Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PHARMACIES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The cost-effectiveness of syndromic management in pharmacies in Lima, Peru.

BACKGROUND: Many people with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Lima, Peru, seek treatment in pharmacies. GOAL: The goal was to assess the cost-effectiveness of training pharmacy workers in syndromic management of STDs. STUDY DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness from both the program and societal perspectives was determined on the basis of study costs, societal costs (cost of medicine), and the number of cases adequately managed. The latter was calculated from estimated incidence, proportion of symptomatic patients, proportion seeking treatment in pharmacies, and proportion of cases adequately managed in both comparison and intervention districts. Univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Under base-case assumptions, from the societal perspective the intervention saved an estimated US$1.51 per case adequately managed; from the program perspective, it cost an estimated US$3.67 per case adequately managed. In the sensitivity analyses, the proportion of females with vaginal discharge or pelvic inflammatory disease who seek treatment in pharmacies had the greatest impact on the estimated cost-effectiveness, along with the medication costs under the societal perspective. CONCLUSION: Training pharmacists in syndromic management of STDs appears to be cost-effective when only program costs are used and cost-saving from the societal perspective. Our methods provide a template for assessing the cost-effectiveness of managing STD syndromes, on the basis of indirect estimates of effectiveness.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2004

Provider perceptions of pharmacy management: lessons from the military health system.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to contrast experiences and opinion of providers in military treatment facilities, where a single formulary is used, with those of community providers where multiple formularies and preferred lists are commonly encountered. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: The study was conducted at military and community practices that serve military beneficiaries. PARTICIPANTS: We studied randomly selected clinicians, stratified by military treatment facility (MTF) size or number of military beneficiaries served. The final samples included 566 eligible MTF and 557 private clinicians, with 69% and 38% response rates, respectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: We wanted to determine experiences with and opinions of formularies and/or preferred lists and related policies. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of military providers were very familiar with formulary content and 60% with nonformulary request procedures; 67% thought their formulary was up-to-date and 84% felt Pharmacy & Therapeutics (P&T) committees were responsive to providers. In contrast, 23% of community providers felt very familiar with (multiple) formulary content and 10% with nonformulary request procedures. Only 15% perceived that formularies were current and 34% thought P&T committees were responsive to providers. Statistically significant differences remained after analysis of potential bias. CONCLUSIONS: Community providers were less aware and less satisfied with pharmacy benefits management policies than military providers, likely as a result of their daily interactions with multiple, unrelated pharmacy management systems. Addressing the problems expressed by community providers is imperative for pharmacy benefits managers.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

STD management by private pharmacies in Hanoi: practice and knowledge of drug sellers.

BACKGROUND: Prompt treatment of sexually transmitted infections may reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS infections. With health sector reforms private pharmacies are increasingly the first and only contact with health delivery services. OBJECTIVES: To find out how patients with STDs are treated at private pharmacies in Hanoi, and what drug sellers know about STD management. METHODS: Five simulated clients were taught to adopt a scenario stating that their friend had a urethral discharge. They visited 60 randomly selected private pharmacies in urban Hanoi and noted all questions asked, advice offered, and treatment given. Afterwards interviewers administered a semistructured questionnaire to all people working in the 60 pharmacies. RESULTS: Drug treatment was given in 84% of the 297 encounters averaging 1.5 drugs and 1.2 antibiotics per encounter. Quinolones were given 188 times. No dispensing was adequate for chlamydia or was in accordance with the national guidelines. No questions were asked in 55% of encounters and no advice was given in 61%. Questions on sexual activity were asked in 23% (69) of cases and about the health of the partner twice (1%). Advice to practise safe sex was given in 1% of encounters and for the partner to seek treatment only once. Of 69 questionnaires administered 51% said they would refer to a doctor, 16% said they would ask about the sexual activity 1% said they would ask about the health of the partner, 7% said they would advise using a condom, and 1% advised telling the partner to seek treatment. Even after prompting, 61% would ask no questions and 80% would give no advice. CONCLUSIONS: Even though 74% of pharmacists and drug sellers know that they should not treat STD patients, 84% actually did. None gave syndromically correct treatment. In both the questionnaire and during the simulated client methods, numbers advising on partner notification and condom use were very poor. Educational or peer awareness interventions are urgently needed among private pharmacists in Vietnam.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed1984

Hospital pharmacy practice in India.

The status of pharmacy practice was evaluated at six hospitals in India. Common drugs were available at private hospitals but the pharmacies at government hospitals had fewer than half of the needed drugs. Selection of the best generic drug appeared difficult because the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic data generally were not available. The hospitals did not have formularies. No unit dose and intravenous admixture services had been implemented. The patient profiles were not maintained. The pharmacists did not appear to provide any professional, educational, or clinical services to patients or physicians. Serum concentrations of drugs were not measured for monitoring therapy. A lack of clinical education and training of pharmacists, lower status and salaries in the hospital pharmacy compared with industry and government, and overall limited resources appear to be the important reasons for the present status of pharmacy practice.

Education, Pharmacy↗
PubMed1985

A survey of state board of pharmacy members and continuing education providers' views on continuing education.

Legally accountable to the public, state boards of pharmacy are continually confronted with the problem of maintaining the quality of pharmacy practice. One approach to accomplishing this task has been to implement mandatory continuing education requirements for relicensure. This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness and deficiencies of various states' continuing education regulations. A 40-question survey was mailed to 600 pharmacy board members and continuing education providers to determine their attitudes toward continuing education, support of mandatory continuing education, and their opinion of alternative methods for improving the quality of pharmacy practice. Responses from approximately one-half of those surveyed indicate board members and continuing education providers were positively disposed toward continuing education. However, there was room for improvement in most states' mandatory continuing education regulations. A relicensure examination was considered to be the best method to ensure competency, while mandatory continuing education was viewed as acceptable to pharmacists, and relatively easy to administer. The consequences of the study's findings for modifying state continuing education regulations is discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-sectional study of the ethics of pharmacy students.

The importance of ethics in pharmacy education and practice has recently received increased attention. Previous studies have addressed occupational orientation and personality traits as well as the nature of attitudes and values. Many unanswered questions remain. This cross-sectional study was designed to compare the attitudes and value priorities of pharmacy students in preprofessional and professional years of study and to evaluate a modified questionnaire. The 495 students who completed the questionnaire were representative of the 835 pharmacy students enrolled in this "0/5" undergraduate pharmacy program. The survey results indicated that honesty and full disclosure are preferences held by preprofessional students, whereas what may be described as professional judgment predominates in students during their final two professional years. Most students felt they had an idealistic or humanistic orientation. The differences among the classes may be due to any of a number of factors including curricula, normal maturation, or chance differences in the students within each class.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1992

Ambulatory care pharmacy services: the incomplete agenda.

OBJECTIVE: To review studies that document the impact of clinical pharmacy services in ambulatory care settings and to propose standards of practice and resource allocation needs in ambulatory care. DATA SOURCES: English-language literature from 1970 through 1991 was reviewed and the representative literature is described. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were selected that examined the impact of clinical pharmacy services on patient outcomes and costs. Studies that evaluated pharmacist consultations by blind peer-review panels were also evaluated. DATA EXTRACTION: Trials were assessed based on their methodologies and ability to assess the value of clinical pharmacy services on patient outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Numerous studies from the past 20 years are described illustrating the impact that ambulatory care pharmacy practitioners have made on patient care. These studies demonstrate that clinical pharmacists in ambulatory care not only serve as consultants on pharmacotherapy issues, but also can improve the quality of care for individual patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the studies cited and the needs of ambulatory patients, this article highlights the authors' views on what the standards of practice should be for ambulatory care practitioners and where resources should be allocated as ambulatory programs are expanded.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2002

[Application of personal drug (P-drug) seminar to clinical pharmacy education in the graduate school of pharmaceutical sciences].

The P-drug seminar, a novel method of teaching the process of rational pharmacotherapy, was introduced in 2000 into the practice program of the clinical pharmacy course in the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University (TMPU). The P-drug concept is evidence-based drug selection according to criteria (i.e., efficacy, safety, suitability and cost) deter mined in advance and rational prescribing by each physician. The P-drug seminar originated from educational courses for medical students at the University of Groningen and has been propagated by the WHO Action Programme on Essential Drugs world wide. In the TMPU, the seminar consists of 5 half-days before the start of bedside teaching during clinical pharmacy practice. Each term, 8 graduate students licensed as pharmacists form one seminar group, and 32 students have completed it successfully in the past 2 years. Problem-based learning and self-awareness methods are applied through discussion among students. The same teaching materials as those used in the WHO P-drug workshop and the English textbook Guide to Good Prescribing were adopted. A short lecture on the pharmacist's role in the rational use of drugs was added to modify the original P-drug workshop for medical students since this was considered suitable for graduate students in clinical pharmacy. Our graduate students were able to learn the process of pharmacotherapy by following the steps of P-drug selection and rational treatment under the P-drug concept and also understand the viewpoint of prescribers and pharmacists' roles as medical staff. In conclusion, this is the first report on application of the P-drug method to clinical pharmacy education.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1994

Consequences of feminization of a profession: the case of Canadian pharmacy.

Although the influx of women into formerly entirely male-dominated professions has attracted much commentary from members of these professions, little investigation of the consequences of rapid, large-scale feminization has been undertaken for particular professions. The results of a pilot study in Canadian pharmacy suggest that fears of shortages due to women working part-time while they raise their children, are unfounded. However, our survey results suggest that women are differentially drawn into pharmacies run by corporations rather than independent businesses. This may allow them to reorient pharmacy away from its business base and towards its chosen new professional jurisdiction of counselling. On the other hand, the demise of independent pharmacy, that traditionally attracted males, may bring with it less control by pharmacists over what they do in everyday practice. The possibility that similar processes are operating in other feminizing professions with entrepreneurial components, such as dentistry and optometry, should be investigated.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Documentation of clinical interventions by pharmacy faculty, residents, and students.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the influence of pharmacy faculty, residents, and students at a community hospital by documenting the number and types of interventions attributable to their involvement in patient-care activities. METHODS: Between September 1, 1997, and May 31, 1999, data were collected using a computerized documentation system to characterize the intervention type, significance, and value of services rendered by an education group composed of pharmacy faculty (n = 2), residents (n = 4), and students (n = 22). RESULTS: The number, nature, and outcome category for all interventions were documented using an existing computerized documentation system. The education group accounted for 13% (n = 2,873) of total clinical activities documented (n = 21,817). The most common activities reported were discharge counseling/education (31%), consultation by physicians and therapeutic recommendations (15%), and route conversion (6%). Interventions documented by the education group were classified as medium or high significance 50% of the time. Sixteen percent ($172,655) of the estimated cost avoidance documented by the pharmacy department was attributed to the education group. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that educational activities by pharmacy faculty, residents, and students have a positive influence on patient care in a community hospital.

Alabama↗
PubMed2002

Effect of therapeutic class on counseling in community pharmacies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect and importance of the therapeutic class of a drug as a determinant for verbal counseling by community pharmacists. METHODS: Direct external observations (n = 1431) of pharmacist-customer interactions at the point of delivery of prescription medicines were conducted in 7 community pharmacies in Finland. Trained observers noted whether the pharmacist provided information on directions for use, mode of action, and adverse effects. To examine factors associated with counseling, a multiple logistic regression analysis was constructed, with the dependent variable being counseling of any of the 3 observed topics. In addition to therapeutic class, other independent variables were the pharmacy; pharmacist's age, gender, and degree; and the customer's age, gender, previous use of medicine, and question asking. RESULTS: Provision of counseling differed significantly according to therapeutic classes. Counseling on any of the 3 observed topics was most likely to be provided for customers with antibiotics (80%) and least likely for customers with gynecologic preparations (18%). Differences between therapeutic classes remained statistically significant when the effects of the other variables were controlled for. Other significant predictors for any verbal counseling were the pharmacy, customer's previous use of the medicine, and question asking. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic class is an important variable that should be included in further studies and considered when comparing studies on patient counseling in community pharmacies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Development of a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) subcommittee and CAM guide for providers.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was 2-fold: (1) to evaluate the feasibility and value of developing a Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) subcommittee aimed at scientifically evaluating complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) products for an integrated managed care organization (IMCO) and (2) to assess provider acceptance and usefulness of a CAM guide. METHODS: Three factors drove the decision to form a CAM P&T subcommittee to evaluate current commonly used CAM products: (1) physicians, pharmacists, and dieticians expressed a desire for an easy-to-use, scientifically based mechanism for evaluating the ever-increasing number of CAM products; (2) Intermountain Health Care Health Plans (Health Plans), the insurance division of this IMCO, offers access to certain CAM products to its members at a discounted price in an effort to remain competitive with other IMCOs; and (3) this IMCO owns and operates more than a dozen community pharmacies that sell CAM products. Some IMCO clinicians believed an efficacy and safety review of the products offered through the organization was warranted. Subcommittee members included clinical pharmacists (IMCO and university), pharmacy directors, a community pharmacist, practicing physicians (from the drug P&T committee), a medical director, dieticians and nutritionists, and a representative from the Health Plans sales department. The primary outcome was the development of a CAM guide listing recommendations for use of CAM products. Outcome measures included survey results (survey sent with guide to physicians and (pharmacists) regarding acceptance and usefulness of the guide. RESULTS: The CAM P&T subcommittee met monthly to evaluate current commonly used CAM products. A CAM guide was developed in paperback and electronic versions. The electronic version was downloadable to handheld devices. Thousands of CAM guides were disseminated to IMCO-employed physicians, network pharmacies, dieticians, and nutritionists affiliated with this managed care organization. A survey that accompanied distribution of the first CAM guide in 2003 showed that 89% of physicians and pharmacists felt that the guide would be somewhat or very helpful as a counseling aide; the remainder was unsure. A second CAM guide was disseminated one year later, in 2004. The accompanying survey showed that 78% of physicians and 97% of pharmacists felt that the guide would be somewhat or very helpful as a counseling aide; 7% of physicians and 3% of pharmacists felt the guide would be unhelpful. CONCLUSION: A CAM guide developed through the work of a subcommittee of the P&T committee of this IMCO appears to be widely accepted by pharmacists and physicians. A CAM guide should be easy to use and available online with the ability to download to a handheld device.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed1986

Pharmacy financial management.

This study was undertaken to aid Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Alabama in determining an equitable dispensing fee and to examine profitability in the study pharmacies. A 25 percent random sample of community pharmacies (independent, chain, professional, and independent discount) in Alabama was studied, indicating an average breakeven cost to fill a prescription of $3.04. Pharmacy profitability was derived from the prescription department, with the front-end merchandise (all non-prescription items) contributing negatively to profitability in the average community pharmacy.

Alabama↗
PubMed2004

[Pharmacy students proceeding from Alsace and Moselle to Nancy between 1872 and 1914].

Because of the war against Prussia, the school of pharmacy of Strasbourg was transfered to Nancy in 1872 with some of its professor. These professors are generally well known, but it is not the same for students who came from annexed departments to Nancy for studying pharmacy between 1872 and 1914. The archives stored in Nancy show that, during these fourty years, the quarter of pharmacy students in Nancy were native of Alsace or Moselle. We specify their number for each year after annexation. Some situations, illustrated by examples, are possible: young men who came in France before annexation, students who came with their family when they were children, pharmacists with a diploma obtained in Strasbourg having the wish to emigrate in France some years later. Our results lead to questions whose answers are difficult to formulate and would perhaps justify another study: what were the reasons for the obtaining of the french pharmacist diploma ?, what was the professional activity of these pharmacists ?, what was their posture during the First World War, did some of them return to Alsace or Moselle after the war? Whatever the answers, the presence of these << Alsaciens-Lorrains >> students was significant and precious for the school of pharmacy of Nancy at this period.

France↗
PubMed1982

A comprehensive program to increase job satisfaction among pharmacy technicians.

A multifaceted personnel management and continuing education program specifically designed to provide job satisfaction for the pharmacy technician is described. Turnover among technicians is often higher than for other personnel categories. One interpretation of a high turnover rate is that it is a direct indication of job dissatisfaction and disillusionment on the part of technicians towards their career potential. Several approaches were initiated at the Rhode Island Hospital to increase job satisfaction among pharmacy technicians and to assist the pharmacy department in stabilizing this category to reflect a more satisfactory turnover rate. These were: (1) initiating a comprehensive continuing education program; (2) establishing a "career ladder" by developing an advanced level of pharmacy technicians; (3) incorporating technicians in a concept of participative management within the department; (4) increasing job responsibilities as new programs are developed; (5) rotating assignments and responsibilities to foster flexibility and interest. The programs enumerated have made a significant contribution toward increasing the stability and job satisfaction of the technician category. The success of the measures described is reflected in the average tenure of an individual in the technician category, which is 41.9 months.

Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over↗
PubMed1985

Conflict resolution strategies in the pharmacy.

Conflict occurs in the pharmacy as employees seek limited resources, prestige, power, and position. An organization such as the pharmacy has a diversity of employees, including professional, semiprofessional, skilled, and technical, which makes the pharmacy susceptible to constant confrontation. Various strategies exist for the pharmacist to use in resolving conflict situations in the workplace. These include win-lose, lose-lose, and win-win strategies. To achieve a win-win situation, the pharmacy manager must have good communication skills that help employees clarify the meaning of words and avoid misunderstandings.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

The development of a Pharmacy Student Work Values Inventory (PSWVI).

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument that measures pharmacy student work values. The instrument was included in a questionnaire mailed to 1,820 pharmacy students who had just graduated or were in their last year of pharmacy school from 19 schools of pharmacy nationwide. A total of 738 questionnaires were deemed usable for a usable rate of 41.5 percent. After Varimax factor analysis, eleven reliable factors emerged: Quality Patient Care; Supervision and Company Policy; Work Creativity/Variety; Status; Management/Leadership; Economic Return; Work Schedule; Family Responsibilities; Job Security; Co-worker Relationships; and Policies and Procedures. "Job Security," "Family Responsibilities," and "Patient Care" were rated least and negatively important respectively. There were no differences between BS and PharmD degree aspirants on the eleven factors; however, there were some significant differences between sexes. Women rated "Supervision and Company Policy" and "Quality Patient Care" higher than men. Men did not negatively value "Work Schedule" as much as women did, i.e., women preferred to work traditional, weekday hours.

Education, Pharmacy↗
PubMed2001

[Pharmaceutical chemistry in a pharmacy practice].

The authors examine the utility and application of pharmaceutical chemistry is taught at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, in the everyday pharmacy practice. Selected examples of the professional chemical knowledge necessary in different activities of pharmacists (as in drug quality control, storage of medicines, preparation of drugs in pharmacy and their issue (expenditure) to the patient etc.) are reviewed. Their experimental work on determination of expiry of an "ex tempore" prepared medicine demonstrates that it is possible to meet the principles of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP). The paper is based on certain chapters of diploma work of H. B., tutor T. N. K.

Education, Pharmacy↗