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Genito-urinary infections with Pseudomonas pseudomallei in Australian Aboriginals.
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An avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Pseudomonas pseudomallei antigens.
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Pseudomonas pseudomallei: danger in the paddy fields.
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Pilot study of exposure to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in northern Vietnam.
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Selective broths for the isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clinical samples.
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Pseudomonas pseudomallei and sudden unexplained death in Thai construction workers.
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Pseudomonas pseudomallei and sudden unexplained death in Thai construction workers.
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Extraction and characterization of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas pseudomallei.
The best yield of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas pseudomallei GIFU 12046 was obtained by extraction of defatted cells by phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether. The LPS showed a smooth character on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contained D-glucose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, and D-glucosamine as the main sugar components, and 3-hydroxypalmitic acid as an amide-linked fatty acid. The growth conditions did not affect the electrophoresis profile and chemical composition of LPS. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid was not detectable, and mild acid hydrolysis could not liberate free lipid A, suggesting that the linkage between inner core and lipid A was stable against acid hydrolysis, and the structure of this region is similar to that of P. cepacia, which has close taxonomic relationship with P. pseudomallei.
Lung diseases in the tropics. Part 2: Common tropical lung diseases: diagnosis and management.
This is the second of the two articles discussing clinical features, radiographic abnormalities, laboratory tests, pathogenesis and therapy of common tropical disorders affecting the lungs. We have arbitrarily selected the diseases, which are worldwide in distribution and demand urgency in addressing the problems of morbidity and mortality. The tropical physician is often reduced to administering pills, capsules or liquids. Our aim is to provide succinct and clear descriptions combining scientific information with common sense clinical wisdom.
Polysaccharide microarray technology for the detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei antibodies.
A polysaccharide microarray platform was prepared by immobilizing Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei polysaccharides. This polysaccharide array was tested with success for detecting B. pseudomallei and B. mallei serum (human and animal) antibodies. The advantages of this microarray technology over the current serodiagnosis of the above bacterial infections were discussed.
Community-acquired pneumonia in northern Australia: low mortality in a tropical region using locally-developed treatment guidelines.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiology and outcome of adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in tropical Australia. METHODS: A prospective study was performed of all adult patients with CAP admitted to the Royal Darwin Hospital, a major hospital in tropical northern Australia. A standard definition of CAP was used and data collected on demographics, risk factors, history, examination, investigations, treatment and outcome. Locally-developed treatment guidelines were used. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-seven adults were included in the analysis. Aboriginal people were over-represented, younger and were more likely to have risk factors for CAP. The most frequent pathogens isolated were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Burkholderia pseudomallei. 'Atypical pneumonia' organisms were uncommon. Treatment guidelines included penicillin for mild pneumonia but emphasised coverage of Burkholderia pseudomallei in those with risk factors, especially during the monsoon season. The mortality rate from pneumonia was low with three deaths in 167 cases (1.8%). CONCLUSIONS: International guidelines for the management of CAP have been based on populations and organisms from temperate regions and may not necessarily be applicable to tropical regions. Guidelines based upon local epidemiology must therefore be developed. This study illustrates how mortality can be minimised using a process of determining local CAP etiology, developing treatment guidelines and auditing patient management.
[Burkholderia pseudomallei infection after travelling in Southeast Asia, case study].
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Relative uptake of technetium 99m stannous colloid by neutrophils and monocytes is altered by gram-negative infection.
Gram-negative infection alters phagocytic cell function; hence, it could affect phagocytic uptake of inorganic colloids by these cells. Neutrophil and monocyte uptake of technetium 99m stannous colloid (99mTc SnC) in whole blood was measured in 10 patients with gram-negative infection (Burkholderia pseudomallei) and 7 controls. Mean uptake per individual neutrophil was reduced in infection. Uptake per monocyte was not significantly different. Blood from six normal individuals was incubated with lysed B. pseudomallei and colloid, which showed reduced neutrophil uptake, but increased monocyte uptake. These results indicate that uptake of 99mTc SnC stannous colloid can be used to measure alteration in phagocytic cell function. They suggest that infection with B. pseudomallei is associated with reduced phagocytosis by individual neutrophils, possibly through toxic effects of bacterial products. This could have immunopathogenic consequences for this gram-negative infection and may explain why it responds to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
The effect of quicklime (calcium oxide) as an inhibitor of Burkholderia pseudomallei.
Measurement of in vitro activity of quicklime against Burkholderia pseudomallei revealed that quicklime at concentrations of 10% or more was bactericidal for up to 35 d. The effect of quicklime as an inhibitor of B. pseudomallei in soil from a rice field was studied in a laboratory setting. The soil, collected from a rice field in north-eastern Thailand, was mixed with B. pseudomallei. In experiment 1, quicklime was mixed with the soil in different amounts. In experiment 2, quicklime was spread over the soil surface. In experiment 3, quicklime solution was poured onto the soil. It was found that the pH of the soil in experiment 1 was much higher than that in experiments 2 and 3. Only quicklime mixed with soil at a concentration of 40% or more (weight/weight) was effective in inhibiting the growth of B. pseudomallei for up to six weeks.
Disinfection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water.
The effect of chlorine, monochloramine and UV disinfection on the water-borne pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei was assessed. Persistence of B. pseudomallei was verified by MPN involving a one-step recovery procedure. Chlorine proved the most effective disinfectant with a 99.99% reduction of a 10(6) CFU/mL pure bacterial culture followed by 99.9% reduction by monochloramine and 99% reduction by UV. Co-culture of B. pseudomallei with Acanthamoeba astronyxis was found to greatly enhance survival of B. pseudomallei in the presence of all disinfecting agents tested. For example, when amoebae were present 100 times more monochloramine was required to maintain the disinfectant efficacy. Given the results obtained from these co-culture experiments, more research is needed to investigate the role of amoeba and biofilms in survival of B. pseudomallei in potable water.
Molecular phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei.
In terms of population structure, the species Burkholderia pseudomallei contains both clonal and non-clonal elements. By indexing variation in rRNA loci using the restriction endonuclease BamHI, we found that two ribotypes (types 1 and 3) are predominant in nature. Ribotype 3 is prevalent in Asian countries while ribotype 1 is more widespread. Some disease association was suggested for 4 ribotypes and strains of ribotype 4 were markedly associated with a fatal outcome. DNA macrorestriction (XbaI) profiles resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed great heterogeneity within the prevalent ribotypes and these profiles appeared to be reliable strain markers. Arabinose environmental strains were characterised by BamHI ribotypes that were markedly distinct form clinical and environmental isolates of the arabinose negative phenotype.