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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Gene-technologic paternity tests--distribution of allele frequencies of the gene probes Promega YNH-24 and collaborative research pL427-4 in the Kärnten population].

In paternity testing gene technological techniques have gained immense importance next to chemical and immunobiological methods. VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) markers have been applied worldwide. For calculation of likelihood in paternity cases the allele frequencies of different probes have to be established. In this study the correlation of allele polymorphisms between the population of Carinthia, Austria, and other Caucasians is demonstrated.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency quotient of paternity index Qf in a case of replacement of the natural father within a trio with his brother].

Cases of trios in which the natural father's near blood-relative instead of the natural father are among the hardest to give an expert opinion on. The goal of this study was to determine with what frequencies specific given values of paternity index appear in trios with the natural father and with the natural father's brother, and whether these frequencies can be the basis for discovering the substitution of the natural father by a brother in a given trio examined. The study material was the population of genotypes investigated in the AmpF/STR SGM Plus system. It was seen that the higher the paternity index values, the more frequently they appear in trios with the natural father, and less frequently in trios with the natural father's brother. This dependency has a general character and obtained in all the systems studied. The frequency quotients Qf (defined as the frequency of a given PI value in trios with the natural father in relation to the "reduced" frequency of the PI value in trios with the brother of the natural father) are found in the region of c. 0.6 to c. 1.4, whereby extreme values are rare, and the most frequent are cases where Qf oscillates within modest limits around the value 1. This fact shows that the majority of cases, calculated Qf values contribute little to resolving the question of whether the defendant--or his brother--is the child's father.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Practical usefulness of the IDENTIFILER system for paternity testing in the Central Poland population].

The usefulness of the IDENTIFILER multiplex system for paternity testing in the Central Poland population was examined. One hundred excluding cases and one hundred including cases were analysed and the results were estimated for two different types of cases: trios (standard cases) and duos (motherless cases). Efficiency of exclusion and paternity index were analysed for each locus as well as for the entire set of the fifteen STR markers.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed1991

[Amylase 2 phenotypes in Central Hessia and value in paternity assessment].

In 677 unrelated persons from the Central Hessian region, the following distribution of amylase 2 phenotypes was found: type 1 in 89.22%, type 2-1 in 8.57%, type 2 in 0.30%. The special bands 3 and 4 could be detected in 0.59% and the new bands F1-6 (on the anodal side of the 1 band) we have described could be demonstrated in 1.33%. In 244 cases, paternity could be excluded on the basis of amylase 2 in seven cases (i.e. 2.9%); this was a classic exclusion in six cases. In the biostatistical calculation of the probability of paternity, this enzyme system provides probabilities which justify routine determination of amylase 2.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paternity inclusion in the presence of multiple exclusions.

The resolution of a paternity case is presented in which two indirect exclusions were found for the alleged father during routine paternity testing. Genetic studies on family members of the alleged father elucidated the inheritance pattern within the phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) and Duffy (Fy) blood group systems.

Alleles↗
PubMed1990

Prenatal determinations of paternity by molecular genetic "fingerprinting".

Clinical situations that require determining the paternity of a fetus are diagnostic dilemmas. Numerous technical problems have significantly hampered the ability to make accurate predictions on tissues obtained early in gestation. Applying the technique of molecular genetic "fingerprinting" in two gestations in which parentage was uncertain, we found that paternity can be established readily using DNA obtained from amniocytes or chorionic villi. The accuracy of this method exceeds that of conventional protein-based assays and is not decreased by variations in gene expression. Multiple analyses can be performed on restriction endonuclease digests of DNA present in very small amounts of cellular material normally obtained by routine prenatal diagnostic techniques. The simplicity, speed, reliability, and accuracy of molecular genetic analysis make it ideally suited to address questions of familial relationship in the prenatal period.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Preferential retention of paternal alleles in human retinoblastoma: evidence for genomic imprinting.

The origins of the initial mutations in sporadic retinoblastoma were explored using polymorphic markers from chromosome 13q. The paternal chromosome was maintained in 3 of 3 informative bilateral tumors which had undergone reduction to homozygosity for regions of this chromosome. The paternal chromosome was maintained in 7 of 8 informative unilateral tumors which likewise demonstrated a reduction of homozygosity. These data are in contrast to previously published studies of chromosome retention in unilateral retinoblastoma [Dryja, T. P., Mukai, S., Petersen, R., Rapaport, J. M., Walton, D., and Yandel, D. W. Nature (Lond.), 339: 556-558, 1989; Zhu, Z., Dunn, J. M., Phillips, R. A., Goddard, A. D., Paton, K. E., Becker, A., and Gallie, B. L. Nature (Lond.), 340: 312-313, 1989] and provide the first evidence that genomic imprinting may play a role in this disease.

Alleles↗
PubMed1990

[The importance of comprehensive immunohematologic tests in paternity disputes].

The authors describe four cases of paternity suits where the paternity was not ruled out according to HLA antigens and was ruled out in signs of erythrocyte, serum and enzyme systems, although the capacity of the HLA system was high, in two instances above 98%. From the results ensues that it is useful to supplement the examination by erythrocyte, serum and enzyme systems in those instances where HLA typing was performed first and the man was not ruled out.

Female↗
PubMed1990

[The blood group system in paternity disputes].

The author presents a brief account of the literature on the secretory capacities of different antigenic systems on red blood cells, isoenzymes, serum proteins and the HLA system of leucocytes and provides information on his own experience when dealing with paternity suits. The certainty of elimination of men unjustly accused of paternity is high.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1990

[DNA fingerprinting in paternity testing].

Laboratory tests used in cases of disputed paternity identify genetically determined gene products inherited in a dominant Mendelian fashion. Red blood cell groups, isoenzymes, serum proteins and the HLA system are the most commonly used systems in these tests. The application of DNA technology increases the scope of paternity tests and provides the court with extremely precise laboratory-based conclusions which approach near certainty.

DNA↗
PubMed1989

Exclusion of paternity by DNA analysis in addition to blood group testing in a family case.

Three men, all related to the mother were involved in a paternity case. Only one of them, an uncle of the mother, could be excluded by conventional blood testing of 22 polymorphic systems including HLA and Gm. Because it was not possible to exclude the other men (the brother and the father of the mother) by these systems restriction fragment length polymorphisms as detected by the probes YNH24 and hMF1 were analyzed. The results with probe hMF1 did not reveal additional information. Both Taq I and Pst I digests, probed with YNH24 excluded the father of the mother from paternity of the child under investigation.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1989

Biostatistical evaluation of evidence from continuous allele frequency distribution deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes in reference to disputed paternity and identity.

We present a development and discussion of the biostatistical evaluation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe evidence in forensic science cases of disputed paternity and identity. We restrict ourselves to single-locus codominant systems (highly analogous to more conventional systems) which have the apparently novel complication of an experimentally continuous allele frequency distribution. This complication necessitates reformulations of standard biostatistical summaries of the evidence (the paternity index (PI) and the phenotype frequency, respectively). These reformulations, rather than representing a unique case, have applicability to the evaluation of evidence obtained in standard genetic systems now in widespread use.

DNA↗
PubMed1989

[Chromosome analysis for determining paternity using the AMBA/R-Chro-H image evaluation system].

A version of the software package AMBA/R-CHRO developed by the Institute of Breeding Research Quedlinburg and by the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, which is suited for the evaluation of banded human chromosomes, is presented. The parameter which are required for paternity diagnostics (absolute length of the chromosomes, absolute and relative length of the heterochromatin block near the centromere) were automatic registrated and calculated. The way of presenting the chromosomes of interest (A 1, C 9, E 16, Y), their grey-value profiles and their schematic representation make understanding, especially for nonexpert clients, easy. The present software package rationalizes work in the cytogenetic laboratory by reducing objectively and personally conditioned error sources. In addition to this, considerable saving in time is reached. The software package for the interactive automatic microscope image analysis primary developed for using in analysis of vegetable chromosomes finds a new range of application in the field of settlement of paternity cases.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Paternal contributions to birth defects.

The question of the extent of paternal contributions to birth defects and adverse reproductive outcomes gained new urgency with the concerns of Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange. There is well-established evidence for the occurrence of certain autosomal dominant sporadic mutations in the offspring of older fathers. Paternal nondisjunction at meiosis or mitosis accounts for a significant proportion of chromosomal errors such as trisomy 21. Certain chromosomal abnormalities in males also contribute to adverse reproductive outcomes in relation to repetitive spontaneous abortion and infertility. The question of whether or not teratogens can act through the male is complex. While certain suggestive evidence is reviewed here, conclusive data are yet to be found. Yet, we must remember that it was not long ago that the placenta was assumed to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and fetus. This field is ripe for further well-designed and careful investigation.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1988

Calculation of probability of paternity using DNA sequences.

This paper formally incorporates allele measurement error into the Essen-Möller version of the probability of paternity. For highly polymorphic genetic systems, an approximate solution to the problem is developed resulting in simple formulas. The DNA sequence of the D14S1 region provided a practical example for testing this approximation. For these sequences, allelic uncertainty arises from determining length of DNA fragments from mobility in gel electrophoresis. D14S1 and standard test results from 35 paternity cases establish the validity of our computational method.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1988

American paternal age data for selected years from 1876 to 1981.

For selected years in the time span of 1876 through 1981, mean average paternal ages are itemized and the methods for the calculation of these figures are illustrated. For this time period, mean average paternal ages dropped from a high of 36.9 years to 28.5 years in 1981. This change was accounted for by an absolute and relative decrease in the number of births to older fathers and by an absolute and relative increase in births to younger fathers.

Adolescent↗