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PubMed1995

Carcinoma formation in NMRI mouse skin painting studies is a process suggesting greater than two stages.

The two-stage model of carcinogenesis, which incorporates clonal growth of intermediate cells, has gained increasing attention in recent years. It was formulated to match tumor incidence data and expanded to encompass observations made in initiation-promotion carcinogenicity experiments. Mouse skin experiments are perceived as supporting this model, with papillomas representing the intermediate cells and carcinomas representing the malignant cells. In this manuscript, the two-stage model is applied to data concerning papilloma and carcinoma formation from an initiation-promotion NMRI mouse skin painting experiment which included stop-promotion. It is shown that the model is not compatible with these data if all papillomas are considered premalignant lesions. The model was modified to allow for a heterogeneous population of papillomas. In this case, unless one assumes that premalignant and terminally benign papillomas are morphologically different in the sense that both types of papillomas at detection limit contain distinct numbers of actively dividing initiated cells, the model predicts larger numbers of papillomas at the end of the experiment than were actually observed. The best explanation is that the model is not in accordance with these data and that the data indicate the need for stages between initiated and malignant cells.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1998

Induction of chromosomal aberrations (unstable and stable) by inhibitors of topoisomerase II, m-AMSA and VP16, using conventional Giemsa staining and chromosome painting techniques.

Frequencies of symmetrical and asymmetrical exchange aberrations induced by two inhibitors of topoisomerase II, namely, 4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA) and etoposide (VP16), were estimated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The aberrations were scored using conventional Giemsa staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, using chromosome-specific DNA libraries. Stable aberrations (translocations) were detected using two cocktails of DNA libraries specific for three chromosomes, namely 1, 3 and X and 2, 4 and 8, representing approximately 40% of the whole human genome. The frequencies of dicentrics and translocations increased in a dose-dependent manner, however, m-AMSA was found to be a more potent inducer of chromosomal aberrations in comparison with VP16 (at concentrations at which comparable frequencies of aberrations were induced) by 20- to 30-fold. When corrected for DNA content of chromosomes in each cocktail, a higher frequency of translocations with the cocktail consisting of chromosomes 2, 4 and 8 in comparison with 1, 3 and X was evident. The genomic translocation frequency calculated from chromosome painting analysis for m-AMSA exceeded that estimated for dicentrics by approximately 2-fold. However, for VP16 almost equal frequencies of both types of chromosome exchange were found.

Amsacrine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Soybean chromosome painting: a strategy for somatic cytogenetics.

Cytological identification of soybean mitotic metaphase chromosomes (2n = 40) has been severely limited by their small size and uniform karyomorphology. We have developed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), PCR-primed in situ labelling (PCR-PRINS) procedures, and molecular probes for routine cytological identification and for the physical mapping of soybean somatic chromosomes. Chromosome preparation has been achieved by modifications of previous protocols and through the preparation of root-tip protoplasts prior to chromosome spreading. Initially our probe selection focused on highly repeated DNAs that provide very intense localized hybridization signals. Repetitive gene probes that have proven valuable include the rDNA loci (5S and 45S) which are chromosome specific. We have also developed satellite DNA probes for two different sequence families: the SB92 and the STR120 satellites. Both of these are tandemly arranged at multiple chromosomal loci. By using different cloned examples of each family, we have been able to selectively label unique subsets of soybean chromosomes. Double hybridization with biotin and digoxigenin labeled probes has allowed us to determine the chromosomal overlap between different probes. In addition, we have joined portions of the metaphase chromosome painting patterns with the genetic map by single-copy FISH and PCR-PRINS detection of the RFLP loci G8.15, G17.3, and A199a and A199b. Total genomic DNA in situ hybridization (GISH) patterns were also used to characterize the soybean chromosomes.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dominant inheritance of overo spotting in paint horses.

Analysis of selected studbook records of the American Paint Horse Association, consisting of 687 foals sired by 13 overo stallions from non-overo mares, supports the inheritance of overo spotting as an autosomal dominant gene. More than one gene may control patterns registered as overo. Additional studies are necessary to explain the sporadic occurrence of overo spotting from nonspotted quarter horse parents and to confirm the inheritance of overo spotting in other breeds.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brown: a plumage color mutation in Chinese painted quail (Excalfactoria chinensis).

"Brown" is the second plumage color mutation reported in Chinese painted quail (Excalfactoria chinensis). The brown plumage lacks the wild-type black pigmentation that is a representative component of the wild-type plumage; otherwise, the plumage pattern is the same as that of the wild type. The dorsal surface of the female is brown with gray tinge, while that of the male is dark brown with a bluish-gray tinge. The breast of the female is creamy light-brown with numerous gray speckles. The coloration of the ventral surface of the mutant male is generally similar to that of the wild type except for the chin. The mutant chin is charcoal gray with a brown tinge, differing from the dense black of the wild-type chin. The basic color of the chick down is greenish creamy-yellow with bright brown tinge. The down has the same stripe pattern as the wild type, but the color of the stripes is lighter brown. A genetic analysis indicated that the brown plumage is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene, for which the symbol br is proposed. The br gene is not allelic and not linked to the previously reported light gray (Ig) gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Ultrastructural localization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups in mouse epidermis following skin painting with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and 2,4-dinitrothiocyanatebenzene: an immunoelectron microscopical study.

The ultrastructural localization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups in mouse epidermis after epicutaneous application of the contact sensitizer 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and the tolerogen 2,4-dinitrothiocyanatebenzene (DNTB) was investigated at varying times using immunoelectron microscopy with the protein A - gold technique. After application of DNFB, there was a homogenous cytoplasmic labeling of all epidermal cells. The intracellular localization of the DNP groups was not restricted to cytoplasmic organelles belonging to the endocytotic - lysosomal system. The numerous endocytotic organelles, Birbeck granules, and lysosomes of the Langerhans cells (LCs) typically observed after application of contact sensitizers also did not show an increased number of gold particles. Skin painting with DNTB resulted in a similar distribution and time-course of immunolabeling, but this compound did not induce cellular and the endocytotic activation of LCs as seen after DNFB application. These results demonstrate that contact sensitizers do not require specific cellular uptake and intracellular processing by the endocytotic - lysosomal compartment of the LCs before membrane presentation. However, a cellular and endocytotic activation of the LCs by haptens may be an important mechanism for T effector cell activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

UVB radiation and DNFB skin painting induce suppressor cells universally in mice.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)3 from within the spectrum B (UVB) has the capacity to distort the induction of contact hypersensitivity (CH) in murine skin. A damaging effect of UVB on epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) appears to be universal in all genetically defined strains of mice tested. However, while UVB impairs the induction of CH in some strains of mice, it has no apparent effect on CH in others. Thus, a disparity exists between the effects of UVB on LC and on CH. This is a paradox because LC are generally regarded to serve as the antigen-presenting cells of the skin, placing them at the earliest stages of induction of CH. One possible explanation for this paradox has been that UVB-susceptible strains of mice may generate hapten-specific suppressor T cells, whereas their UVB-resistant counterparts may not, when their skin is treated with UVR and painted with haptens such as dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). This possibility was excluded by examining the capacity of UVR and hapten to generate suppressor T cells in several different inbred strains of mice. The results indicate that the induction of hapten-specific afferent T suppressor cells is a universal sequela to treatment of mice with UVB and hapten, irrespective of whether the mice display the phenotype of vigorous CH or not. Thus, the genetic basis of UVB-resistance does not reside in the ability of UVR to induce suppressor T cells. Rather, attention should now be focused on its ability to interrupt induction of effector mechanisms.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Identification of the chromosome 14 origin of a C-negative marker associated with a 14q32 deletion by chromosome painting.

A constitutional chromosome 14 rearrangement was observed in a female with a psychodevelopmental disorder. Karyotype analysis using a variety of chromosome techniques, QFQ, GTG, CBG, Ag-NOR and DA-DAPI, showed a deletion of chromosome 14q32.1-qter region in association with a supernumerary marker chromosome. The marker, resembling a submetacentric, approximately half the size of a G group chromosome is C band and Ag-NOR negative. The heteromorphism of the satellites showed that the deleted chromosome 14 is paternal in origin. Chromosome painting using an Alu-PCR probe specific for the human chromosome 14 and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that the marker contains chromosome 14q32 sequences. It is likely that the marker was generated from the deleted chromosome 14 region through a complex rearrangement.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1994

De novo isochromosome 18p in two patients: cytogenetic diagnosis and confirmation by chromosome painting.

This report concerns two patients with clinical features typical for tetrasomy 18p syndrome. Chromosomal analysis revealed a male karyotype in both cases, with an additional small metacentric marker chromosome, putatively an i(18p). Fluorescent in situ hybridization with a chromosome 18-specific paint confirmed that the marker chromosome consisted of chromosome 18 material in both cases.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1994

A de novo 6q11-q15 duplication investigated by chromosome painting.

A de novo interstitial duplication of the 6q11-q15 chromosome region, confirmed by the application of a chromosome 6 painting probe, was observed in a patient with craniofacial dysmorphism, psychomotor retardation, cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Despite the publication of several cases showing partial trisomy 6q, to our knowledge the duplication of the proximal region q11-q15 has not previously been reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

De novo duplication of 12pter-->p12.1: clinical and cytogenetic diagnosis confirmed by chromosome painting.

A 12.5-year-old male patient with a de novo derivative chromosome 22 is reported. A detailed description of the clinical features and comparison with the results of conventional cytogenetic banding methods indicated that the derivative chromosome might have been caused by a translocation between the short arms of chromosomes 12 and 22: der(22)t(12;22)(p12.1;p11.2). Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a chromosome 12-specific paint confirmed this supposition. The patient thus carries a pure duplication of 12pter-->p12.1. The phenotype of the patient described is compared to cases in the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Lignocaine and chlorhexidine toxicity in children resulting from mouth paint ingestion: a bottling problem.

BACKGROUND: A pharmaceutical product was marketed in Australia for 'teething' in an almost identical container to a popular paediatric paracetamol preparation. The product contained lignocaine and chlorhexidine. The similarity of the packaging resulted in large number of therapeutic errors in which the 'teething' preparation was given in error for paracetamol. As the exact dose of the erroneously administered mouth paint was known this provided an opportunity for outcome assessment of lignocaine ingestion. METHODS: Calls to two state poison information centres regarding this product were prospectively followed up. Information collected included: demographics, type of exposure, details of the exposure and adverse effects. A systematic review of the literature was used to identify all previous reported cases of lignocaine and chlorhexidine ingestion. RESULTS: There were 28 cases with complete follow up where the product was given in therapeutic errors (10 girls and 18 boys; median age 11 months; range 2 months-4 years). The mean ingested dose of lignocaine was 2.7 mg/kg (standard deviation 1.3 mg) and chlorhexidine was 0.06 mg/kg (standard deviation 0.03 mg). The largest ingested lignocaine dose was 5.9 mg/kg. Two children developed minor symptoms: one vomited twice and the other was reported to have increased salivation and difficulty with solid food for 20 min. No other adverse effects were reported. The literature review suggested that severe effects occurred with doses more than 15 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: No major adverse effects occurred with lignocaine ingestions of less than 6 mg/kg and it would be appropriate to observe these patients at home. Chlorhexidine did not appear to cause clinical effects in this low concentration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Histochemical AMD electron microscopic studies of intercellular matrices of papilloma induced by painting DMBA on the skin of mice.

The localization and distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in papilloma tissue which was introduced by painting DMBA on the back skin of ICR mice were observed by light and electron microscopy. GAG consisting mainly of hyaluronic acid could be detected histochemically on the cell surface and extracellular matrices of the basal layer of the papilloma, but it could not be observed in the non-neoplastic epidermis. After incubation of tissue segments in a medium containing 35SO4, an autoradiograph was made, and 35S-radioactivity was observed in the interface between the papilloma epidermis and dermis. Ultrastructurally, the cell surface of keratinocytes in the basal layer of the papilloma was stained intensely with ruthenium red. A cell line was obtained from the papilloma, and GAG could be demonstrated on the cell surface and in the intercellular matrix of the cultivated keratinocytes by treatment with hyaluronidase. The significance of GAG in the proliferating squamous cells was discussed.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of minimal residual disease in acute promyelocytic leukaemia with t(15;17) by chromosome painting.

To detect the minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute promyelocytic leukaemia patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid, we compared the sensitivity of metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with conventional analysis of G-banded metaphases. 5 out of 6 patients studied at diagnosis showed the t(15;17) translocation. 4 out of 5 patients carrying t(15;17) achieved complete remission and conventional cytogenetic conversion. In 3 cases the whole chromosome painting (WCP) probe 17 discovered one normal chromosome 17 and two fragments indicative of t(15;17) persistence. The FISH-WCP technique seems to be highly sensitive and recommendable in monitoring leukaemias with specific chromosome rearrangements.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Oral epithelial atypia and acantholytic dyskeratosis in rats painted with 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide.

Oral epithelial atypia and foci of acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD) were investigated in 54 rats treated with the carcinogen 0.5% (w/v) 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide in propylene glycol and in 18 rats treated with propylene glycol only. The palate of each animal was painted 3 times weekly for up to 9 months and rats were killed at monthly intervals. A gradual significant increase in the epithelial atypia indices of the palatal and lingual tissues (anterior and posterior of the intermolar tubercle) was observed with a maximum value of 17-22 of a possible 75 at 28-32 weeks. No significant differences were noted between the atypia indices of the palatal and lingual tissues. FAD were not evident in the palate or lingual tissues before 12 weeks and 16-24 weeks, respectively, and although the palate consistently showed more FAD compared with the lingual tissues the differences were not significant. Features of epithelial atypia and FAD were absent in the 18 control rats treated with propylene glycol only and in 8 untreated control animals. At 28 weeks of 4NQO treatment 2 of 5 rats, at 32 weeks 3 of 4 rats and at 36 weeks 3 of 3 rats had developed infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas in either/both the palate or tongue. The results suggest that epithelial dysplasia and acantholytic dyskeratosis may be late morphological features of a more fundamental change occurring earlier in the process of tumour development.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide↗
PubMed1998

Comparative karyotype of pig and cattle using whole chromosome painting probes.

The extent and distribution of conserved chromosomal segments between pig and cattle chromosomes were established using hybridization of porcine chromosome painting probes on bovine metaphases. A total of 44 segments of conserved synteny were identified, resulting in a nearly complete coverage of the bovine karyotype. This study provides new data on chromosome evolution of mammals.

Animals↗