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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Influence of the maturity of the vaginal epithelium upon the absorption of vaginally administered estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in postmenopausal women.

Serum concentrations of estradiol-17 beta and its metabolites estrone (unconjugated) and total estrone (mainly estrone sulfate) and of progesterone were measured before and after application of one vaginal suppository containing 250 micrograms estradiol-17 beta and 10 mg progesterone to 10 previously unsubstituted healthy postmenopausal women with normal pretreatment serum steroid levels. Vaginal hormone cytology was performed prior to administration of the estrogen-progesterone combination. An atrophic vaginal mucosa was found in 5 and a moderate proliferation in the other 5 women. A significant association was found between proliferation and pretreatment values of estrone, but not with other steroids. There was a clear, significant association between steroid absorption kinetics and the condition of the vaginal mucosa as indicated by cytological data: significantly higher absorption was found in women with an atrophic vaginal mucosa.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A dosing study of nonoxynol-9 and genital irritation.

The objective of the study was to assess the symptoms and signs of genital irritation produced by different frequencies of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) use. Thirty-five women were randomized to each of 5 groups and used a vaginal suppository for 2 weeks. Group 1: N-9 once every other day; Group 2: N-9 once a day; Group 3: N-9 twice a day; Group 4: N-9 4 times a day; and Group 5: placebo 4 times a day. Study women were examined at admission, one week and 2 weeks with a colposcope for erythema and epithelial disruption, and were interviewed about vaginal itching and burning. The rates of reported symptoms for N-9 users were not significantly different from that of placebo users. The rate of epithelial disruption for women using N-9 every other day was essentially the same as that of women using placebo. The rates of epithelial disruption for women using N-9 1/day and 2/day were 2.5 times greater than that of placebo users. The rate of epithelial disruption for women using N-9 4/day was five times greater than that of placebo users. Genital irritation was located primarily on the vagina or cervix, and vulvitis was not a significant problem. Women who infrequently use N-9 products may not experience an increase in genital irritation. Women who choose to use N-9 frequently may experience an increase in epithelial disruption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Six-day clotrimazole therapy in vaginal candidosis.

Two hundred and two patients with symptoms, signs and mycological evidence of Candida vaginitis were entered in a single-blind trial comparing 6-day clotrimazole therapy with a control group receiving 6 days' nystatin therapy. Adequate data was collected on 69 clotrimazole and 72 nystatin treated patients for analysis. Judged by both the severity of symptoms and signs and the number of patients with negative mycological findings, 6-day clotrimazole therapy produced statistically significantly better results than obtained in the control group. When reviewed 4 weeks after starting therapy, 93% of the clotrimazole treated patinets had culturally negative results for Candida compared with 74% of the patients treated with nystatin. It is concluded that 6-day clotrimazole therapy is effective in the treatment of Candida vaginitis.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1997

[Sustained release double-layered progesterone suppository for luteal support therapy].

A sustained release suppository containing progesterone with a double-layered structure was prepared for the treatment of the luteal phase defect. Hydroxypropylcellulose-H (HPC) and Carbopol-934P (CP) were used as bases of the inner layer and Witepsol W35 was used as a base of the outer layer. The strength of the inner layer (stick) decreased with the increase of the rate of content of HPC component. The strength of the stick which was prepared from a mixture of HPC and CP in a ratio of 1:1, was inverse by proportional to the rate of the addition of crystalline cellulose (CC) and the amount of released drug was proportional to the rate of the addition of CC. The area under the drug release curve of the stick containing 60% of CC in the base was about 12 times of the stick containing no CC (control stick). Furthermore, the mean release time of the stick containing 60% of CC became about a half of the control stick. It was suggested that the drug release of progesterone from the stick could be controlled by changing the rate of the addition of CC. Two types of suppository which containing progesterone in both phases (suppository A) and in the stick alone (suppository B) were prepared. Both suppositories showed a sustained release property and suppository B had a lag time of two hours. When the suppositories were administered in to the vagina of rabbits, they showed a sustained release property and a rapid rise in the serum concentration was more suppressed than an ordinary Witepsol suppository. One hour after the administration of the two layered suppository, some parts of the suppository was identified macroscopically to be remained in the vagina. The usefulness of the double-layered suppository as a hospital preparation should be suggested after the attainment of the optimization of the formulation.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing management of stress urinary incontinence in women.

Although urinary incontinence is not a subject spoken about in general conversation, it is a cause of concern for many people. Stress urinary incontinence is common, being reported by 16.8% of women (Hunskaar et al, 2002). In the past, women with stress urinary incontinence were often dismissed as having an inevitable problem resulting from childbirth and the hormonal changes associated with ageing. They were often made to feel that they just had to put up with the problem--this is no longer the case. Conservative therapy is advocated as the primary intervention for those suffering with stress urinary incontinence and nurses are ideally placed to be a source of information and help. Furthermore, nurses can develop their skills in order to encompass therapies to become more specialist and effective. In 2000, the Department of Health (DoH) issued guidance on establishing integrated continence services (DoH, 2000). This becomes mandatory for older people from April 2004 (DoH, 2001a).

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Undertreatment of urinary incontinence in general practice.

BACKGROUND: In the urinary incontinence guidelines that are issued by the Dutch College of General Practitioners, treatment guidelines are related to the type of incontinence. It is unknown whether treatment of urinary incontinence in general practice complies with these guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To describe treatment patterns and costs of urinary incontinence. METHODS: The source population for this retrospective cohort study included all women aged > or =40 years in the Integrated Primary Care Information general practice research database. Women were included in the final study cohort if they were newly identified as being urinary incontinent during the study period (1998-2000) and had at least one year of follow-up after the first diagnosis/treatment. The type of incontinence, treatment course, and costs of incontinence were assessed during the first year after the subjects' identification. RESULTS: The final study cohort comprised 1663 women (mean age 68.5 y). Overall, 71% of newly identified women with urinary incontinence did not receive active treatment within one year after identification. In 13%, the first treatment was bladder training or pelvic floor exercises, and 11% started treatment with a bladder relaxant drug. First treatment was related to the type of incontinence; however, in <50% of the women, the type of incontinence was reported or could be assessed. Absorbent products were used by 66% of the women; 87% of them received no active treatment. The mean direct costs of urinary incontinence over the first year amounted to 392 per woman, of which 200 (51%) for absorbent products. CONCLUSIONS: Less than one-third of the women with newly identified urinary incontinence were actively treated for their incontinence. Although treatment patterns were in line with guidelines, the high rate of undertreatment points to the need for better patient and physician education.

Absorbent Pads↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the rate of decline in plasma progesterone concentrations at a natural and progesterone-synchronized oestrus and its effect on tonic LH secretion in the ewe.

The pattern of change in plasma progesterone and LH concentrations was monitored in Clun Forest ewes at a natural oestrus and compared to that observed after removal of progesterone implants. The rate of decline in plasma progesterone concentrations after implant withdrawal (1.8 +/- 0.2 ng/ml h-1) was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than that observed at natural luteolysis (0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/ml h-1), and this resulted in an abnormal pattern of change in tonic LH secretion up to the time of the preovulatory LH surge. This more rapid rate of progesterone removal was also associated with a shortening of the intervals from the time that progesterone concentrations attained basal values to the onset of oestrus (P less than 0.05) and the onset of the preovulatory LH surge (P less than 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the duration of the LH peak, preovulatory peak LH concentration, ovulation rate or the pattern of progesterone concentrations in the subsequent cycle. It is suggested that the abnormal patterns of change in progesterone and tonic LH concentrations may be one factor involved in the impairment of sperm transport and abnormal patterns of oestradiol secretion known to occur at a synchronized oestrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Spermicide acceptability among patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Zambia.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the acceptability of three nonoxynol-9 spermicides among persons attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS: Spermicidal foam, suppositories, and foaming tablets were evaluated. Women (n = 114) and men (n = 150) attending an sexually transmitted disease clinic were enrolled. After each participant used two products, each for 2 weeks, consistency of use and acceptability were evaluated. RESULTS: At admission, most women (74%) and men (58%) were not using any family planning method. Moreover, most women (85%) and men (98%) had at least one sexually transmitted disease or genital infection. During the study, the proportion of coital episodes protected by spermicide use was high, yet loss to follow-up and discontinuation were also substantial. Discontinuation was frequently unrelated to acceptability. Women and men rated all three products positively along several acceptability parameters. Foam was the least desirable delivery system due to excess messiness. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that it is feasible to distribute spermicides to women and men at increased risk for sexually transmitted disease and that the products will be used. Further research should be done among different populations and include other spermicidal delivery mechanisms.

Adolescent↗