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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Incidence of sarcocysts in skeletal muscles of horses.

The incidence of sarcocysts was examined in postural, propulsive and respiratory muscles from 74 horses ranging in age from mid-gestation to 14 years post-natal. Cryostat sections were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) at pH 9.5 and the type of muscle fibre containing sarcocysts was identified. Sarcocysts were found in muscles from three animals, all aged 1 year or more. Counts showed that they displayed no preference for any particular muscle. However, fibres with a high activity for myosin ATPase were preferentially colonized. Transverse sectional profiles of sarcocysts showed a wide variation in size, shape and wall thickness. Both the proportion of horses infected and the intensity of infection per animal were considerably lower than those reported in other studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

On the carbohydrate metabolism of pectoral muscle in the ontogeny of chicken.

1. Immediately after hatching, the pectoral muscle has a low glycogen content, and exhibits very low glycogen and high glucose and oxygen consumptions. 2. Drastic metabolic changes occur during the second day and again during the second week of life ("critical periods of the ontogenesis"); the above metabolic pattern is reversed. 3. The insulin sensitivity of the muscle is very low during these critical periods, and high between them. 4. The overall trend of metabolic ontogenesis in the pectoral muscle of the domestic fowl (non-flying bird) seems to have no functional but genetical determination.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Measuring muscle strength for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: retest reliability of hand-held dynamometry.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the retest reliability and quantify the degree of measurement error when measuring isometric muscle strength with a hand-held dynamometer for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DESIGN: Retest reliability of hand-held dynamometry for 4 muscle groups was assessed on 2 occasions separated by a 2-week interval. SETTING: Community rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Eight men and 4 women (mean age +/- standard deviation, 71.4+/-10.3y) with moderately severe COPD (percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second, 41.5%+/-17.7%). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Muscle strength (in kilograms). Statistical analysis was conducted by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for both group and individual scores. RESULTS: All reliability coefficients were greater than .79. Muscle strength would need to increase by between 4% and 18% in groups of people with COPD and between 34% and 58% in a person with COPD to be 95% confident of detecting real changes. CONCLUSIONS: Hand-held dynamometry is suitable for monitoring change in muscle strength and testing hypotheses for groups of people with COPD. However, hand-held dynamometry is not likely to detect changes in muscle strength for a person with COPD.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Breast and pectoral muscle maldevelopment after anterolateral and posterolateral thoracotomies in children.

Anterolateral and posterolateral thoracotomies, involving an incision through the third and fourth intercostal space, have been used for the repair of congenital heart lesions in children during the past thirty years. We examined 28 patients who had undergone repair of atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and coarctation of the aorta as children, through the anterolateral or posterolateral chest approach. Volumes of the breasts and pectoral muscles were obtained by a method using plaster molds, and linear dimensions of each chest side were measured. Questionnaires were completed that delineated the patients' perception of asymmetry of the chest. Infant breast tissue on cadavers was examined. We conclude that standard anterolateral thoracotomies result in a high frequency of breast or pectoral maldevelopment; 60% of our patients had a greater than 20% difference in volume between the two sides. We propose a modified operative approach that we believe will reduce the frequency of maldevelopment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The influence of fatigue on trunk muscle responses to sudden arm movements, a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine fatigue induced changes in trunk muscle latencies following trunk muscle fatigue. DESIGN: A repeated measures within subject design.Background. Trunk muscle responses to sudden movements is of interest in clinical biomechanics and motor control. METHODS: Electromyographic profiles were recorded from transversus abdominis (finewire), internal oblique, rectus abdominis and external oblique and longissimus at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebrae bilaterally. Four asymptomatic subjects performed arm-raising task using a visual cue before and after an isometric fatiguing trunk extension task. RESULTS: Feed-forward responses were not detected in all muscles for every trial. In general, following fatigue trunk muscle onset latencies occur earlier (left, P=0.0016; right, P=0.0475). CONCLUSIONS: Trunk muscle fatigue alters anticipatory postural adjustments in normal subjects. It remains unclear if there is a pattern for specific muscles changes between individuals and if these are reflected in individuals with low back pain. RELEVANCE: Trunk muscle fatigue and altered trunk muscles latencies to movement perturbations have been associated with low back pain. These findings suggest that there may be a link between centrally mediated response to isometric muscle fatigue and anticipatory motor control strategies.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1998

Venous chest anatomy: clinical implications.

This article provides a practical approach to the clinical implications and importance of understanding the collateral venous anatomy of the thorax. Routine radiography, conventional venography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies provide correlative anatomic models for the demonstration of how interconnecting collateral vascular networks within the thorax maintain venous stability at all times. Five major systems comprise the collateral venous network of the thorax (Fig. 1). These include the paravertebral, azygos-hemiazygos, internal mammary, lateral thoracic, and anterior jugular venous systems (AJVS). The five systems are presented in the following sequence: (a) a brief introduction to the importance of catheter position and malposition in understanding access to the thoracic venous system, (b) the anatomy of the azygos-hemiazygos systems and their relationship with the paravertebral plexus, (c) the importance of the AJVS, (d) 'loop' concepts interconnecting the internal mammary and azygos-hemiazygos systems by means of the lateral thoracic and intercostal veins, and (e) the interconnecting venous networks on the thoracic side of the thoracoabdominal junction. Certain aspects of the venous anatomy of the thorax will not be discussed in this chapter and include (a) the intra-abdominal anastomoses between the superior and inferior vena cavae (IVC) via the internal mammary, lateral thoracic, and azygos-hemiazygos systems (beyond the scope of this article), (b) potential collateral vessels involving vertebral, parascapular, thyroidal, thymic, and other smaller veins that might anastomose with the major systems, and (c) anatomic variants and pitfalls that may mimic pathologic conditions (space limitations).

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 and its receptor during skeletal muscle development from turkeys with different growth rates.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a key regulator of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. To address how FGF2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene expression influences skeletal muscle development and growth, pectoralis major muscle was isolated at embryonic days (ED) 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24, and at 1-, 8-, 12-, and 16-week posthatch from a turkey line (F) selected only for increased 16-week body weight and its genetic control line (RBC2). The mRNA levels of FGF2 and FGFR1 were measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Compared to the RBC2 line males, the F line males had higher FGF2 mRNA levels at ED 14 and 16, and higher FGFR1 mRNA levels at ED 18, but down-regulated FGF2 and FGFR1 gene expression at ED 22. Although no FGF2 mRNA was detected in posthatch muscle tissue, the F line turkeys had more FGFR1 gene expression at 8-, 12-, and 16-week posthatch than the RBC2 line turkeys. During myogenic satellite cell proliferation, the F line cells had higher FGF2 and FGFR1 mRNA levels than the RBC2 line cells. The satellite cell responsiveness to FGF2 treatment was evaluated by the ability of the cells to proliferate. The male satellite cells were more responsive to FGF2 stimulation than the female cells in both lines. These results suggest that the F line turkeys have increased FGF2 signaling that may affect muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, which may also lead to an enhancement in muscle development and growth rate.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Mitochondrial metabolism impairment in muscle fibres of rats chronically intoxicated with Senna occidentalis seeds.

The chronic administration of S. occidentalis seeds was found to induce a mitochondrial myopathy in hens. This study was undertaken to determine if the chronic treatment with S. occidentalis seeds of rats (as a mammalian model) would induce a mitochondrial myopathy similar to those described in humans and to determine if the histological changes could be correlated with the amount of ingested seeds. Twenty-one days old rats were fed S. occidentalis seeds at different diet concentrations (1, 2, 3%). Rats fed 1% S. occidentalis seeds had only a few COX-negative muscle fibers in the pectoralis major muscle. Rats fed 3% Senna occidentalis seeds had a greater number of COX-negative fibers. Rats fed 2% had an intermediate number of COX-negative fibers. Activity of SDH and NADH-tr were decreased in rats of groups 2% and 3%. Our data indicate that a progressive mitochondrial metabolism impairment can be produced in rats fed S. occidentalis seeds and that this impairment can be correlated with the amount of ingested seeds.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer to rotator cuff for Erb's palsy.

During a 20-year period the authors operated on 56 patients with Erb's palsy to create active external rotation of the shoulder. Thirty-five patients had a follow-up period longer than 2 years (average 5 years), which allowed comparison with preoperative motion and strength. Preoperative passive external rotation averaged 5 degrees, whereas active abduction averaged 74 degrees. Preoperative external rotation strength was less than grade 2, whereas preoperative abduction strength was grade 2 or 3 in 33 of the 35 patients. Postoperative active external rotation averaged 31 degrees with only two recurrent internal rotation contractures. Postoperative active abduction averaged 120 degrees. Postoperative strength in external rotation increased in 29 of the 35 patients, with abduction strength increasing one or more grades in 13 of the 35 patients. Four complications occurred. Three patients continued to lose external rotation and required further surgical procedures, and a fourth had a superficial infection. This procedure compares well with the classic transfers to the proximal humerus in that it provides active external rotation in most cases and in some increases shoulder abduction strength.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reflex muscle contraction in anterior shoulder instability.

Reduced proprioception may contribute to recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Twelve patients with unilateral shoulder instability were investigated for evidence of deficient proprioception with an activated pneumatic cylinder and surface electromyography electrodes; the contralateral normal shoulder was used as a control. The latency between onset of movement and the detection of muscle contraction was used as an index of proprioception. No significant difference in muscle contraction latency was detected between the stable and unstable shoulders, suggesting that there was no significant defect in muscular reflex activity. This study does not support the use proprioception-enhancing physiotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic anterior shoulder instability.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake slows down relaxation in mitochondria-rich skeletal muscles.

Isolated fibres from various muscles were skinned mechanically in oil. From a Ca2+-loaded micropipette, local applications of Ca2+ were made. These produced a limited contraction which relaxed spontaneously. The time-course of sarcomere shortening and re-lengthening was recorded by microcinephotography. Application of Ruthenium Red, a potent and specific inhibitor of Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria, did not affect the contraction-relaxation cycles of typical glycolytic white fibres (frog sartorius, pigeon breast). By contrast, Ruthenium Red greatly slowed down the relaxation rate in mitochondria-rich fibres (rat soleus and rabbit masseter). In these fibres, Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria seems to play an active role in promoting relaxation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Clinical characteristics of flexed posture in elderly women.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationships between the severity of flexed posture (FP), skeletal fragility, and functional status level in elderly women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Geriatric rehabilitation research hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty elderly women (aged 70-93) with FP referred to a geriatric rehabilitation department for chronic back pain without apparent comorbid conditions. MEASUREMENTS: Multidimensional clinical assessment included the severity of FP (standing occiput-to-wall distance) demographic (age) and anthropometric (height, weight) data, clinical profile (number of falls, pain assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination, Comorbidity Severity Index, Geriatric Depression Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory), measures of skeletal fragility (number of vertebral fractures by spine radiograph, bone mineral density (BMD), and T-score of lumbar spine and proximal femur), muscular impairment assessment (muscle strength and length), motor performance (Short Physical Performance Battery, Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, instrumented gait analysis), and evaluation of disability (Barthel Index, Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Index). RESULTS: The severity of FP was classified as mild in 11, moderate in 28, and severe in 21 patients. Although there were no differences between FP groups on the skeletal fragility measurements, the moderate and severe FP groups were significantly different from the mild FP group for greater pain at the level of the cervical and lumbar spine. The severe FP group was also significantly different from the mild but not the moderate FP group in the following categories: clinical profile (greater depression, reduced motivation), muscle impairment (weaker spine extensor, ankle plantarflexor, and dorsiflexor muscles; shorter pectoralis and hip flexor muscles), the motor function performance-based tests (lower scores in the balance and gait subsets of the Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment), the instrumented gait analysis (slower and wider base of support), and disability (lower score on the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Index). The total number of vertebral fractures was not associated with differences in severity of FP, demographic and anthropometric characteristics, clinical profile, muscular function, performance-based and instrumental measures of motor function, and disability, but it was associated with reduced proximal femur and lumbar spine BMD. CONCLUSION: The severity of FP in elderly female patients (without apparent comorbid conditions) is related to the severity of vertebral pain, emotional status, muscular impairments, and motor function but not to osteoporosis, and FP has a measurable effect on disability. In contrast, the presence of vertebral fractures in patients with FP is associated with lower BMD but not patients' clinical and functional status. Therefore, FP, back pain, and mobility problems can occur without osteoporosis. Older women with FP and vertebral pain may be candidates for rehabilitation interventions that address muscular impairments, posture, and behavior modification. Randomized controlled trials are needed to support these conclusions.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Subpectoral post-traumatic lipoma.

Although post-traumatic lipomas have been reported in various sites, a subpectoral location has, to the best of our knowledge, not previously been described. We report on the clinicopathological, radiological, intraoperative and postoperative details of a post-traumatic subpectoral lipoma in a 35-year-old black African female.

Accidents, Traffic↗