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PubMed1983

Restricted phosphorus and nitrogen intake to slow the progression of chronic renal failure: a controlled trial.

Twenty chronically azotemic patients (experimental group) with a mean creatinine clearance of 22.5 +/- 9.4 ml/min followed a diet supplying daily, per kilogram of body weight, 7.0 mg of phosphorus and 0.5 g of protein, mostly of high biological value, for 11.3 months. A group of 19 similar patients (control group) followed a diet supplying daily, per kilogram of body weight, 12 mg of phosphorus and 0.8 g of protein for a similar period of time. In the experimental group, the serum inorganic phosphorus, urea, and iPTH (both N-terminal and C-terminal fragments) decreased significantly. The creatinine clearance decreased by -0.59 +/- 0.7 ml/min per month prior to the commencement of the experimental diet and increased by a mean of 0.1 +/- 0.4 ml/min per month during the period of study. In the control group, the serum inorganic phosphorus increased, the serum urea and iPTH remained practically constant, and the mean creatinine clearance continued to decrease at a rate not significantly different from that prior to the onset of the study (-0.50 +/- 0.66 and -0.44 +/- 0.10 ml/min per month, respectively). The mechanisms by which the low-phosphorus, low-nitrogen diet slows the progression of renal failure are discussed, and the practical importance of prescribing the dietetic restriction early in the course of renal disease is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma phosphorus and magnesium values during treatment of severe diabetic ketoacidosis.

Plasma phosphorus and magnesium were determined in 76 diabetics, admitted with severe ketoacidosis (pH less than or equal to 7.20, total CO2 less than or equal to 10 mEq/l) before and 24 hours after beginning the treatment, which did not include supplementary phosphorus or magnesium. Phosphorus presented initially high values (1.76 + 0.69 mEq/l) which fell substantially 24 hours after beginning the treatment (0.87 +/- 0.26 mEq/l); magnesium values, initially low (0.76 +/- 0.19 mEq/l), fell still further within 24 hours of treatment (0.64 - 0.16 mEq/l). For phosphorus (and to a lesser extent for magnesium) calculation of the regression line indicated a direct positive relationship with both hydrogen ion concentrations (r = 0.67) and blood glucose (r = 0.73), the differences being statistically significant. The more rapid the decrease in glycemia and correction of acidemia and the greater the amount of glucose administered in the course of treatment, the more marked was the fall of plasma phosphorus and magnesium values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Effect of dietary phosphorus restriction on the kidneys of cats with reduced renal mass.

Cats with reduced renal mass were fed a phosphorus-restricted diet (0.24% P, dry weight) or a normal phosphorus diet (1.56% P, dry weight) for 6 5 to 343 days. Renal function was determined biweekly by blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine measurements and by initial and terminal inulin clearance procedures. Neither diet caused a significant change in renal function during the study. However, histologic examination of kidneys obtained at necropsy clearly separated the cats on the basis of dietary phosphorus. The kidneys from cats fed the normal phosphorus diet had mineralization, fibrosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration, whereas the kidneys from cats fed the phosphorus-restricted diet had little or no changes.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Synthesis of [32P]dolichyl phosphate, utilizing a general procedure for [32P]phosphorus oxychloride preparation.

Equilibration of the phosphorus in radioactive phosphoric acid with the phosphorus in phosphorus oxychloride occurs if these compounds are refluxed together for approximately 24 h. This observation led us to develop a method for the preparation of radioactive phosphorus oxychloride on a small scale with high specific radioactivity. The labeled phosphorus oxychloride may be utilized directly in a one-pot reaction for the preparation of labeled phosphate esters or for the synthesis of more selective phosphorylating agents such as cyanoethyl phosphate. Since the method is very simple and capable of yielding highly labeled radioactive phosphate esters on a small scale, it is applicable to a number of different problems. The preparation of 32P-labeled dolichyl phosphate is described utilizing this procedure.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1981

Low results for inorganic phosphorus with the SMAC continuous-flow analyzer.

Serum inorganic phosphorus concentrations as measured with the SMAC are lower than those found with other methods. To resolve this problem we analyzed patients' specimens and performed analytical recovery studies with four different systems (SMAC, AutoAnalyzer II, aca, and the Fiske--SubbaRow method). With the SMAC, results for patients' specimens are significantly lower (p less than 0.0001) than with any of the other three methods. The SMAC recovered only about 87% of the added inorganic phosphorus. The value assigned to SMAC Reference I for inorganic phosphorus was 0.876 of the value obtained when the material was analyzed by the reference method. Thus there is a significant systematic error in the SMAC method for inorganic phosphorus determination, attributable to an erroneous inorganic phosphorus concentration assigned the SMAC calibration material by the supplier (Technicon).

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1994

Alterations in plasma phosphorus, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and P50 following open heart surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate changes in and the correlation between plasma phosphorus, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and P50 in children following heart surgery. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Prospective, observational study with factorial design. SETTING: A pediatric intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty children undergoing open heart surgery for congenital heart defects. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASURES: Red cell 2,3-DPG and ATP, P50, plasma phosphorus, and arterial lactate were obtained before and at 1, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. The amount of intravenous fluid and glucose administered, and age of blood utilized were documented. Variables were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance followed by paired t-tests. To investigate the relationship between variables at each time point, scatterplot matrices and correlation coefficients were obtained. RESULTS: There was a reduction in plasma phosphorus, red cell 2,3-DPG, and P50 and an increase in arterial lactate at 1, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Red cell 2,3-DPG correlated with P50 at 1, 8 and 16 hours. The decrease in the plasma phosphorus correlated with the amounts of intravenous fluid and glucose administered on the day of surgery and on the first and second postoperative days. The age of the blood utilized correlated with the decrease in red cell 2,3-DPG on the day of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction in red cell 2,3-DPG, P50, and plasma phosphorus occurs after open heart surgery in children. These changes can potentially contribute to impaired oxygen utilization in the postoperative period, when adequacy of tissue oxygenation is critical.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of histocompatibility antigen distribution in urolithiasis patients with a phosphorus metabolic disorder].

Phosphorus metabolic disturbances play a great role in the occurrence of urolithiasis. This study covered 150 patients with urolithiasis to establish correlations between the frequency of histocompatibility antigens and the increase in blood and urinary phosphorus levels. The HLA antigens were identified by the routine microlymphocytotoxic method involving a histotyping serum panel. The ABO antigens and rhesus were determined by the agglutination method by using reference sera. The study revealed specific distribution of histocompatibility antigens in urolithiasis patients with disturbed phosphorus metabolism. Hyperphosphatemia correlated with the higher frequency of HLA-B35 (chi 2 = 9.89) and E/E system rhesus (chi 2 = 8.63); hyperphosphaturia showed a negative association with the HLA-A28 antigens (chi 2 = 9.7), as well as with E/e (chi 2 = 14.69) and e/e (chi 2 = 39.36) and a positive association with HLA-B13 (chi 2 = 5.98) and B35 (chi 2 = 36.58). The highest relative risk for hyperphosphatemia associated with the B27 and B35 antigens was observed with genetic predisposition, being 3.63 and 7.13, respectively. B12- and B35-positive individuals were at higher risk for hyperphosphaturia up to 11.25. There were significant differences in antigen frequency, and sex, genetic predisposition to urolithiasis, association of phosphorus metabolic disturbances with other metabolic disorders, and their effects of parathyroid lesions, etc. The findings reveal the immunogenetically induced risk for the occurrence and development of urolithiasis with disturbed phosphorus metabolism to make goal-oriented prophylactic measures.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1993

Quantitative histochemistry of phosphorus in the vestibular gelatinous membrane: an electron probe X-ray microanalytical study.

Electron probe X-ray microanalysis was used to study the phosphorus concentration in the otolithic gelatinous membrane of the saccule and the utricle with scanning electron microscopy. The otolithic membranes were plunge-frozen in liquid N2 and freeze-dried. Quantitative analysis was carried out with an energy dispersive detector using the peak-to-background ratio method and different concentrations of KH2PO4 salts dissolved in dextran solutions. The otolithic gelatinous membrane consists of a 25-30 microns-thick layer overlying the cilia of the hair cells. Elements detected in the gelatinous membrane are: Na, P, S, Cl, K and Ca. Although Student's t-test did not show significant differences between saccular and utricular concentrations of phosphorus, the distribution of this element in the two organs was different. Regression analysis established that the concentrations of phosphorus in the saccular and utricular gelatinous membrane were dependent. The regression equation was: y = 18.02x2 + 133.9 (r = 0.83, P < 0.05) where y is the concentration of phosphorus in the utricle, and x2 the concentration of phosphorus in the saccule. The findings obtained in the present study could be related to structural differences in organic phosphate residues of the phosphoproteins associated to collagen, or to different polyphosphoinositide turnover rates in the cell membrane.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of indicators of blood inorganic phosphorus during gastrointestinal surgery].

Inorganic phosphorus and the associated potassium, magnesium, and sodium ion levels were measured in the serum and daily urine in the perioperative period in 210 patients of both sexes aged 31-84 years subjected to planned and urgent surgery on the abdominal organs. Control group consisted of 14 patients subjected to planned operations for inguinal hernias. Intraoperative hypophosphatemia was observed in all patients at the beginning, during, and immediately after the operation. The level of serum phosphorus decreased greater (48.1%) during operations performed under local anesthesia than under total anesthesia (by 24.5%) or under total anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia (by 20.4%). After the operation, changes in the serum phosphorus concentration directly depended on the severity of hemostatic disorders: after short operations, the level of serum phosphorus spontaneously normalized within the first 24 h after surgery. After more extensive interventions (resections of the stomach, large intestine, abdominoperineal operations), the decrease of serum phosphorus was 0.3 mmole/liter, on average, and persisted for at least 3-5 days after surgery. The changes were the greatest in patients subjected to urgent operations for ileus and peritonitis. In this group, manifest hypophosphatemia persisted for the entire period of observation, that is, for at least 5 days postoperation, and had to be corrected.

Adult↗
PubMed1950

Tissue culture studies; the relationship of incorporation of radioactive phosphorus in nucleic acid to the growth of cells in vitro.

Growing cultures are shown to incorporate more radioactive phosphorus into ribo- and desoxyribonucleic acid than non-growing cultures. Strong indications are found that the incorporation of inorganic phosphorus into desoxyribonucleic acid parallels the mitotic coefficient and serves as a sensitive index of synthesis of new cells. There are indications that the phosphorus compounds from which the DNA molecule was synthesized were in equilibrium with the inorganic phosphorus of the medium. The effect of the implant upon growth of new cells and the assay of growth is discussed. Metabolic turnover was increased in adequate medium.

In Vitro Techniques↗
PubMed1988

[The effect of long-term increased protein administration on mineral metabolism and kidney function in the rat. I. Renal and enteral excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfate and acid].

The influence of continuous imbalanced high protein intake on the metabolism of minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus) and renal function was the subject of a long-term experiment with rats. In the first part of the study particular attention was directed to the contribution of protein-induced endogenous acid production and renal excretion of hydrogen ions and sulphate to the development of hypercalciuria. For 61 weeks 200 male Wistar rats in eight groups were fed isocaloric diets, whose protein contents were increased from 13 to 26 and 40 J% at the expense of carbohydrate intake. The fat content of the diets was 40 J%. In two groups with 13 and 26 J% protein the effect of different kinds of animal protein was also studied, replacing casein by beef. Mineral contents were kept constant in these diets. To examine the excretion mechanisms of calcium and phosphorus especially under conditions of excessive protein intake, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus was varied in three diets with 40 J% protein by increasing both minerals alternatively or together from 0.6 to 1.2%. An increase in dietary protein content from 13 to 26 or 40 J% produced a sustained hypercalciuria and also hypermagnesiuria over a period of more than 400 days (after 58 weeks: 3.3, 5.9, and 6.8 mg calcium/day; 2.2, 3.3, and 3.4 mg magnesium/day; p less than or equal to 0.05). No adaptation to high protein intake occurred. Hypermagnesiuria, which equally hasn't been described before as a result of high protein intake, was accompanied by a reduced fecal excretion of magnesium. With increased protein intake (casein and beef) hypercalciuria and also hypermagnesiuria were positively correlated with an increased formation and renal excretion of hydrogen ions and sulphate, which resulted from protein catabolism. The dietary protein source influenced the extent of hypercalciuria, irrespective of a constant phosphorus intake. Although leading to equal increases in renal total acid and sulphate excretion, beef as the main protein source caused a lower calciuria than casein. High phosphorus intake caused the highest total acid excretion of all groups, but resulted in a reduced hypercalciuria and hypermagnesiuria and counteracted the influence of an increased protein intake.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1987

The effectiveness of lime-based amendments and bauxite residues at removing phosphorus from piggery effluent.

Piggery effluent may contribute to the eutrophication of waterways, if it is not treated before disposal, because of high levels of phosphorus. Limes and red muds (a residue from bauxite refining) were used to remove phosphorus from piggery effluent (41 mg litre(-1) total P). Lime-based amendments were more effective than the red muds at removing phosphorus when compared at the same liquid: solid ratios. Based on laboratory data, the cost of treating effluent increased rapidly as the final required phosphorus concentration decreased to less than 4 mg litre(-1). Kiln dust was the cheapest amendment tested down to 2 mg litre(-1). Hydrated lime was able to clarify and flocculate the effluent to 1 mg litre(-1) within 60 min. The re-useability of all limes may be determined by a simple pH test. Red mud could be used to remove phosphorus when its pH was lowered to 6.0-6.5 and it is used at liquid:solid ratios <20:1.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Effect of various chloride salts on the utilization of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium.

Only part of the effect of dietary protein on urinary calcium excretion can be ascribed to sulfur amino acids. We hypothesized that chloride, another factor often associated with isolated proteins, and another amino acid, lysine, affect utilization of calcium. The effects of supplemental dietary chloride, inorganic or organic, on calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium utilization were studied in two rat studies. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semi-purified diets that contained moderate (1.8 mg Cl/g diet) or supplemental (15.5 mg Cl/g diet) chloride as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or lysine monohydrochloride with or without calcium carbonate for 56 or 119 days. Rats fed supplemental sodium chloride or potassium chloride had higher urinary phosphorus excretion, more efficient phosphorus absorption, but unchanged tissue phosphorus levels after 7 and 16 weeks of dietary treatment as compared to rats fed moderate chloride. Rats fed supplemental sodium chloride or potassium chloride excreted more calcium in urine at 7 weeks and absorbed calcium less efficiently at 16 weeks. Tissue calcium concentrations were unaffected, but total tibia magnesium and plasma magnesium concentrations were lower in rats fed supplemental sodium chloride or potassium chloride than those fed moderate chloride. Lysine chloride with or without additional calcium elevated urinary calcium excretion even more than sodium chloride and potassium chloride ingestion. Rats fed lysine chloride with supplemental calcium had smaller apparent absorption and urinary losses of phosphorus and magnesium after 16 weeks and lower tibia and plasma magnesium concentrations than rats fed lysine chloride.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Changes in gametogenesis and fecundity of acroporid corals that were exposed to elevated nitrogen and phosphorus during the ENCORE experiment.

Colonies of two scleractinian reef coral species, Acropora longicyathus and Acropora aspera were transplanted into patch reefs at One Tree Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia as part of the ENCORE experiment. These corals and colonies of A. aspera which were naturally present in the patch reefs were exposed to four treatments over two years: controls with normal seawater, elevated levels of nitrogen only, phosphorus only, or nitrogen plus phosphorus. These corals were sampled and used to determine whether gametogenic cycles and fecundity were affected by nutrient enrichment. Acropora longicyathus had a single annual gametogenic cycle. Corals exposed to elevated nitrogen produced significantly smaller and fewer eggs and contained less testes material than those which were not exposed to nitrogen. Exposure to elevated phosphorus only resulted in corals producing more but smaller eggs, and more testes material. Egg numbers of colonies from other treatments decreased as the gametogenic cycles continued, but those of the phosphorus colonies showed almost no reduction in egg numbers between the early and late stages of the gametogenic cycles. These results have important management implications for coral reefs as they demonstrate that small increases in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus can have severe effects on reproductive activity in these species of scleractinian corals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Trace analysis of phosphorus in water by sorption preconcentration and luminol chemiluminescence

A new, highly sensitive chemiluminescence method for the determination of sub-ppb quantities of phosphorus in water is described. The method is based on sorption preconcentration of phosphorus as a yellow vanadomolybdophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPA) in the presence or absence of a cationic surfactant on a paper filter, followed by direct chemiluminescence detection of the phosphorus concentrate via reaction with an alkaline luminol solution. The molar ratio of cationic surfactant to HPA in the ion associate sorbed on the filter is 4:1. The detection limits for phosphorus are 0.02 microgram of P L-1 in the presence of surfactant and 0.1 microgram of P L-1 in the absence of surfactant for a sample volume of 150 mL. The calibration plot is linear from 0.06 to 1.7 micrograms of P L-1 in the presence of a surfactant, and the time required for analysis is 25 min. In the absence of surfactant, the selectivities against Si4+ and As5+ are 5 and 40 times greater than those for the standard colorimetric method based on the formation of the blue molybdophosphoric HPA. Applications of the method to the analyses of river water, seawater, and the turbine vapor condensate from a coal-fired power plant are described. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity advantage of the chemiluminescence technique can be combined with the magnesium-induced coprecipitation (MAGIC) method for a more selective measurement of soluble reactive phosphorus.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Octalkoxy-substituted phosphorus(V) triazatetrabenzcorroles via ring contraction of phthalocyanine precursors.

As part of efforts toward developing the synthesis of novel corrole analogues, the new triazatetrabenzcorrole (TBC) phosphorus(V) compounds (BuO)8(TBC)P(OCH3)2 (3), [(BuO)8(TBC)P(OH)]+OH- (4) ((BuO)8TBC=3,6,10,13,17,20,24,27-octabutoxytriazatetrabenzcorrolate), and [(BuO)8Cl8(TBC)P(OH)]+OH- (7) ((BuO)8Cl8TBC=3,6,10,13,17,20,24,27-octabutoxy-4,5,11,12,18,19,25,26-octachlorotriazatetrabenzcorrolate) were prepared. These TBCs were synthesized via a ring-contraction reaction mediated by PBr3 in pyridine in which a meso-nitrogen atom is extruded from an appropriate phthalocyanine precursor. Two of the compounds prepared, 3 and 4, are contracted analogues of the parent phthalocyanine (BuO8)PcH2 (1) 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octabutoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine, which has been shown for the first time to be susceptible to ring-contraction despite the potential steric crowding imposed by the butoxy substituents. Likewise, the octachloro-substituted (BuO8)Cl8PcH2 (6), 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octabutoxy-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octachlorophthalocyanine, has also been shown to smoothly afford 7 via the same ring-contraction method. In addition, a rare example of a bona fide phosphorus(V) phthalocyanine, [(BuO)8(Pc)P(OCH3)2]+OH- (2), has been prepared for spectroscopic comparisons with the TBC compounds. These molecules are all extremely soluble in common organic solvents because of the octabutoxy substituents and have been characterized in detail by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, UV-vis, MALDI-MS, elemental analysis, and electrochemical studies. A clear trend in the phosphorus chemical shifts for 5 versus 6 coordination has been delineated: 31P NMR for 2, -179.8; 3, -186.1; 4, -105.1; and 7, -105.1. These data are compared to the 31P chemical shifts for related porphyrinoid(P(V)) molecules. The MALDI-MS data reveal the tendency of the TBC macrocycles to ionize as the radical cations (M(+*)) and has been useful in determining the axial ligands at phosphorus. A consequence of ring-contraction is reflected in the dramatic red-shifts (approximately 200 nm) observed for the Soret bands of the TBC compounds relative to the parent phthalocyanines. The magnitude of the red-shift is much greater than that reported for other TBCs. In addition, insertion of phosphorus causes a large red-shift in the Q-band of 2 found at 889 nm compared to 760 nm for 1. Cyclic voltammetry of the compounds in this study reveals multiple oxidation and reduction waves for each compound, and some interesting trends in redox potentials have been observed. The CV data for the octachloro-substituted compounds 6 and 7 show that the Cl substituents have an expected strong electron-withdrawing effect on the macrocycles. In general, the TBC compounds are significantly easier to oxidize and harder to reduce than the Pc counterparts, supporting the notion that corrole-type macrocycles favor higher oxidation states.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Bonding of atomic phosphorus to polycyclic hydrocarbons and curved graphitic surfaces.

We present a theoretical study of the bonding of atomic phosphorus to planar hydrocarbons and to curved graphite-like surfaces. We find that bonding of phosphorus to planar polycyclic hydrocarbons induces curvature away from the phosphorus atom, as defined by the pyramidalization angle. Similarly, bonding of atomic phosphorus to the [5,5] fulvalene-circulene semifullerene and buckminsterfullerene is only possible on the convex side of the carbon surface. On the other hand, we find the interaction of atomic phosphorus with the concave side of fullerene-like surfaces to be nonbonding for both quartet and doublet spin states. We find the prerequisite for stable epoxy-type bonds within these systems is the ability of the carbon atoms to maintain or induce curvature away from the P.C=C bond.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis of transient and stable C-amino phosphorus ylides and their fragmentation into transient and stable carbenes.

Only basic phosphines, such as tris(dimethylamino)phosphine, allow for the synthesis of a stable acyclic beta-amino phosphonium salt 1c, which upon deprotonation with butyllithium affords the corresponding stable C-amino phosphorus ylide 2c. In contrast, cyclic beta-amino phosphonium salts 5a and 5b are stable despite the presence of weakly basic triarylphosphine fragments. They are prepared by intramolecular insertion of the carbene center of (amino)(phosphonio)carbenes into the CH bond of a phosphorus substituent. Deprotonation of 5a leads to the corresponding cyclic C-amino phosphorus ylide 6a, which has been fully characterized including an X-ray diffraction study. Deprotonation of 5b affords enamine 8, probably via fragmentation of ylide 6b into transient carbene 7b and a subsequent 1,2-hydrogen shift. Transient cyclic C-amino phosphorus ylides 6c and 6d have been prepared by intramolecular addition of a carbanion generated by deprotonation of a phosphorus substituent. Three-membered heterocycle 6c rearranges into alkene 9, whereas the four-membered ring system undergoes a ring opening affording the stable carbene 7d. The latter results pave the route for the synthesis of various mixed carbene-phosphine bidentate ligands.

Amines↗