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PubMed1990

The 4-5-6 configuration on the MMPI in bulimics vs. controls.

The 4-5-6 configuration on the MMPI for females has been associated with problems in the direct expression of anger, as well as excessive dependency and affectional needs (Greene, 1980). Because these characteristics frequently have been ascribed to bulimic women, we hypothesized that the incidence of the 4-5-6 configuration would be greater for bulimic women (n = 26) than for female outpatients (n = 40) or a nonpsychiatric population (n = 31). We did not find the predicted differences in incidence of the 4-5-6 configuration in a study that used conventional cut-offs and treated the configuration as a discrete variable. However, when the characteristic was measured as a continuous variable, the nonpsychiatric population differed significantly from both clinical populations. Results are discussed in terms of feminine role conflict as a factor that differentiates women who seek psychiatric treatment from those who do not.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of continuous and episodic drinkers using the MCMI, MMPI, and ALCEVAL-R.

This study was designed to identify clinically meaningful differences between continuous and episodic drinkers who were entering inpatient treatment (N = 125) on the basis of information from intake administrations of the revised Alcohol Evaluation Instrument, the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Separate discriminant analyses based upon (a) the MCMI and ALCEVAL-R and (b) MMPI and ALCEVAL-R yielded correct classification rates of 86% and 85%, respectively. Both analyses suggest that continuous drinkers may be characterized by greater confused and disorganized thinking, agitation, and cynicism and distrust in interpersonal relationships than are episodic drinkers. In contrast, episodic drinkers appear to have somewhat more socially conforming attitudes that may inhibit daily social drinking. Despite this, episodic drinking was associated with a higher divorce rate (71% vs. 32%) and less occupational stability.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

An MMPI evaluation of male sexual dysfunction.

The present study concerned the evaluation of personality traits associated with sexual dysfunctions. The MMPI was used as a psychodiagnostic tool in male subjects (N = 37) with erectile disorder or premature ejaculation. The results tend to support some clinical observations based upon the cognitive-behavioral approach and some neurophysiological data.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Reading difficulty of MMPI-2 subscales.

Average reading difficulty based upon the Lexile value was computed for the 567 items and 61 sub/special scales of the MMPI-2. The mean for all items was 600.02 (SD = 304.57), which roughly corresponds to a fifth-grade reading level. Approximately 90% of the items require less than a ninth-grade reading level; 3 items require a high-school education or more. The Amorality (Mal) subscale had an average reading level greater than eighth grade. Nine subscales had 25% or more items above an eighth-grade reading level. The Hypomania (MA) subscales were the most demanding. For persons with low reading proficiency, interpretation of the nine subscales should be made cautiously.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMed1992

Further evaluation of the MMPI Pan scale in psychiatric and medical patients.

The efficiency of a recently developed MMPI scale (Pan) to identify panic disorder was assessed in samples of both psychiatric and medical patients. Particular attention was paid to base rates and cutting scores. The Pan scale was found to have utility in rule-out clinical decision making. Suggestions for further validation studies are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of MMPI-2 scores of foreign Chinese and Caucasian-American students.

MMPI-2 scores of foreign Chinese students (n = 25) were compared to those of a matched sample of Caucasian students (n = 21) and to normative data on American college students. Although responses for all groups were within normal limits, Chinese men appeared more socially introverted than Caucasian men. Relative to Caucasian women, Chinese women were more defensive, depressed, unaware of somatic and psychosocial problems, and gender astereotypic in interests. These tentative findings are discussed in terms of ethnicity and adjustment.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1993

A factor analytic study of coping styles and the MMPI-2 content scales.

The relationships among coping styles and psychopathology were examined with the MMPI-2 content scales and a reliable and valid coping measure--the Coping Inventory For Stressful Situations (CISS). Subjects were 167 higher-functioning normal adult males. The results are consistent with previous research that employed the CISS; a strong positive association was found between emotion-oriented coping strategies and various measures of psychopathology. Task-oriented coping strategies were found to be unrelated to these measures. Results are discussed in the context of a potential model for understanding the various relationships among coping styles and psychopathology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Raising doubts about claims of malingering: implications of relationships between MCMI-II and MMPI-2 performances.

Test results from 90 personal injury claimants were used to explore the relationship between personality disorders (Dependent, Histrionic, Compulsive, Schizoid, Schizotypal, Paranoid, Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial, Avoidant, and Passive-Aggressive) as assessed by the MCMI-II and response style measured by MMPI-2 validity scales (F, K, L, F-K, O-S, Es, and FBS). With the exception of the Dependent and Narcissistic scales, all personality disorder scales were found to have a significant relationship with validity indicators in the direction of faking bad. These results suggest that the presence of characterological factors (i.e., a personality disorder), rather than malingering, contributes to exaggerated results in a forensic setting. Implications for future research are addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

MMPI-168 and Marlowe-Crowne profiles of adoption applicants.

The MMPI-168, Marlowe-Crowne, and Shipley were administered to 14 Caucasian couples as part of a pre-adoption screening procedure. The sample of adoption applicants was well educated and of above-average intelligence. Test data indicated a high level of defensiveness. Implications for test interpretation are discussed.

Adoption↗
PubMed1995

Police officer candidate MMPI-2 performance: gender, ethnic, and normative factors.

Eighty-four police officer applicants (61 White males, 12 White Females, and 11 minority males) were administered the MMPI-2 as part of an employment screening assessment. All the applications showed a defensive style, low scores on scales 2 and 0, and extreme scores on scale 5. Implications of high scale 5 scores for female and low scale 5 scores for male police officer applicants are discussed.

Employment↗
PubMed1995

The effects of description clarity and disorder type on MMPI-2 FAKE-BAD validity indices.

Simulation research indicates that the MMPI-2 validity scales easily detect faked-bad profiles that follow vague, but not specific, instructions. The present study compared the fake-bad validity scales (i.e., F, F-Back, F-K, Fake-Bad Scale, critical items, and O-S scales) for differences among one authentic and four simulation (fake-bad) groups. The simulation groups differed according to the type of disorder simulated (neurotic or psychotic) and the clarity of the behavioral descriptions they received (clear or unclear descriptions). Results indicated that the validity scales together could discriminate (a) clear from unclear description profiles; (b) neurotic from psychotic simulation profiles; and (c) authentic from simulated profiles. Actuarial analyses indicated that participants given clear character descriptions were more likely to escape detection than were participants given unclear character descriptions. Future research on incentive and punishment is considered.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2004

MMPI inmate profiles: suicide completers, suicide attempters, and non-suicidal controls.

Results from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were compared for three groups of male inmates in federal penitentiaries: 47 suicide completers, 43 suicide attempters and, 123 non-suicidal controls. Analyses show that the groups differed on all 10 clinical scales and on at least 8 after Bonferroni correction. Attempters obtained the highest scores on 4 of 8 scales; they also posted the highest scores on 3 others, but differences were significant only against non-suicidal controls. Completers posted the highest score on only one scale (Mf), but the difference was significant only against non-suicidal controls. All told, completers proved more similar to non-suicidal controls than to attempters. Regarding profiles, completers are more strongly correlated with non-suicidal controls (r=0.95) than with attempters (r=0.86); non-suicidal controls are less strongly correlated with attempters (r=0.88). The fact that attempters seem more pathological than the others can mislead clinicians screening for suicide risk.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2002

An analysis of the influence of insurance sponsorship on MMPI changes among patients with chronic pain.

Pretreatment and posttreatment MMPI scores of 821 patients who completed a chronic pain program were submitted to a multivariate analysis of variance, examining the effects of age, gender, and insurance sponsorship. With the exception of scale 9, all clinical scales were significantly lower at posttreatment. Only the sponsorship variable was found to be a moderator variable for these treatment effects, with decreases on scales 1, 2, 3, and 0 attenuated in subjects with Worker's Compensation sponsorship compared to other sponsorship. Suggestions for further multivariate research with this population are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The prediction of impulsive behavior: comparative validities of obvious vs. subtle MMPI hypomania (MA) items.

Assessed the relative predictive validity of obvious (0), neutral (N), and subtle (S) items of the MMPI Ma scale (N = 86 males). Subtle-obvious ratings were compared to criteria in the three types of measurement delineated by Cattell, namely, questionnaire, life-history, and objective tests. Ma-O was correlated positively with the Experience Seeking factor of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) as well as time taken and errors on the Porteus Maze, while Ma-S was correlated positively with the Thrill and Adventure Seeking factor of the SSS and the biographic questionnaire. Ma-N, on the other hand, was not related to any criteria. Because the correlations among the criteria themselves were generally insignificant, it was suggested that hypomania is not a homogeneous construct.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Urinary phenylethylamine correlates positively with hypomania, and negatively with depression, paranoia, and social introversion on the MMPI.

It has been suggested that phenylethylamine (PEA) may play a role in the modulation of affective behavior. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis. Urinary PEA excretion was determined in 32 drug-free healthy volunteers, and the MMPI was used for personality assessment. In support of this hypothesis, a significant positive correlation between PEA and hypomania (r = 0.50; P less than 0.05) and a significant negative correlation between PEA and depression (r = -0.58; P less than 0.01) was observed in the female subgroup. Furthermore, PEA correlated significantly negatively with hypochondriasis (r = -0.65; P less than 0.01), paranoia (r = 0.49; P less than 0.05), and social introversion (r = -0.60; P less than 0.05). These results are the first evidence in normal individuals either that PEA itself might play a role in the modulation of affective behavior, or alternatively that PEA could be related to mechanisms responsible for the modulation of affective behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Pain-patient MMPI subgroups: the psychological dimensions of pain.

Two-hundred-forty male pain patients were given the MMPI and an extensive pain history questionnaire. A hierarchical clustering procedure was used, and three distinct profiles emerged. One profile was essentially "normal," while a second profile revealed the "hypochondriasis" configuration, and a third was highly elevated on scales which reflect a "psychopathological" type of profile. A discriminant analysis yielded functions correctly classifying over 90% of the subjects in each group. Although the three groups did not significantly differ on age, education, income, IQ, assertiveness, type of pain, or years of pain duration, they did differ on the pain history questions relating to pain severity and pain impact on their lives. The psychopathological group reported significantly more distress than the hypochondriasis group, and the hypochondriasis group reported significantly more distress than the normal group. The implications for pain treatment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cluster analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles in a chronic headache population.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles from 123 chronic headache sufferers (48 migraine, 47 muscle contraction, 28 mixed) were cluster analyzed in order to replicate results from other pain populations and to examine differences among the clusters along headache parameters and demographic variables. Four homogeneous subgroups were obtained and a multiple discriminant analysis was successful in correctly classifying 97.56% of the headache subjects. Obtained clusters closely resembled those evidenced in previous pain research. Results indicated that diagnostic category was unrelated to cluster membership; however, frequency of headache occurrence was a differentiating factor. Implications for headache treatment and future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗