaneous non-amoebic disorders and in apparently healthy subjects, respectively. Its comparison with the indirect haemagglutination test revealed it to be slightly less sensitive but more specific. The agar gel precipitinin test became positive whenever the indirect haemagglutination titres were 1:256 or more. The adsorption studies revealed that both tests detected different types of antibodies. The use of the gel diffusion test is recommended as a routine method for amoebiasis as it is simple to perform in areas where sophisticated laboratory methods are not available.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1989

The fluctuant nature of precipitating antibodies in dairy farmers.

Four hundred and forty five of 888 dairy farmers studied in an epidemiological survey four years previously were restudied to determine change in precipitins and in clinical features. Subjects answered the same questionnaire, which was filled in by the same nurse in the same winter months, and had blood withdrawn for precipitin analysis (double diffusion technique). Of the 445 subjects retested, 48 (10.8%) had been precipitin positive at the first study; of these, 34 remained positive four years later and 14 had reverted to negative. Twenty eight subjects previously negative for precipitins had become positive, so that 62 subjects in all were precipitin positive when restudied (13.9%). Of the 445 farmers, 369 were precipitin negative at both studies. The prevalence of symptoms, including cough, sputum production, wheezing, dyspnoea, and fever and chills, was similar for subjects who were consistently negative for precipitins and consistently positive and for those who changed from one to the other. Only one subject developed farmer's lung; he had precipitins in both studies. This study shows a fluctuation in the precipitin state of dairy farmers, suggesting that more farmers have precipitins at least once in their lifetime than are identified by screening at a single point in time. Relatively few develop farmer's lung or other respiratory symptoms. The presence of precipitins in a symptomless farmer appears to have no clinical importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differentiation and characterization of autoantibodies and their antigens in Sjögren's syndrome.

Autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) were identified by their precipitin reactions with tissue antigens in immunodiffusion. The source of antigens was a sonicated extract of human lymphoid cells (WiI2) grown in tissue culture. Three distinct precipitin systems were identified and referred to as precipitins SS-A and SS-B, and rheumatoid arthritis precipitin. These studies show that precipitins SS-A and SS-B are present in high frequency in sera of patients with SS without associated rheuamtoid arthritis (RA) and are absent or present in low frequency in many other connective tissue diseases. On the other hand patients with SS who also had clinical features compatible with RA (SS-RA) did not have precipitins SS-A and SS-B but had rheumatoid arthritis precipitin (RAP). The latter precipitin was also present in RA patients in a similar order of frequency as in SS-RA. All three precipitin systems were shown to be reactions betweeen immunoglobulins and cellular antigens. The origin of SS-A and SS-B antigens was demonstrated by immunofluorescence to be primarily from the nucleus but the origin of RAP in the cell has not been established.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1981

Prevalence of precipitating antibodies to different extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus in a North American asthmatic population.

This study was carried out to find the prevalence of precipitin reactions in the sera of 200 North American asthmatic subjects. Precipitins were detected by the double diffusion technique using different extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus, including a reference 'home produced' extract and five commercial extracts from three different suppliers. In addition, antigenicity of these extracts was assessed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (XIE). Of the sera, 13.5% reacted to the reference extract and from 2.5 to 12% to the different commercial extracts; 22.5% of the sera reacted to at least one extract. No one serum reacted to all the extracts. Two of fifty-one (4%) nonatopic patients with a negative immediate prick test to A. fumigatus, six of eighty-seven (6.9%) atopic patients with a negative immediate reaction to A. fumigatus, and thirty-seven of sixty two (59%) atopic patients with a positive immediate reaction to A. fumigatus had precipitins to at least one of the extracts used, the skin tests being performed using the A. fumigatus reference extract. The prevalence of precipitin reactions bore a strong correlation with the antigenicity of the extracts by XIE. The same reference extract was also used for specific IgE measurements (Brompton extract, Malo & Paquin, 1979). It was found that patients with precipitins had significantly (P less than 0.001) higher specific and total IgE values than patients without precipitins. In the group of patients with positive skin test, those with precipitins had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher specific IgE values than those without. The authors conclude that different extracts of A. fumigatus should be used to assess the presence of precipitins. The antigenicity of these extracts should also be assayed.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1986

Immunochemical studies of mouse monoclonal antibodies to dextran B1355S--II. Combining site specificity, sequence, idiotype and affinity.

The specificities of the combining sites of 19 mouse monoclonal antibodies to dextran B1355S have been characterized immunochemically by quantitative precipitin and precipitin inhibition assays; association constants for B1355S were determined by affinity gel electrophoresis. Cross-reactive and individual idiotypes related to the BALB/c B1355S-binding myeloma proteins MOPC104E [IdI(MOPC104E)] and J558 [IdI(J558)], determined by a radioimmunoassay, and heavy-chain variable-region sequences, are presented. Antibodies to B1355S are "alpha (1----3) alpha (1----6)-specific" as determined by precipitin and precipitin inhibition assays with dextrans and oligosaccharides, respectively, containing alternating alpha (1----3) alpha (1----6) linkages compared with oligosaccharides composed solely of alpha (1----3) or alpha (1----6) linkages; all antibodies have low association constants (less than or equal to 10(5) ml/g). However, there is also considerable diversity among the proteins as seen in the five groups of different patterns of reactivity with numerous dextrans having different structures, and the variability in affinity even among antibodies showing the same fine specificity by precipitin assay. There is little observable correlation of heavy-chain variable-region amino-acid sequence with specificity or affinity; however, all proteins having D-region amino acids Tyr,Asp at positions 96,97 express the MOPC104E individual idiotype and belong to precipitin specificity group 5, the group most cross-reactive with numerous dextrans, whereas those proteins having the J558 individual idiotype, Arg,Tyr or Asn,Tyr at 96,97 are found in all five precipitin groups.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Precipitating antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in normal sera and their possible origin.

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis was used to study precipitating antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in sera from 214 normal persons and in human gammaglobulin. A polyspecific meningococcal antigen preparation and a corresponding rabbit antiserum constituted the reference system. All the sera contained one to five precipitins against N. meningitidis which could be identified and quantified by means of the reference system. The precipitin score, which expresses the number and titre of precipitins in each serum, increased with age. More than 25 precipitins were found in the gammaglobulin preparation, including antibodies against the groupspecific polysaccharides A, B and C. Absorption of three of the five normally occurring precipitins (nos. 4, 19, 22) with antigens from various bacteria showed that precipitins nos. 4 and 19 could be completely absorbed by antigens from other Neisseria species, but not by antigens from other genera. This indicates that these two precipitins may have been induced by non-pathogenic Neisseria species or by meningococci. The finding of protective antibodies in gammaglobulin might indicate the possibility of its use in prophylaxis or therapy meningococcal infections.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1979

Precipitating antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis.

Serum and sputum sol phase from 23 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were examined for occurrence and titres of precipitins against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. The patients had from four to nine H. influenzae precipitins in serum and in most cases fewer precipitins in sputum, but, on an average, there was no difference between the titres of the antibodies in serum and sputum. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, notably those of the Haemophilus genus. S. aureus precipitins were generally found in higher numbers in serum than in sputum, but, on an average, the titre of the precipitins in sputum was higher than in serum. Three of the precipitins were detectable only in sputum and not in serum, and one of these is a S. aureus-specific precipitin. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, and these antibodies were often present in sputum in much higher titres than in the corresponding sera. Antibodies against teichoic acid of the S. aureus cell wall could not be demonstrated in sputum, while they were present in 22 sera. The possible role of the local pulmonary humoral immune response in protective immunity and in the pathology of the lung disease in CF is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Detection of antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus: comparison between double immunodiffusion, ELISA and immunoblot analysis.

The performance of ELISA to detect IgG and IgM antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus has been evaluated in strongly precipitin-positive, weakly precipitin-positive and precipitin-negative patient sera, with immunoblot analysis as the confirmatory test. All strongly precipitin-positive sera contained increased IgG titers and showed clearly positive immunoblot patterns. Most of the weakly precipitin-positive sera contained ELISA titers within the normal range established with sera of healthy blood donors and showed normal immunoblot patterns. Increased titers of IgG and/or IgM were measured in one-sixth of the precipitin-negative patient sera. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of antibodies to A. fumigatus in 55% of the precipitin-negative sera with increased antibody titers. ELISAs for A. fumigatus-specific IgG and IgM are sensitive tests for screening of patient sera. However, positive results with ELISA should be confirmed by means of immunoblot analysis.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1992

Immunodiffusion test for diagnosing basidiobolomycosis.

An immunodiffusion test was developed for the diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis. When culture filtrate antigen (CFA) from Basidiobolus ranarum was reacted against two human patient and two rabbit antisera, 2 precipitin bands, inner (N) and outer (Y), were revealed for both patient and rabbit antisera. A line of identity was also observed between precipitin bands obtained with patient and rabbit sera. When CFA from B. ranarum (B CFA) was reacted against rabbit sera which contained antibody to Conidiobolus coronatus and Pythium insidiosum, 1 precipitin band corresponding to inner band (N) was observed. This finding showed that B. ranarum, C. coronatus and P. insidiosum shared at least one common antigen. After B CFA was absorbed with Pythium rabbit antiserum, the inner precipitin line that occurred between B CFA and rabbit antisera of Pythium and Conidiobolus disappeared. However, with Basidiobolus rabbit antiserum, the result did not change. The antigens which could be demonstrated by inner (N) and outer (Y) precipitin bands were heat stable at 56 degrees C for 30 min. The titer of the antibodies specific to these antigens decreased as the lesions subsided. When B. ranarum CFA was reacted against sera from 20 apparently normal persons, 20 diabetes mellitus patients, 5 aspergillosis patients, 2 candidosis patients and 3 pythiosis patients, no precipitin band was found. B. ranarum CFA was also treated with each rabbit antiserum specific to Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur and Aspergillus fumigatus. No precipitin bands occurred with any of these antisera. Thus, this test was found to be practical, sensitive and specific, and can be used to monitor patients infected with Basidiobolus ranarum.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Farmer's lung disease in Vermont.

Several Vermont population groups were surveyed for the occurrence of antibodies to thermophilic actinomycetes. Antibodies to M. faeni and T. vulgaris were measured by the precipitin method in all subjects and, in 124 subjects, M. faeni antibodies were also measured by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique. There was relatively good correlation between the two techniques (r 0.48, p less than 0.01). Hospital employees, blood donors and patients with chronic bronchitis were generally negative for precipitins to thermophilic actinomycetes. Of the 258 Vermont dairy farmers surveyed, 14 (5.4%) had precipitins to M. faeni, 3 (1.2%) had precipitins to T. vulgaris but only 1 farmer with antibodies to M. faeni had symptoms of possible farmer's lung disease (FLD). On the other hand, 10 (4.1%) precipitin-negative farmers had symptoms possibly consistent with FLD. The IFA test did not correlate any better with symptoms. 7 (5.6%) patients with pulmonary fibrosis had precipitins to M. faeni 5 of these were diagnosed as having FLD. 18 (14.4%) had precipitins to T. vulgaris and only 3 of these patients were felt to have hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Patients with pulmonary fibrosis and FLD hat IFA titers of greater than or equal to 1/128, but so did asymptomatic farmers.

Adolescent↗