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PubMed1993

[Beyond guilt? The inability to grieve in the second generation].

The largely favourable response accorded to Tilmann Moser's critique of the book The Inability to Mourn (in Psyche 5/1992) makes it plausible to assume that with his remarks Moser has touched the very nerve of the present-day "Zeitgeist". The time appears to have come to reinterpret and revise the attitudes called for by the Mitscherlichs 25 years ago, i.e. recognition of guilt and empathy with the victims of German's extermination drive. Unlike Moser, who urges a strict divorce between therapy and morality and calls for empathy with "those involved in the crimes", Schneider shows that morally de-contextualized psychoanalysis/psychotherapy has been--and still is--in danger of being pressed into service for a variety of ends. Schneider sees it as a major achievement on the part of Alexander Mitscherlich, in the aftermath of National Socialist crimes affecting millions of people, to have restored the moral context that is an integral part of the human essence of psychoanalysis if it is to be both enlightening. Without such a context, he argues, psychoanalysis would be reduced to a form of purely "therapeutic" morality remote from social and political concerns, a development that Freud himself feared most of all.

Grief↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Freud reconsidered: bisexuality, homosexuality, and moral judgement.

This article examines methodological problems and unacknowledged moral judgements in Freud's theory of homosexuality. Freud raises the issue of bisexuality in connection with the origins of homosexuality. When critically examined, the theory of bisexuality reduces to a theory of the capacity to be attracted to either females or males, and in that sense explains little about the origin of exclusive homosexual orientation. Freud's further investigations into the origin of homosexuality, strictly speaking, do not provide a clear explanation of sexual exclusivity. Finally, it is argued that Freud's moral assumptions color the nature of his conclusions. At the very least, without morally justifying his procedure, he transforms the course of psychosexual development as determined by psychoanalysis into a moral imperative against which homosexuality is judged a fixated and immature state.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of the general moral reasoning of small animal veterinarians vs large animal veterinarians.

This project was developed to gather data on the general moral reasoning of practicing veterinarians and to compare the responses of small animal veterinarians vs large animal veterinarians and of male veterinarians vs female veterinarians. Using the Defining Issues Test for assessing moral reasoning, it was found that there is no significant difference between the levels of moral reasoning of small animal and large animal veterinarians. However, a slightly significant (P = 0.045) difference was found between the levels of moral reasoning of male and female veterinarians. Explanations of these findings are given. This report provides baseline data on the moral reasoning of veterinarians, which can serve as a foundation and stimulus for comparison in other studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Moral consensus in public ethics: patient autonomy and family decision-making in the work of one state bioethics commission.

Focusing on the work of one bioethics commission, the New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, this article explores the role played by moral consensus in public ethics. Task Force members, who were appointed to represent diverse interests in New York State, identified a culturally strong value of individual autonomy as the ethical basis for their work on life-sustaining treatment. This moral consensus permitted the members to unite across their differences and develop public policy recommendations that substantially reformed a highly troubling New York law. However, the principle of autonomy insufficiently guides decisions by caring family members for incompetent adults in cases where little is known of patient preference. A different, more innovative moral vision is required--one that grants a more robust moral authority to the family. While government efforts that rely on moral consensus developed in a broad-based and well-reasoned manner can serve us well, in some cases the consensus will provide inadequate moral guidance. Government bioethical efforts must guard against the limits of moral vision in light of their disproportionate societal power.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A dualist analysis of abortion: personhood and the concept of self qua experiential subject.

There is no issue more central to the abortion debate than the controversial issue of whether the fetus is a moral person. Abortion-rights opponents almost universally claim that abortion is murder and should be legally prohibited because the fetus is a moral person at the moment of conception. Abortion-rights proponents almost universally deny the crucial assumption that the fetus is a person; on their view, whatever moral disvalue abortion involves does not rise to the level of murder and hence does not rise to the level of something that should be legally prohibited. In this essay, I argue that, under dualist assumptions about the nature of mind, the fetus is not a person until brain activity has begun.(i) First, I argue it is a necessary condition for a thing to be a moral person that it is (or has) a self. Second, I argue it is a necessary condition for a fetus to be (or have) a self, under dualist assumptions, that there has been some electrical activity in the brain. I conclude that a dualist can take the position that abortion ought to be legally permitted at least until the beginning of brain activity in the fetus.iI make no attempt to determine what conditions are sufficient for moral personhood; for this reason, the relevant claim about personhood is purely negative.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1984

Behavioral dimensions in fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students as rated by teachers.

The St. Francis Boys' Homes early intervention program for inadequately coping fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students depends upon school teachers' nominations and employs their descriptions of pupil characteristics. In the interest of behavioral science, as well as the potential screening-in, selective placement, predictor purpose, and clinical gain within the tailored treatment program, the teachers completed a 99-item, favorable and unfavorable item description of 852 youths who were participating for 45 days in "Passport for Adventure." This large array of items yielded 14 first-order and four second-order factors, many of which have been found in the extensive literature. These measures of 14 first-order factors obtained through ratings by numerous teachers in 122 school settings demonstrated the wide span of the usual teacher's perception of youths in a formative period of their lives. It included interpersonal and intrapersonal descriptors. Most prior studies entered analysis with a low number of items and therefore could describe only a few simpler dimensions and could name them with less certainty. In addition, the factor analysis was sometimes unrealistically orthogonal and not finally hand rotated for clearest simple structure. This study gives a more comprehensive understanding of what teachers can and do perceive within and among their students, made manifest by a more extensive sampling of behavior.

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

Moral dilemmas in clinical cancer experimentation.

An examination of certain moral tensions that have developed in clinical cancer experimentation is offered. It is argued that the individual partner must be addressed in his singular unique position, rather than as a potential for the future good.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1991

Suffering and its professional transformation: toward an ethnography of interpersonal experience.

The authors define experience as an intersubjective medium of microcultural and infrapolitical processes in which something is at stake for participants in local worlds. Experience so defined mediates (and transforms) the relationship between context and person, meaning and psychobiology in health and illness and in healing. Building on this theoretical background, an approach to ethnography is illustrated through an analysis of suffering in Chinese society. The embodied memory of a survivor of serious trauma during the Cultural Revolution provides an example. From there, the authors go on to describe a framework of indigenous Chinese categories for the analysis of experience--mianzi (face), quanxi (connections), renqing (situated emotion), bao (reciprocity). The paper concludes with a discussion of the existential limits of this and other anthropological approaches to the study of experience as moral process.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The moral reasoning of juvenile delinquents: a meta-analysis.

To test the hypothesized immaturity of juvenile delinquents' moral reasoning, the results of 15 studies of the moral reasoning of juvenile delinquents were integrated quantitatively using meta-analysis. Hedges and Olkin (1985) methods were used to (a) compute effect sizes, (b) test the homogeneity of the obtained effect sizes, and (c) test the statistical significance of the pooled mean effect size. The results supported the hypothesis that the moral reasoning of juvenile delinquents is immature. It was concluded that several other issues are in need of investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Ethical, legal and medical problems on the borderline between life and death.

'Brain death' appears to be almost a closed chapter in medical history. But it remains fascinating, particularly regarding future developments, how medical discoveries, moral dilemmas, ethics and law have merged and lead to a common consent on the principal medical, ethical and juristic positions. After a consideration of these questions, topical problems concerning the extent and the limits of medical responsibilities, especially with regard to euthanasia and the problems of a broad interpretation of brain death are discussed.

Brain Death↗