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PubMed2005

[Artificial liver support systems: update on albumin dialysis (MARS)].

Mortality among patients with liver insufficiency continues to be unacceptably high. The prognosis of patients with acute episodes of chronic liver insufficiency is almost as poor as that of patients with acute liver failure. Therefore, systems that support liver function, either until liver transplantation can be performed or until resolution of the situation before acute injury occurs, are essential. Albumin dialysis is a system of artificial liver support that allows detoxification of albumin-related and hydrosoluble substances, thus maintaining the patient's homeostasis. Current clinical experience of this therapy is still limited, although beneficial effects on clinical, laboratory and hemodynamic parameters have been demonstrated. Multicenter, controlled trials to evaluate the effect of this therapy on survival in distinct diseases are needed.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1996

Lipoprotein subclasses in the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Treatment effects and relation to coronary angiographic progression.

Accumulating evidence suggests that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contribute to coronary artery disease. Using data from the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study, an angiographic trial of middle-aged men and women randomized to lovastatin or placebo, we investigated relationships between lipoprotein subclasses and progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Coronary artery lesion progression was determined by quantitative coronary angiography in low-grade ( < 50% diameter stenosis), high-grade ( > or = 50% diameter stenosis), and all coronary artery lesions in 220 baseline/2-year angiogram pairs. Analytical ultracentrifugation was used to measure lipoprotein masses that were statistically evaluated for treatment group differences and relationships to progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. All low density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) masses were significantly lowered and all high density lipoprotein (HDL) masses were significantly raised with lovastatin therapy. The mass of smallest LDL (Svedberg flotation rate [Sf] 0 to 3), IDL (Sf 12 to 20), all VLDL subclasses (Sf 20 to 60, Sf 60 to 100, and Sf 100 to 400), and peak LDL flotation rate were significantly related to the progression of coronary artery lesions, specifically low-grade lesions. Greater baseline levels of HDL3, were related to a lower likelihood of coronary artery lesion progression. In multivariate analyses, small VLDL (Sf 20 to 60) and HDL3 mass were the most important correlates of coronary artery lesion progression. These results provide further evidence for the importance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the progression of coronary artery disease. In addition, these results present new evidence for the possible protective role of HDL3 in the progression of coronary artery lesions. More specific information on coronary artery lesion progression may be obtained through the study of specific apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Aneurysms in relatives of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and risk factors. MARS Study Group. Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Relatives of patients with Subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and identify risk factors of unruptured aneurysms in first-degree relatives of patients with sporadic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). BACKGROUND: First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of patients with SAH have a three to seven times increased risk of SAH. METHODS: Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed in 626 first-degree relatives of a consecutive series of 193 index patients with "sporadic" SAH (participation rate, 78% of eligible relatives). The authors recorded demographic and medical data, and performed blood pressure measurements and blood tests (cholesterol, high-density lipid cholesterol, triglycerides, apoprotein A1, lipoprotein a, glucose). RESULTS: Aneurysms were found in 25 of 626 relatives (4.0%; 95% CI, 2.6 to 5.8%), and 6 relatives had multiple aneurysms. Index patients with multiple aneurysms and a younger age had a higher risk of aneurysms in relatives. Siblings of index patients had a four times higher risk than children. In screened relatives female sex, increasing age, polycystic kidney disease, hypertension, and elevated levels of cholesterol and glucose tended to be associated with a higher risk of aneurysms. No increase in risk was conferred by smoking or alcohol use, or by a previous family history of SAH or of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: First-degree relatives of index patients with sporadic subarachnoid hemorrhage have a 4.0% chance of intracranial aneurysms. Being a sibling of the index patient is the most important risk factor. Risk factors for general atherosclerosis (hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, high levels of blood triglycerides, lipoprotein a, and apoprotein A1) and use of alcohol do not increase the risk of intracranial aneurysms significantly in these relatives.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

How different is Venus from Mars? The genetics of germ-line stem cells in Drosophila females and males.

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, both spermatogenesis and oogenesis rely on germ-line stem cells (GSCs). Intensive research has revealed many of the molecules and pathways that underlie GSC maintenance and differentiation in males and females. In this review, we discuss new studies that, some differences notwithstanding, highlight the similarities in the structural and molecular strategies used by the two sexes in GSC maintenance and differentiation. These include the tight control that somatic support cells exert on every aspect of GSC function and the similar molecular mechanisms for physical attachment, cell-cell signaling and gap-junction communication. Some common principles underlying GSC biology in the fly may be applied to stem cells in other organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Breakpoint cluster regions of the AML-1 and ETO genes contain MAR elements and are preferentially associated with the nuclear matrix in proliferating HEL cells.

The spatial organization in interphase nuclei of the breakpoint cluster regions (BCRs) of the AML-1 and ETO genes frequently participating in reciprocal t(8;21) translocations was studied using cytological and biochemical approaches. Both BCRs were found to be localized preferentially, but not exclusively, to the nuclear matrix, as shown by hybridization of specific probes with nuclear halos. This association was not related to transcription, because the transcribed regions of both genes located far from BCRs were located preferentially in loop DNA, as shown by in situ hybridization. The sites of association with the nuclear matrix of the intensely transcribed AML-1 gene were mapped also using the biochemical PCR-based approach. Only the BCR was found to be associated with the nuclear matrix, whereas the other transcribed regions of this gene turned out to be positioned randomly in respect to the nuclear matrix. The data are discussed in the framework of the hypothesis postulating that the nuclear matrix plays an important role in determining the positions of recombination-prone areas.

Cell Proliferation↗
PubMed2004

Mars laser hygrometer.

We have designed and built a miniature near-IR tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer for measuring in situ the water vapor mixing ratio either in the Martian atmosphere or thermally evolved from Martian soil or ice samples. The laser hygrometer uses a thermoelectrically cooled single-mode distributed-feedback TDL at 1.87 microm to scan over a selected vibration-rotation line of both H2O and CO2 near 5327.3 cm(-1). A working prototype that weighs only 230 g has been built and used to generate spectra whose analysis demonstrates precision sensitivities as fine as 1 part in 10(6) by volume in 1 s or 0.1 part in 10(6) in 10 s at Martian pressures and temperatures. Absolute uncertainties of approximately 5% are calculated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Inhibiting interspecies coaggregation of plaque bacteria with a cranberry juice constituent [published erratam appear in J Am Dent Assoc 1999 Jan;130(1):36 and 1999 Mar;130(3):332].

Dental plaque stability depends on bacterial adhesion to acquired pellicle, and on interspecies adhesion (or coaggregation). A high-molecular-weight cranberry constituent at 0.6 to 2.5 milligrams per milliliter reversed the coaggregation of 49 (58 percent) of 84 coaggregating bacterial pairs tested. It acted preferentially on pairs in which one or both members are gram-negative anaerobes frequently involved in periodontal diseases. Thus, the anticoaggregating cranberry constituent has the potential for altering the subgingival microbiota, resulting in conservative control of gingival and periodontal diseases. However, the high dextrose and fructose content of the commercially available cranberry juice makes it unsuitable for oral hygiene use, and the beneficial effect of the high-molecular-weight constituent requires animal and clinical studies.

Bacterial Adhesion↗