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PubMed2006

Beyond pain and protection: politics of identity and iban girls in Korea.

This study analyzes the complexities in the exploration of iban girls' identities and the various ways how girls appropriate varied sources such as popular culture to examine the heterogeneousness of identity explorations and rethink the politics of identities. Against the tendency in current discourse on homosexual youth in Korea, protection discourse and pain discourse, the notion of identity itself will be critically examined and the girls' agency in destabilizing heteronormativity will be discussed. This study also deals with the appropriation of popular culture by the girls, suggesting that cultural critiques should reveal complex dynamics in concrete experiences. doi:10.1300/J155v10n03_04.

Female↗
PubMed2006

The politics of "disregarding": addressing Zainichi issues within the lesbian community in Japan.

This article discusses the difference in positionality between Japanese lesbians and Zainichi (literally, "resident in Japan") Korean lesbians. The author first presents a narrative written by a Zainichi Korean lesbian, in which she expresses her anger toward Japanese lesbians. Setting her narrative as a starting point, the author retraces the controversial incident that occurred during the second Asian Lesbian Network (ALN) conference that was held in Japan in 1992. Through a re-reading of a series of narratives with regard to the second conference, the author demonstrates how the unequal power relations between Japanese lesbians and Zainichi Korean lesbians operate in what she calls the politics of "disregarding," where Zainichi Korean lesbians are continuously omitted from the consciousness of Japanese lesbians. doi:10.1300/ J155v10n03_05.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2005

How the past weighs on the present: social representations of history and their role in identity politics.

Socially shared representations of history have been important in creating, maintaining and changing a people's identity. Their management and negotiation are central to interethnic and international relations. We present a narrative framework to represent how collectively significant events become (selectively) incorporated in social representations that enable positioning of ethnic, national and supranational identities. This perspective creates diachronic (temporal) links between the functional (e.g. realistic conflict theory), social identity, and cognitive perspectives on intergroup relations. The charters embedded in these representations condition nations with similar interests to adopt different political stances in dealing with current events, and can influence the perceived stability and legitimacy of social orders. They are also instrumental in determining social identity strategies for reacting to negative social comparisons, and can influence the relationships between national and ethnic identities.

Culture↗
PubMed2001

Constitutional medicine, neoromanticism, and the politics of antimechanism in interwar Germany.

One of the defining features of interwar medical debates in German-speaking countries was the remarkable popularity of holistic concepts among both experts and the lay public. Attacks on the allegedly too-mechanistic outlook of modern medicine were frequent and were often associated with calls to research and treat the constitution of patients rather than isolated causes of disease. This paper traces the rise of the new constitutional medicine, locating its roots in nineteenth-century medical science. The essay attempts to explain the increasingly antimechanistic outlook of promoters of constitutional medicine by relating it to the larger context of the politics of health in Weimar Germany, to concerns of medical practitioners over the rise of the welfare state and the popularity of nonlicensed healers, culminating in the widespread notion of a "crisis of medicine." Drawing on case studies of, among others, the Danzig surgeon Erwin Liek and the Vienna gynecologist Bernhard Aschner, the article distinguishes between rationalist and neoromantic constitutionalists and aims to demonstrate that antimechanism in constitutional medicine was related to neoromantic tendencies in art and other realms of society, while rationalists were concerned with making German men and women fit for war and the requirements of modern industry.

Germany↗
PubMed2003

Seeds of discord: the politics of radon therapy in Canada in the 1930s.

In the early twentieth century, the therapeutic use of radon gas became an accepted medical practice. "Radium emanation" plants were established in many parts of North America to supply radon seeds to physicians. In Canada, these plants were usually established as part of state-supported cancer programs, creating concern among the medical profession, which had hitherto directed cancer treatment. This article explores how issues surrounding the ownership and distribution of radon played out in two Canadian provinces, Manitoba and Ontario. The main focus is an analysis of a computerized database created from more than two thousand radon order forms, dating from 1933 to 1940, preserved in the Archives of Ontario, which reveals interesting information about patients and the uses of radon in the 1930s, as well as discrepancies between policy and practice that illuminate the medical politics of the era. Although the radon seeds were intended for use in the government-supported central cancer clinics, they were widely distributed to practitioners throughout Ontario, and many patients received treatment for noncancerous conditions. These discrepancies are explored in the context of the struggles over cancer policy between the government and the Ontario medical profession. The article also shows how similar conflicts evolved in Manitoba. Finally, the distribution of radon is linked to the public acceptance of medical radiation despite contemporary reports of harm.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

The ethics and politics of small sacrifices in stem cell research.

Pluripotent human stem cell research may offer new treatments for hundreds of diseases, but opponents of this research argue that such therapy comes attached to a Faustian bargain: cures at the cost of the destruction of many frozen embryos. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), government officials, and many scholars of bioethics, including, in these pages, John Robertson, have not offered an adequate response to ethical objections to stem cell research. Instead of examining the ethical issues involved in sacrificing human embryos for the goal of curing fatal and disabling diseases, they seek to either dismiss the moral concerns of those with objections or to find an "accomodation" with those opposed to stem cell research. An ethical argument can be made that it is justifiable to modify or destroy certain human embryos in the pursuit of cures for dread and lethal diseases. Until this argument is made, the case for stem cell research will rest on political foundations rather than on the ethical foundations that the funding of stem cell research requires.

Aborted Fetus↗
PubMed2006

The politics of pathology: how obesity became an epidemic disease.

Americans' recent weight gains have been widely described as an "obesity epidemic." Such a characterization, however, has many problems: the average American weight gain has been relatively low (eight to 12 pounds over the last 20 years), and the causal linkages between adiposity, morbidity, and mortality are unclear. Nevertheless, the media and numerous health officials continue to sound dire warnings that obesity has become an epidemic disease. In this article, I examine how and why America's growing weight became an "obesity epidemic." I find the disease characterization has less to do with the health consequences of excess weight and more with the various financial and political incentives of the weight loss industry, medical profession, and public health bureaucracy. This epidemic image was also assisted by the method of displaying information about weight gain with maps in PowerPoint slides. Such characterizations, I argue, are problematic. Given the inconclusive scientific evidence and the absence of a safe and effective weight loss regimen, calling America's growing weight an epidemic disease is likely to cause more harm than good.

Causality↗
PubMed1992

Political contributions from the health and insurance industries.

During a major election year, interest surges in discovering the sources of campaign funds for influential members of Congress and presidential candidates. This study traces the contributors from the health and insurance industries during the 1990 campaign and presents preliminary figures for the 1992 campaign. Health interests contributed $16.3 million to congressional candidates in 1990, many of whom sit on influential committees and subcommittees. The insurance industry gave $10.9 million that same year. In either case, more than half of the funds came from political action committees (PACs); the rest, from individuals. As of 30 June 1992 health industry PACs had given more than $8.3 million to candidates for federal office in the 1992 campaign; insurance PACs had contributed $6.4 million.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The politics and economics of mental health 'parity' laws.

The enactment of the Domenici-Wellstone amendment in September 1996, which calls for the elimination of certain limits on coverage for mental health care under private insurance, is being hailed as a major step forward in the quest for "parity" in mental health coverage. Parity legislation is being introduced in a number of state legislatures and is finding new enthusiasm in Congress. In this paper we consider the efficiency rationale for these laws and examine their likely impact in the era of managed care. We conclude that although such successes represent important political events, they may offer only small gains in the efficiency and fairness of insurance markets.

Health Services Accessibility↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Budget bills and Medicare policy: the politics of the BBA.

With the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 and a balanced federal budget, the link may be broken between the budget and Medicare policy's timing and direction. However, despite a balanced budget, Medicare's eventual financial crisis must be addressed. The BBAs of 1995 and 1997 provide two models of Medicare legislation: one based on conflict and another on consensus. Because the 1997 act became law and the 1995 act did not, the consensus model has proved to be politically feasible. However, this model appears to be inadequate for devising a solution to Medicare's long-term financial problems.

Budgets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Window shopping: state health reform politics in the 1990s.

Throughout the 1990s states sought politically acceptable policies to reduce the ranks of the uninsured. Visions of comprehensive health reform and universal coverage yielded by mid-decade to more modest measures to repair private health insurance markets, and to these enactments were added several new public programs (state and federal) to expand coverage for lower-income children and, in some cases, adults. Because governments remain ill equipped to counter the power of business, insurers, and providers in conflicts fought on private turf, reform agendas have been more readily set, moved, and cleared in public-sector arenas. Although the number of uninsured rose steadily until 1999, "catalytic federalism"--the accelerating interplay between state and federal reform forces and funds--may be putting the programmatic foundations for broader coverage incrementally into place.

California↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The politics of obesity: seven steps to government action.

Concern is rapidly growing about obesity rates in the United States. This paper analyzes the political consequences. Despite myths about individualism and self-reliance, the U.S. government has a long tradition of regulating ostensibly private behavior. We draw on the historical experience in four other private realms (alcohol, illegal drugs, tobacco, and sexuality) to identify seven "triggers" that prompt government to intervene in citizens' private habits. We suggest which of those triggers have been tripped--or are in play--in the case of obesity and food consumption. Finally, we review what government now does in this field and what it might do in the future.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Politics, technology, and transformation: a conversation with Newt Gingrich.

In this interview conducted by Jeff Goldsmith, former congressman and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (R-GA) provides an iconoclastic view of the problem of reforming a Medicare system in the absence of a political consensus about what needs reforming. Topics include Medicare prescription drug legislation, the role of technology in transforming the health care system, the need to communicate clearly and honestly with people (especially senior citizens) about proposed changes to their health benefits, the role of the private sector, and incentives for change.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Fluoridation election victory: a case study for dentistry in effective political action.

The East Bay Municipal Utility District in California is the largest water district in the United States to have adopted fluoridation by popular vote. On June 3, 1980, voters reapproved fluoridation by 54.9% to 45.1%. The campaign committee credits key political strategies with the favorable election outcome. Dentists shared in the leadership of the campaign.

California↗
PubMed2003

Working through a psychotherapy group's political cultures.

Macropolitical evolution, starting with authoritarian monarchism, has moved through anarchistic transitions either to the totalitarianism of fascism and communism or to liberal and social democracy. We posit analogous micropolitical development in process-oriented therapy groups: "dependence" and "counterdependence" corresponding to monarchism and anarchism; and "independence" and "interdependence" to liberal and social democracy, respectively. Transition from counterdependence to independence and interdependence may be: (1) facilitated through group members' cooperative experience of rebellion, or (2) blocked by collective identification, the internalization of dystopian or utopian fantasies that coalesce as "group-self" perceptions. We explore how group therapists work clinically with and through these several "political cultures" in the service of group and self transformation.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1996

Farewell to adaptationism: unnatural selection and the politics of biology.

This article argues that human adaptation has lost its utility as a conceptual tool for either biological or medical anthropology, despite the recent efforts of practitioners in these subdisciplines to rescue it by considering the influences of power, history, and global social processes. It draws on cases from diverse fields, including evolutionary studies, ethology, genetics, and epidemiology, to suggest new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between humans and their physical and biotic environments; environments that they, and to a lesser degree other species, are not so much "adapting to" as transforming, while being transformed themselves in the process. Central to this reconceptualization is an understanding of human behavior and environmental relationships in political-economic context.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Images and image: technology and the social politics of revealing disorder in a North American hospital.

In the United States and elsewhere diagnostic activities are now prominently centered on images derived from technologies such as magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and angiography. In this article I examine language, actions, and interactions in a multidisciplinary team of biomedical specialists whose members meet routinely to visually interpret and assess such images. Convened behind the scenes, in a conference room from which patients are excluded, these meetings are examined as privileged performances in which team members exercise their visual faculties and interpretive skills to address issues that include their statuses and reputations, and to politically position themselves and their specialties. Ethnographic data derived from close observation of 23 such diagnostic meetings are presented. I suggest that problems posed by the attempt to synthesize information from diagnostic images serve as vehicles for evaluating or "diagnosing" the professional capabilities and "image" of the participating physicians. Team-based divisions and attempts to reassert challenged autonomies also characterize this socially oriented diagnostic process.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed2000

Sterilizing vaccines or the politics of the womb: retrospective study of a rumor in Cameroon.

In 1990 a rumor that public health workers were administering a vaccine to sterilize girls and women spread throughout Cameroon. Schoolgirls leapt from windows to escape the vaccination teams, and the vaccination campaign (part of the Year of Universal Child Immunization) was aborted. This article traces the origin and development of this rumor. Theories of rumor and ambiguous cultural response to new technologies shed some light on its genesis and spread, but explain neither its timing nor its content. For this task we need to examine the historical context of Cameroonian experience with colonial vaccination campaigns and the contemporary contexts of the turmoil of democratization movements and economic crisis, concurrent changes in contraceptive policy, and regional mistrust of the state and its "hegemonic project." Drawing on Bayart's politique du ventre and White's thoughts on gossip, we explore this rumor as diagnostic of local response to global and national projects. This response, expressed in this case through the idiom of threats to local reproductive capacity, reveals a feminine side to local-global relations, a politics of the womb.

Adolescent↗