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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Gender differences in the enactment of sociosexuality: an examination of implicit social motives, sexual fantasies, coercive sexual attitudes, and aggressive sexual behavior.

An unrestricted sociosexual orientation (the endorsement of casual sex) has been found to correlate with undesirable behaviors and personality characteristics more so in men than in women. Using a community sample of men and women, we investigated the correlations between sociosexuality and behaviors, motives, attitudes, and fantasies related to sexual aggression. Participants (n = 168; ages 21-45) completed self-report measures of sociosexual orientation, sexual conservatism, rape myth acceptance, adversarial sexual beliefs, attitudes toward women, sexual behaviors, and perpetration of sexual aggression. Participants also wrote five brief stories that were scored for power and affiliation-intimacy motives and two sexual fantasies that were coded for the theme of dominance. For both men and women, an unrestricted sociosexual orientation was correlated with behavioral items indicating earlier life experiences with sex, a greater number of lifetime sex partners, and more frequent sexual activity. For men, an unrestricted sociosexual orientation was linked with higher levels of rape myth acceptance and adversarial sexual beliefs; more conservative attitudes toward women; higher levels of power motivation and lower levels of affiliation-intimacy motivation; and past use of sexual aggression. For women, an unrestricted sociosexual orientation was associated with sexual fantasies of dominance and lower levels of sexual conservatism.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The motivations for self-injury in psychiatric inpatients.

Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (SIB) occurs in both culturally appropriate and culturally inappropriate forms. It is one of the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder, but it occurs in several psychiatric and neurological populations. The personal intent of SIB in psychiatric populations is incompletely understood. A self-report scale (Self-Injury Motivation Scale; SIMS) to assess motivation for self-injury was developed. Relationships among motivation for SIB, characteristics of SIB, and psychopathology were explored. A semistructured interview and the SIMS, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Davidson Trauma Scale, and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II were given to 99 consecutively admitted inpatients. The SIMS had good reliability and validity. A high SIMS score suggested distinct psychopathology. Several factors on the SIMS differentiated motivations for SIB. Patients with different SIMS factor profiles had different psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Perceived motivational climate and cognitive and affective correlates among Norwegian athletes.

Based on Ames' conception of situational goal structures, the present study investigated whether achievement-related cognitions and affect were related to specific motivational climates. The participants were 148 experienced students in team sport at a Norwegian university who responded to a questionnaire on their perceptions of the motivational climate in their sport, use of learning strategies, satisfaction, sources of satisfaction and perceived purposes of participating in sport. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that the perception of the motivational climate as either mastery- or performance-involving was related to reporting of affect, achievement strategies and perceived purposes of sport in a conceptually consistent manner. Controlling for dispositional goals, regression analyses, in which the athletes' dispositional achievement goals were controlled, showed that perception of a performance-oriented climate emerged as a negative and unique predictor of satisfaction or interest in addition to the variance accounted for by ego orientation. Athletes who perceived the motivational climate as mastery-oriented endorsed mastery as a source of satisfaction, and were less inclined to report avoiding practice. In addition, athletes who perceived the climate as mastery-oriented believed that sport may develop lifetime skills. In contrast, perceiving the climate as performance-oriented was positively related to status as a perceived purpose of team sport. Our findings suggest that, when athletes perceive the sport climate as task-involving, it facilitates the adoption of adaptive learning strategies, the use of controllable criteria to determine satisfaction, and enhances perception of sport as being important for developing lifetime skills.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Life events, motives, and precipitating factors in parasuicide among borderline patients.

The high prevalence of borderline personality disorder in parasuicide raises the question whether there are differences in motives, precipitating factors, and life events as compared to other clinical groups. Consecutive hospital admitted parasuicide patients were therefore investigated for personality disorders by a structured clinical interview (SCID-II), a structured interview concerning precipitating factors and a self-report questionnaire on motives and life events. Out of a total of 64 patients, 55% met the criteria for a borderline personality disorder. While the parasuicidal motives and precipitating factors did not differ between the borderline group and the others, the borderline group reported significantly more adverse life events. Our findings suggest that the overrepresentation of borderline personality disorder in parasuicide might be related to accumulated adverse life events rather than to manipulative motives.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Proactive, motivationally enhanced smoking cessation counseling among women with elevated cervical cancer risk.

Current treatment guidelines recommend that all smokers be given motivational or action-oriented counseling, as is appropriate to their readiness to quit smoking. The present study assessed the acceptability and impact of a proactively delivered, motivationally tailored phone counseling program targeted to women with elevated risk for cervical cancer. Female smokers with a recent abnormal pap exam or a colposcopy were contacted and invited to participate, regardless of their interest in quitting smoking. Participants were randomly assigned to usual care (UC) or UC plus motivationally enhanced phone counseling (MEC). The intervention was well received: 79% of eligible women enrolled (n = 275), and 90% completed at least three of four calls. Participation did not vary by baseline motivation to quit. Compared with control subjects, counseling participants were more likely to seek additional treatment services and had a higher 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rate at 6 months (20% MEC vs. 12% UC, p<.05). MEC impact was sustained at 12 months, but abstinence increased among the UC group (18% MEC vs. 20% UC, p = ns). There was no difference in repeated point-prevalence abstinence at 6 and 12 months (11% MEC vs. 10% UC, p = ns). Outcomes were similar in a subgroup of 229 women who, at baseline, were interested in quitting in the next 6 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Endoplasmic filaments generate the motive force for rotational streaming in Nitella.

The streaming endoplasm of characean cells has been shown to contain previously unreported endoplasmic filaments along which bending waves are observed under the light microscope using special techniques. The bending waves are similar to those propagated along sperm tails causing propulsion of sperm. In Nitella there is reason to believe that nearly all of the filaments are anchored in the cortex and that their beating propels the endoplasm in which they are suspended. This hypothesis is supported by calculations in which typical and average wave parameters have been inserted into the classical hydrodynamic equations derived for sperm tail bending waves. These calculations come within an order of magnitude of predicting the velocity of streaming and they show that waves of the character described, propagated along an estimated 52 m of endoplasmic filaments per cell, must generate a total motive force per cell within less than an order of magnitude of the forces measured experimentally by others. If we assume that undulating filaments produce the force driving the endoplasm, then the method described for measuring the motive force could lead to a lower than actual value for the motive force, since both centrifugation and vacuolar perfusion would reverse the orientation of some filaments. Observations of the initiation of particle translation in association with the filaments suggest that particle transport and wave propagation, which occur at the same velocity, may both be dependent on the same process. The possibility that some form of contractility provides the motive force for filament flection and particle transport is discussed.

Chlorophyta↗
PubMed2003

Mastery motivation and expressive language in young children with hearing loss.

We studied the relation between mastery motivation and expressive language in 200 young children with hearing loss. Hearing mothers assessed their children's expressive language (Minnesota Child Development Inventory; Ireton & Thwing, 1974) and several aspects of mastery motivation including mastery pleasure and three components of mastery persistence (gross motor, object oriented, and social/symbolic) using the Dimensions of Mastery Motivation Questionnaire (Morgan et al., 1992). Simple correlations revealed significant relations between expressive language and all mastery motivation scales. When demographic and hearing loss variables were entered into a regression equation, only increased social/symbolic persistence was significantly related to, and increased object-oriented persistence was marginally related to, increases in expressive language quotients. Expressive language quotients also increased significantly as child age and degree of hearing loss decreased and as mothers' ratings of their child's general competence increased. In addition, decreases in the age at which the child was enrolled in intervention were marginally related to increases in expressive language quotients (f =.06).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Biologically motivated models for chemical risk assessment.

Assessing the risk associated with human exposure to environmental chemicals depends to a large extent on the ability to extrapolate from a particular range of exposure conditions in the test animal species to a very different range of exposure conditions in the human. One of the more promising tools for accomplishing this extrapolation is the biologically motivated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. In a biologically motivated model, the structure is based on the physiological and biochemical structure of the animal system being described. This paper provides an overview of the biologically motivated modeling approach. Examples of models for styrene and methylene chloride are discussed in relation to their ability to predict human kinetics for these chemicals and their use in estimating the risk of chemicals to exposed humans. Finally, the use of a biologically motivated model to analyze the mechanistic basis of chemical carcinogenesis is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of some physiological and psychological effects of Motival (fluphenazine and nortriptyline) and diazepam in normal subjects.

1 The effects in normal subjects of a single oral dose of Motival (one tablet, containing fluphenazine 0.5 mg and nortriptyline 10 mg) on the contingent negative variation (CNV), reaction time, heart rate, blood pressure and self-rating scales for alertness, anxiety, tension, detachment and depression were compared with those of diazepam (5 mg and 7.5 mg) and placebo or propranolol (60 mg). 2 After diazepam (5 mg: twelve subjects and 7.5 mg: seven subjects) there was a significant decrease in CNV magnitude while after Motival (twelve subjects) there was no significant alteration in CNV magnitude compared to placebo. 3 After diazepam (7.5 mg: seven subjects) there was also a fall in subjective ratings for alertness and tension; this fall was significantly greater than the changes after Motival which did not reduce subjective ratings for alterness or tension below "average" levels. Anxiety ratings did not differ significantly between the two drugs. Changes after propranolol were intermediate in all scales. 4 It is concluded that under these conditions diazepam caused central nervous system depression while Motival did not.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1985

The role of the proton motive force and electron flow in solute transport in Escherichia coli.

Transport of lactose and methyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, a melibiose analogue, was studied in intact cells of Escherichia coli. A proton motive force could drive the translocation of these solutes via these two transport systems, but the initial rates and steady-state levels of solute accumulation increased upon initiation of electron transfer. When the absolute value of the proton motive force was decreased by ionophores the steady-state levels of lactose accumulation did not decrease as expected if thermodynamic equilibrium with the proton motive force had existed. Accumulation of lactose was also observed in the absence of any measurable proton motive force as long as electron transfer took place. Since both proton/lactose and sodium/methyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside symport showed the same characteristics, an explanation based on local proton diffusion pathways is unlikely.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1983

Proton motive force and Na+/H+ antiport in a moderate halophile.

The influence of pH on the proton motive force of Vibrio costicola was determined by measuring the distributions of triphenylmethylphosphonium cation (membrane potential, delta psi) and either dimethyloxazolidinedione or methylamine (osmotic component, delta pH). As the pH of the medium was adjusted from 5.7 to 9.0, the proton motive force steadily decreased from about 170 to 100 mV. This decline occurred, despite a large increase in the membrane potential to its maximum value at pH 9.0, because of the loss of the pH gradient (inside alkaline). The cytoplasm and medium were of equal pH at 7.5; membrane permeability properties were lost at the pH extremes of 5.0 and 9.5. Protonophores and monensin prevented the net efflux of protons normally found when an oxygen pulse was given to an anaerobic cell suspension. A Na+/H+ antiport activity was measured for both Na+ influx and efflux and was shown to be dissipated by protonophores and monensin. These results strongly favor the concept that respiratory energy is used for proton efflux and that the resulting proton motive force may be converted to a sodium motive force through Na+/H+ antiport (driven by delta psi). A role for antiport activity in pH regulation of the cytosol can also explain the broad pH range for optimal growth, extending to the alkaline extreme of pH 9.0.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1985

Generation of a large, protonophore-sensitive proton motive force and pH difference in the acidophilic bacteria Thermoplasma acidophilum and Bacillus acidocaldarius.

The mechanism by which acidophilic bacteria generate and maintain their cytoplasmic pH close to neutrality was investigated. For this purpose we determined the components of proton motive force in the eubacterium Bacillus acidocaldarius and the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. After correction for probe binding, the proton motive force of untreated cells was 190 to 240 mV between external pH 2 and 4. Anoxia diminished total proton motive force and the transmembrane pH difference by 60 to 80 mV. The protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol abolished the total proton motive force almost completely and diminished the transmembrane pH difference by at least two units. However, even after correction for probe binding, protonophore-treated cells maintained a pH difference of approximately one unit.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗
PubMed1996

The motivational impact of temporal focus: thinking about the future and the past.

In this chapter, we consider the degree to which individuals are pulled to behave by their conceptions of the future, pushed to act by their recollections of the past, or primarily driven by current exigencies. In examining conceptions of the future, we discuss how individuals bridge the present and the future, the origin of goals, their impact on behavior and cognition, and the motivational underpinnings for inferring other people's goals. We then outline four theoretical approaches to goal prioritization, the motivational impact of proximal vs distal goals, and the distinction between approaching positive vs avoiding negative outcomes. Turning to conceptions of the past, we discuss the motivational push of the past, the use of the past to select one's goals, the impact current goals have on recall and interpretations of the past, and individual differences in using the past. We conclude that temporal focus provides a meaningful framework for social cognitive approaches to motivation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Intimacy motivation and psychosocial adjustment: a longitudinal study.

Longitudinal data of 57 middle-aged men from the Grant Study Adult Development were analyzed in terms of nine indices of psychosocial adjustment and four social motives: achievement, power, affiliation, and intimacy motivation. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), administered in 1950-52, was scored for the four motives. Psychosocial adjustment, determined by ratings made primarily with reference to life history data gathered between 1950 and 1967, was comprised of scores on income level, occupational promotion, occupational enjoyment, days of sick leave, marital enjoyment, regular vacations, pastimes with friends, drug or alcohol misuse, and psychiatric visits. High intimacy motivation at age 30 was significantly associated with better adjustment 17 years later. The results are discussed in terms of contemporary theories of psychosocial adaptation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking patterns.

The current study focused on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking behavior in a representative sample of 553 Dutch adolescents and adults. Data were gathered by means of self-report questionnaires and a 14-days drinking diary. A model was postulated in which negative expectancies and self-efficacy were directly associated with drinking, and in which drinking motives mediated the associations between positive expectancies, and drinking. The findings of multivariate analyses showed that drinking motives were related to general indicators of drinking and to drinking levels in specific situations. Furthermore, self-efficacy was moderately related to all drinking variables. Negative expectancies were related to general drinking variables but hardly to drinking in specific situations. Positive expectancies were hardly related to drinking in multivariate analyses and therefore mediation models could not be tested. No systematic moderator effects were apparent for age and gender on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Motivation for psychotherapy of elderly patients in a clinic for rehabilitation - an empirical study]

With the increase of elderly patients in psychosomatic clinics the question arise, what about the motivation and expectations of these patients. Here an empirical study is presented, where 189 elderly (55 years and over) and 190 younger (under 55 years) patients are included. They are analysed with different questionnaires. The elderly patients show less psychosocial attribution for their disease, less motivation and expectation for psychotherapy and a more negative accentuated attitude to psychotherapy. But the expectations especially of the elderly differ in a wide range. In a clusteranalysis three groups are separated: low, middle and high motivated patients. The older patients are over represented in the group of the low motivated patients. These older patients doesn't occure any recovery of symptoms. At last some clinical aspects, concerning this group, are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Professional motivation and career plan differences between African-American and Caucasian dental students: implications for improving workforce diversity.

Vast disparities in oral health status coupled with projected decreases in African Americans enrolling in and graduating from dental school have heightened concern about the underrepresentation of African Americans in the dental profession. The purpose of this study was to explore differences between African-American and white American students regarding demographics, professional motivations, and career plans. African-American (n = 104) and white American (n = 226) dental students completed a biographical data survey instrument, which included information about family background and professional motivations and plans, and rated descriptions of three practice arrangements. African-American students were more motivated to become a dentist to serve the public, plan to specialize, work in an urban area, and work part-time. White American students were more motivated to become a dentist based on factors related to family commitments. Race was a significant predictor for student ratings for both solo and employee practice. Study results have implications for health professions educators, administrators, and policy makers in their efforts to improve the recruitment and retention of African-American students, shape dental curricula to meet diverse student needs, and implement loan forgiveness programs to enhance minority student recruitment.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

[The effect of chronic experience of victories or defeats in social conflicts upon sexual motivation in male mice].

The relevance of using the social contact test "Peregorodka" for investigation into sexual motivation in male mice, was checked and confirmed. A positive correlation was found between behavioural patterns manifested by the males near a transparent septum with holes separating them from receptive females and the males' subsequent sexual behaviour. Experience of victories as well as defeats in social conflicts was found not to interfere with occurrence of sexual motivation of the same intensity as in control animals. In the latter, however, sexual motivation was stable in time whereas in the model males its gradual decrease occurred within the 30-min test period. The findings suggest fast exhaustion of the sexual motivation in mice under conditions of prolonged social conflicts irrespective of either victories or defeats.

Aggression↗