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PubMedDate not supplied

[Regulation of acetate metabolism in a strain of Acinetobacter sp., growing on ethanol].

Ethanol metabolism in Acinetobacter sp. is limited by the rate of acetate assimilation in a reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1). Effects of ions (sodium, potassium, and magnesium), byproducts of ethanol and acetaldehyde oxidation (NADH and NADPH), and pantothenic acid on this enzyme have been studied (sodium, NADH, and NADPH inhibit acetyl-CoA synthetase; pantothenic acid, potassium, and magnesium act as the enzyme activators). Conditions of culturing were developed, under which ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in Acinetobacter cells were oxidized at the same rates, producing a threefold increase in the activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase in the cell-free extract. The results of studies of acetyl-CoA synthetase regulation in a mutant strain of Acinetobacter sp., which is incapable of forming exopolysaccharides, provide a basis for refining the technology of ethapolan production, involving the use of C2 substrates.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1982

Dexpanthenol (Ro 01-4709) in the treatment of constipation.

Functional constipation is not a life-threatening disease, but as a chronic state it worries the patient and causes him discomfort and often leads him to self-medication with potentially dangerous drugs. Ro 01-4709 contains as active substance dexpanthenol, which is the alcohol of pantothenic acid, a vitamin of the B-complex. In the cells, dexpanthenol is readily oxidized to pantothenic acid, which stimulates peristalsis when administered in therapeutically effective doses. Ro 01-4709 has already proven its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of adynamic ileus. Recently, several open and two double-blind studies have been carried out, investigating the efficacy of oral Ro 01-4709 in the treatment of chronic functional constipation. The two double-blind studies showed Ro 01-4709 to be superior to placebo in all parameters measured. The studies with an open design also demonstrated a favourable effect of Ro 01-4709 in the treatment of chronic functional constipation. Owing to its physiological action-which is in a favourable contrast to that of normal laxatives. Ro 01-4709 can be recommended for the treatment of functional constipation in pregnant women, children and the elderly.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1991

Characterization and location of the L-proline activating fragment from the multifunctional gramicidin S synthetase 2.

Gramicidin S synthetase 2 (GS2) derived from Bacillus brevis is a multifunctional single polypeptide (Mr 280,000) with a 4'-phosphopantetheine residue covalently bound to the enzyme. When GS2 was treated with trypsin or chymotrypsin, fragments with some activity were liberated. The molecular mass of the L-proline activating fragment was 114 kDa on SDS-PAGE. This fragment, when incubated with gramicidin S synthetase 1 (GS1) in the presence of phenylalanine and proline, produced D-Phe-L-Pro dipeptide. The fragment accepted D-phenylalanine from GS1 in the absence of L-proline. The L-proline activating fragment was shown to lack pantothenic acid by microbiological assay. On the other hand, the L-leucine activating fragment, which was partially purified, contained a large amount of pantothenic acid, although it did not form the D-Phe-L-Pro dipeptide. These results indicate that the L-proline activating site is located near an acceptor site for D-phenylalanine on GS2, but that it is not adjacent to a 4'-phosphopantetheine group. The N-terminal sequence (15 amino acid residues) of the L-proline activating fragment obtained by trypsin treatment was identical with that of GS2, indicating that the L-proline activating site is located at the N-terminus of the native synthetase. The N-terminal sequence of GS2 has been matched with the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence 71 bp downstream of the stop codon of the GS1 gene except that the first initiator methionine was not detected.

Amino Acid Isomerases↗
PubMed2002

Topical use of dexpanthenol in skin disorders.

Pantothenic acid is essential to normal epithelial function. It is a component of coenzyme A, which serves as a cofactor for a variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, gluconeogenesis, sterols, steroid hormones, and porphyrins. The topical use of dexpanthenol, the stable alcoholic analog of pantothenic acid, is based on good skin penetration and high local concentrations of dexpanthenol when administered in an adequate vehicle, such as water-in-oil emulsions. Topical dexpanthenol acts like a moisturizer, improving stratum corneum hydration, reducing transepidermal water loss and maintaining skin softness and elasticity. Activation of fibroblast proliferation, which is of relevance in wound healing, has been observed both in vitro and in vivo with dexpanthenol. Accelerated re-epithelization in wound healing, monitored by means of the transepidermal water loss as an indicator of the intact epidermal barrier function, has also been seen. Dexpanthenol has been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect on experimental ultraviolet-induced erythema. Beneficial effects of dexpanthenol have been observed in patients who have undergone skin transplantation or scar treatment, or therapy for burn injuries and different dermatoses. The stimulation of epithelization, granulation and mitigation of itching were the most prominent effects of formulations containing dexpanthenol. In double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials, dexpanthenol was evaluated for its efficacy in improving wound healing. Epidermal wounds treated with dexpanthenol emulsion showed a reduction in erythema, and more elastic and solid tissue regeneration. Monitoring of transepidermal water loss showed a significant acceleration of epidermal regeneration as a result of dexpanthenol therapy, as compared with the vehicle. In an irritation model, pretreatment with dexpanthenol cream resulted in significantly less damage to the stratum corneum barrier, compared with no pretreatment. Adjuvant skin care with dexpanthenol considerably improved the symptoms of skin irritation, such as dryness of the skin, roughness, scaling, pruritus, erythema, erosion/fissures, over 3 to 4 weeks. Usually, the topical administration of dexpanthenol preparations is well tolerated, with minimal risk of skin irritancy or sensitization.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Abnormal fatty acid metabolism in patients in hopantenate therapy during clinical episodes.

Calcium 4-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyramido)butyrate hemihydrate (hopantenate), a cerebral metabolic enhancer used in Japan since 1978, is a homologue of pantothenic acid. Using mass spectrometry, we found urinary excretion of 4-hydroxydodecanedioic acid, 4-hydroxytetradecanedioic acid and a series of 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acids (C8-C14), in addition to a series of odd- and even-numbered dicarboxylic acids (C5-C12) and 3-hydroxydicarboxylic acids (C8-C14) in patients receiving hopantenate during episodes of Reye's-like syndrome. Our findings suggest that an acute intoxication associated with hopantenate occurs owing to pantothenic acid deficiency or the inhibition of CoA-requiring reactions during stress, i.e. infection, prolonged fasting, or malnutrition.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vitamin plasma levels in long-term enteral feeding patients.

Plasma levels of vitamins were determined in eight patients who were nourished with long-term enteral feeding using commercial formulas. The type and quantity of the formula were individually tailored to the patients' needs. Caloric intake (mean +/- SEM) amounted to 1564 +/- 97 kcal/day. Vitamins intake from the formulas, expressed as percent of Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA), was as follows: pantothenic acid, 222 +/- 44%; vitamin B12, 206 +/- 34%; vitamin C, 376 +/- 51%; thiamine, 207 +/- 34%; niacin, 207 +/- 34%; riboflavin, 207 +/- 34%; pyridoxine, 222 +/- 17%; biotin, 113 +/- 13%; vitamin A, 93 +/- 4%; and folic acid, 104 +/- 14%. Plasma levels of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were within normal limits in all patients. Two patients had lower than normal plasma levels of nicotinic acid despite the high intake. Plasma biotin levels were above normal in all patients, with a mean of 931 +/- 140 pg/ml (N: 200-500 pg/ml). Ascorbic acid levels were within or above normal, but no correlation with intake was found. Carotene levels were measured in five patients and found to be below the lower limit of normal, a reflection of lack of intake from the enteral formulas. The plasma vitamin A levels were normal in all patients. It is concluded that feeding with commercial enteral formulas results in normal plasma levels of vitamins in patients maintained on these formulas for over 6 months. The excessive amounts of vitamins in the formulas do not result in elevated plasma levels, except for Biotin.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Effects of sodium nitrite on various vitamin concentrations in rat tissues].

For 6 months 2 groups of 10 male Wistar rats were fed on a chow ration, and to drink they were given either de-ionized water or a solution of sodium nitrite, 0.3 g per litre. At the end of the experiment thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, biotin and pantothenic acid were estimated in various tissues (liver, heart, muscle, encephalon, kidneys, spleen, lungs and duodenum); nitrogen, phosphorus, retinol and ascorbic acid were estimated in the liver only. There was no difference between the groups in changes in bodyweight or fluid intake, nor in weight of different organs. But in the animals given sodium nitrite there was an increase in riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin and pantothenic acid spleen concentrations, and a decrease in liver niacin and encephalon biotin contents.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Vitamins and lipid metabolism.

Vitamins play an essential role in lipid metabolism reactions and their presence is therefore absolutely necessary for these reaction to occur. The effect of pantothenic acid, niacin and riboflavin is here described. By transformation into coenzymes these vitamins are involved in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation reactions. Other vitamins, like vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C, and essential fatty acids influence lipid metabolism by different mechanisms. Coenzyme B12 and folate coenzyme provide to balance, by methionine synthesis, the pool of methyl radicals necessary for phospholipid biosynthesis. By its involvement in the microsomal respiratory chain, vitamin C promotes cholesterol transformation into bile acids. The essential fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid, are directly connected with cholesterol transport and plasma cholesterol decrease. It is suggested that many lipid metabolism disorders may be due to primary and secondary hypovitaminosis. Nicotinic acid and its derivatives have a particular pharmacological effect since they cause a HDL increase with LDL decrease and improve cholesterol transfer from LDL to HDL. Results of several experiments on the influence of pantothenic acid on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism are eventually reported, and these data are related to the effect of the administration of vitamin C at high doses on total cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein, vitamin C and fatty acids of the different plasma lipid fractions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Lysozyme sensitivity of pantothenate-deficient Lactobacillus plantarum grown with exogenous fatty acids.

A pantothenic acid deficiency in Lactobacillus plantarum reduces lipid synthesis, prevents normal uptake and retention of extracellular amino acids and markedly increases sensitivity of these cells to lysozyme induced lysis. Pantothenate-deficient cells provided with exogenous fatty acids synthesize additional lipids and express nearly normal solute transport activities. The present study has shown that such cells retain a heightened sensitivity to lysozyme induced lysis. These observations indicate that the lysozyme sensitivity of pantothenate-deficient cells is not produced as in indirect effect of membrane lipid depletion, but represents an independent consequence of pantothenate insufficiency.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1998

Pantothenol protects rats against some deleterious effects of gamma radiation.

Rats were exposed to gamma radiation from a 60Co source, receiving 0.25 Gy at weekly intervals. During 2 d before each irradiation, the animals received daily intragastric doses of 26 mg pantothenol or 15 mg beta-carotene per kg body weight. One hour after the third irradiation session, the animals were killed and their livers were analyzed. In animals not supplied with pantothenol, the irradiation resulted in a significant decrease of total liver lipids and a 50% decrease in phospholipids. Liver cholesterol was decreased by about 20%. Irradiation produced lipid peroxidation as expressed by doubling of the amounts of conjugated dienes and ketone dienes and of thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds. The amount of CoA in liver was decreased by 24% and that of reduced glutathione by 40%. The NAD+/NADH ratio was increased by 60% and the activity of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) was decreased by 26%. The amount of pantothenic acid and its derivatives (expressed as pantolactone-generating compounds) in blood decreased by about 80%. In rats to which pantothenol was administered, the content of pantothenic acid in blood was tripled compared to nonirradiated (control) rats, and all the biochemical parameters measured in liver were the same as in nonirradiated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of Ca-panthotenate on human granulocyte oxidative metabolism.

Activated granulocytes play an important role in propagation of the inflammatory response by production of reactive oxygen species and release of their granule content. Hyperactivation of these cells is suggested to result in deterioration of wound healing and, probably, increase of cicatrization. Pantothenic acid and its stable salt form, Ca-Panthotenate, were shown to significantly improve surgical wound healing. Therefore, in the present study the modulating effect of Ca-pantothenic acid to subsequent stimulation with a variety of stimuli was investigated on isolated human PMN using functional assay systems: Lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (CL), release of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Ca-Panthotenate significantly inhibited the CL response of PMN upon stimulation with the chemotactic petide f-met-leu-phe, the tumor promotor PMA, and the granulocyte activating cytokines GM-CSF and TNF alpha at a concentration range of 5 to 50 mM, but not upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan. Moreover, Ca-Panthotenate significantly inhibited the release of myeloperoxidase from PMN upon stimulation with f-met-leu-phe at a concentration of 5 mM. In contrast, Ca-Panthotenate did not directly activate PMN in the assay systems tested. These in vitro results support the concept of an anti-inflammatory action of Ca-Panthotenate in vivo.

Cell Degranulation↗
PubMed2005

Provitamin B5 (pantothenol) inhibits growth of the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite.

Pantothenic acid, a precursor of the crucial enzyme cofactor coenzyme A, is one of a relatively few nutrients for which the intraerythrocytic parasite has an absolute and acute requirement from the external medium. In some organisms the provitamin pantothenol can serve as a source of pantothenic acid; however, this was not the case for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Instead, pantothenol inhibited the in vitro growth of P. falciparum via a mechanism that involves competition with pantothenate and which can be attributed to inhibition of the parasite's pantothenate kinase. Oral administration of pantothenol to mice infected with the murine parasite Plasmodium vinckei vinckei resulted in a significant inhibition of parasite proliferation. This study highlights the potential of the coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway in general, and pantothenate kinase in particular, as an antimalarial drug target.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Relevance of the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and of the four bases of DNA as a rationale for the molecular causes of cancer and a therapy.

In the human, coenzyme Q10 (vitamin Q10) is biosynthesized from tyrosine through a cascade of eight aromatic precursors. These precursors indispensably require eight vitamins, which are tetrahydrobiopterin, vitamins B6, C, B2, B12, folic acid, niacin, and pantothenic acid as their coenzymes. Three of these eight vitamins (the coenzyme B6, and the coenzymes niacin and folic acid) are indispensable in the biosynthesis of the four bases (thymidine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine) of DNA. One or more of the three vitamins required for DNA are known to cause abnormal pairing of the four bases, which can then result in mutations and the diversity of cancer. The coenzyme B6, required for the conversion of tyrosine to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is the first coenzyme required in the cascade of precursors. A deficiency of the coenzyme B6 can cause dysfunctions, prior to the formation of vitamin Q10, to DNA. Former data on blood levels of Q10 and new data herein on blood levels of B6, measured as EDTA, in cancer patients established deficiencies of Q10 and B6 in cancer. This complete biochemistry relating to biosyntheses of Q10 and the DNA bases is a rationale for the therapy of cancer with Q10 and other entities in this biochemistry.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

One-pot chemoenzymatic preparation of coenzyme A analogues.

A rapid and stoichiometric method for the synthesis of analogues of coenzyme A is described. The method links the enzymes pantothenate kinase, phosphopantotheine adenylyltransferase, and dephosphocoenzyme A kinase in vitro to generate a variety of CoA analogues from chemically synthesized pantothenic acid derivatives. The Escherichia coli CoA biosynthetic enzymes were overexpressed as hexa-histidine-tagged proteins, providing an abundant source of pure active catalysts for the reaction. The synthesis of five novel CoA derivatives is reported and the method is shown to be robust and tolerant of a number of different pantothenic acid structures, which indicates that the procedure should be widely applicable.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in the levels of certain vitamins from B group under conditions of vitamin deficiency.

In experiments on rabbits the levels of vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP and pantothenic acid were determined to establish the grade and the sequence of their disappearance from the blood and liver in states of exogenous and endogenous vitamin deficiency. The experiments were carried out in which vitamin deficiency was produced by removing vitamins from the diet or by giving the rabbits antibiotics of different activity spectrum when the animals were kept on a diet without vitamins. Determinations of vitamin levels were performed using microbiological methods. It was found that the time after which changes in vitamin levels developed as well as the intensity of changes differ, depending on the experimental model used, but the sequence of vitamin disappearance from the organism is always the same. The first to disappear were vitamins B1, followed by vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] increases total coenzyme A content in primary culture hepatocytes by accelerating coenzyme A biosynthesis secondary to Acyl-CoA accumulation.

Hydroxycobalamin[c-lactam] (HCCL) treatment in rats results in decreased hepatic L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity and increased hepatic total CoA content. To test the hypothesis that HCCL increases hepatic CoA biosynthesis secondary to propionyl- and methylmalonyl-CoA accumulation. CoA homeostasis was studied in primary culture rat hepatocytes. Conversion of [14C]pantothenic acid to [14C]CoA in the primary culture system was accelerated to rates 3-5 times control by acute incubation with the acyl-CoA-generating carboxylic acids pivalate (10 mmol/L) or propionate (10 mmol/L). HCCL (1 mg/L included from 24 to 72 h of culture) had no affect on the distribution of the hepatocyte CoA pool or total CoA content. However, culture in the presence of HCCL and propionate (2 mmol/L) resulted in accumulation of methylmalonyl-CoA and a 59% increase in total CoA content. The combination of HCCL (1 mg/L) and propionate (0.5 mmol/L), but not HCCL alone, increased the rate of [14C]pantothenic acid conversion to [14C]CoA by 150%. Degradation of [14C]CoA in the primary culture hepatocyte system was unaffected by chronic exposure to 2 mmol/L propionate, but was increased 90% by the combination of HCCL and 2 mmol/L propionate. Thus, in the presence of a source of propionyl-CoA, HCCL treatment results in methylmalonyl-CoA accumulation and accelerated CoA biosynthesis. The increased CoA biosynthesis leads to increased hepatocyte total CoA content, which may contribute to cellular metabolic homeostasis under conditions of acyl-CoA accretion.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed2006

Biotin uptake by rabbit corneal epithelial cells: role of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT).

PURPOSE: The objective of this research was to investigate the presence of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) on rabbit corneal epithelial cells. METHODS: Primary cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells (rPCECs)and freshly excised rabbit corneas were used for characterization of biotin uptake and transport, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to confirm the molecular identity of SMVT. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed to examine the presence of biotin in rabbit tears. RESULTS: Uptake of biotin by rPCECs was found to be time and concentration dependent with Km of 32.52 microM and Vmax of 10.43 pmol min- 1 mg protein- 1. Biotin was significantly inhibited in the presence of pantothenic acid and lipoic acid. Biotin uptake was found to be energy and Na+ dependent but H+ and Cl- independent. The uptake was inhibited by valeric acid in a concentration-dependent manner but not much affected in the presence of biotin methyl ester and biocytin with no free carboxyl group. Modulators of both PKC- and PKA-mediated pathways had no effect on biotin uptake, but calcium-calmodulin inhibitor significantly inhibited its uptake. Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter was identified by RT-PCR in rPCECs. Transport experiments across the rabbit corneas revealed the functional localization of SMVT on the apical side of the cornea, and thereby corroborating with in vitro results with cultured corneal cells. Finally, LC-MS/MS analysis showed the presence of biotin in rabbit tears. CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained from both in vitro and exvivo studies suggest the possible role of SMVT expressed on corneal epithelial cells for the uptake of biotin, which co-transports pantothenic acid and lipoic acid. Further, the presence of biotin in tears suggests the physiological significance of this transporter in rabbit corneal epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Nutrient levels of some foods of Eskimos from Artic Bay, N. W.T., Canada.

Native food samples of caribou, seal, and arctic char were collected from resident Eskimos in Arctic Bay, N.W. T., and analyzed for nutrients. Caribou and seal meats were similar in protein and fat content in comparison with beef. Arctic char was above the average in protein and fat content for fish. Ascorbic acid was present in significant amounts only in baby seal liver. Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid content ranged from average to high for seal and carbiou meat, respectively, in comparison to published values for pork and beef. The vitamin B6 content of caribou meat was comparable to average values reported for pork and beef but was lower in seal meat. Baby seal liver contained similar levels of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid and less vitamin B6 than those reported for pork, beef, calf, and lamb liver. Arctic char was not appreciably different in these vitamins from other fish. The iron content of the Eskimo foods was higher than the meat group of the mixed Canadian diet. The macro mineral nutrients in these foods were comparable to those in beef and fish. The amino acid composition of caribou and seal meat was similar to beef, except that seal meat had a lower content of sulfur-containing amino acids and a much higher content of histidine. The sample of seal and arctic char were relatively high in concentrations of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.

Amino Acids↗