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PubMed1993

Genetic improvement of mastitis through selection on somatic cell count.

Heredity influences both clinical mastitis and somatic cell score. Intramammary infection is the major cause of elevated somatic cell score. A nationwide program of genetic evaluation of dairy cattle for somatic cell score is being developed. Proper selection of artificial insemination sires, considering their genetic merit for both milk production and somatic cell score, will reduce the genetic increase in mastitis susceptibility that accompanies selection for high production.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Milk complement and the opsonophagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates by bovine neutrophils.

Phagocytosis of bacteria by bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) has long been regarded as essential for host defense against mastitis infection. Complement-mediated opsonisation by complement component 3 (C3) binding is an important component of the innate immune system. We investigated the role of milk complement as an opsonin and its involvement in the phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cases of bovine mastitis by bovine blood PMN. We show that deposition of milk C3 component occurred on six different isolates of S. aureus and that the alternative pathway was the sole complement pathway operating in milk of uninflamed mammary gland. This deposition was shown to occur at the same location as the capsule, but not on capsular antigen. Milk complement enhanced the chemiluminescence response of PMN induced by S. aureus. Nevertheless, the association of S. aureus to cells and the overall killing of bacteria by bovine PMN were not affected by the presence of milk complement. Therefore, as all milk samples contained antibodies to capsular polysaccharide type 5 and to other surface antigens, it is likely that milk antibodies were responsible for these two phagocytic events. Results of this study suggest that the deposition of milk complement components on the surface of S. aureus does not contribute to the defence of the mammary gland against S. aureus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Granulomatous mastitis can mimic breast cancer on clinical, radiological or cytological examination: a cautionary tale.

In both women and men, breast lumps are the most common presentation of breast cancer. The following cases illustrate the pathological entity of granulomatous mastitis, which can present simulating breast cancer - including the first description of this condition in a male. These cases demonstrate the difficulty in clinical diagnosis and emphasizes that although there may be clues from the history, clinical awareness that this condition can mimic breast cancer in all aspects of the triple assessment process should arouse suspicion. The importance of histological diagnosis by core or excision biopsy is stressed, as with accurate diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis there is a mandate to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of acute Escherichia coli mastitis in cows with enrofloxacin: effect on clinical signs and chemiluminescence of circulating neutrophils.

We have studied the effect of treatment with enrofloxacin on local and general clinical signs and chemiluminescence of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cows immediately afer parturition. Twelve cows were infected with 10(4) cfu Esch. coli P4:032 into both left quarters. Six cows received an intravenous injection of 5 mg enrofloxacin/kg at 10 h after infection and a second enrofloxacin treatment administered subcutaneously at 30 h post infection. The other six cows were controls that received no treatment. General clinical signs (fever, tachycardia, loss of appetite, reduced rumen motility and depression) were similar in both groups. Local clinical signs, such as swelling, pain and firmness of the inflamed mammary quarters, were less severe in the treated cows. We saw no difference in the appearance of the milk: flecks and watery or purulent milk were observed in both groups. The beneficial effects of treatment with enrofloxacin were mainly on milk production and composition. The decline in milk production and the changes in milk concentrations of lactose, Na+ and bovine serum albumin were less pronounced in the treated cows. Treatment with enrofloxacin accelerated the clearance of bacteria from the infected quarters, but had no effect on the chemiluminescence response of isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The changes in the number of circulating leucocytes and the appearance of immature neutrophils in the circulation of the treated cows indicated possible beneficial effects on migration of neutrophils into the inflamed glands. Higher milk somatic cell counts in the treated cows supported this hypothesis. The results of this study indicated that treating cows that have been experimentally infected with Esch. coli mastitis after parturition with enrofloxacin reduced the severity of the disease, especially the decline in milk production and the changes in milk composition.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus associated with subclinical bovine mastitis.

Six hundred and seventeen isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical clinical mastitis cases in 63 dairy herds in Northern Ireland were typed using a set of 25 phages. Ninety-four per cent of the isolates were typable, with nine phages, predominantly from groups I and III, being responsible for almost all of the lysis. Although 68 phage patterns were found, six of them typed 47.2% of the isolates. One strain accounted for 14.7% of the isolates, but the largest number of strains (44) was restricted to individual farms. The epidemiological significance of these findings for on-farm mastitis control is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Dissemination of staphylococci in mice with experimental mastitis.

During the course of an acute, fatal mastitis in mice caused by intra-mammary injection of approximately 10(5) cfu of Staphylococcus aureus, small numbers of staphylococci were detected in liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Transport from the mammary gland was by the venous blood system with no evidence of lymph node involvement. Intravenous injection of 100 times more staphylococci (approximately 10(7) cfu) than were fatal by the intramammary route failed to kill the mice and small numbers of staphylococci were found in the visceral organs. However, intravenous injection of approximately 10(8) cfu of Staph. aureus was fatal and large numbers of staphylococci were found in the visceral organs. Treatment with cloxacillin (500 micrograms) by the intramammary or subcutaneous routes, or equally divided between these two routes, cleared the visceral organs of staphylococci; subcutaneous therapy had a limited and variable effect on numbers of staphylococci in the mammary gland while intramammary and divided treatments significantly reduced the numbers of staphylococci. Thus, staphylococci are disseminated to visceral organs during acute staphylococcal mastitis, but this makes a negligible contribution to the clinical disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Capture immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis using a monoclonal antibody to polymorphonuclear granulocytes.

A direct capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure elevated polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) antigens using horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) conjugated rabbit polyclonal anti-PMN antisera and a monoclonal antibody specific for PMN cells. Optical densities obtained in the ELISA were used to predict the cell counts of milk samples. Predicted counts were not significantly different from actual somatic cell counts (SCC). In a total of 156 bovine milk samples the correlation coefficient between somatic cell counting, taking greater than 500,000 cells/ml as being indicative of mastitis, and the assay was 0.94, yielding an assay sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 97.3%. In further trials the ELISA could detect elevated PMN antigens in milk with SCC as low as 100,000 cells/ml. The results indicate that the monoclonal antibody based direct ELISA has excellent potential in the detection and determination of bovine mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Acute phase response in heifers with experimentally induced mastitis.

Ten pregnant heifers were inoculated in both hind udder quarters with a mixture of Actinomyces pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Peptostreptococcus indolicus. Development of the experimental mastitis was monitored by sequential clinical and bacteriological examinations, and by blood acute phase protein profiles. Sequential changes in plasma fibrinogen, serum haptoglobin, acid-soluble glyco-proteins and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor activity were analysed and compared with both the clinical and bacteriological findings and the final outcome of the disease after calving. All ten heifers developed moderate to severe clinical mastitis. Four recovered completely, had a normal lactation after calving and exhibited only transient fever and moderate local signs. In six of the heifers the course of the disease was severe, and the inoculated quarters failed to produce milk after calving. The acute phase response of the four heifers that recovered was also significantly milder than that of the other six heifers. Haptoglobin and acid-soluble glycoproteins were most effective in indicating the severity of the infection and predicting the final outcome of the disease. Fibrinogen was a reliable indicator for detecting the presence of bacterial infection in all heifers. alpha 1-Proteinase inhibitor activity was of low diagnostic value in this study.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1986

Effect of subclinical mastitis on milk plasminogen and plasmin compared with that on sodium, antitrypsin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.

The effect of subclinical mastitis on levels of plasminogen and plasmin in milk from cows in a high-yielding herd was investigated. Comparisons were made with levels of milk Na, antitrypsin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase). In samples from mastitic quarters plasminogen activity, as measured after activation to plasmin, increased by only 21% and plasmin by 82%, while NAGase increased by 307%. Plasminogen was the only component that was normally distributed, all other components showed more or less skewed distributions. Plasmin and plasminogen were significantly related to the other components. However, plasminogen plateaued when the other components continued to increase. There was thus no further increase in plasminogen with the severity of inflammation as with the other components. Plasmin showed a similar although less pronounced tendency. Results of treatment of mastitic whey samples with acid suggested that the non-linear increase in plasmin activity was due to interaction with acid-labile proteinase inhibitors. Mastitis led to dissociation of plasminogen and plasmin from the casein micelles. The degree of activation of plasminogen was higher with casein-associated than with soluble plasminogen in both healthy and mastitic milks. Plasmin was very closely related to milk Na, which is a sensitive indicator of epithelial integrity. It is suggested that plasmin contributes to Na leakage into milk by degrading membrane proteins of the epithelial lining. Plasminogen and antitrypsin, which are both plasma proteins, were not identically affected by stage of lactation, indicating nonidentical modes of transport from plasma to milk.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2001

Bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis: strain recognition and dynamics of infection.

Restriction enzyme fragmentation pattern (REFP) analysis was used to recognise Staphylococcus aureus strain variation in naturally occurring bovine subclinical mastitis. Multiple colony REFP analysis identified eight distinct strains of S. aureus in addition to the original strains A and B that were infused via the intramammary route, indicating that individual quarters of the udder may be colonised simultaneously by more than one strain of S. aureus. Examination of multiple colonies per milk sample may benefit bacterial strain recognition as an epidemiological tool in mastitis investigations. The dynamics of intramammary infection were determined using a novel double crossover experimental challenge. Quarters remained persistently infected for several weeks following challenge in all four cows, irrespective of the challenge strain. This indicated that no alteration of the original subclinical infection, including the possible induction of clearance of the quarters infected with S. aureus, or replacement of the original strain by the infused strain was induced by challenge. The persistent subclinical infection in all four animals supports previous reports on the chronicity of S. aureus intramammary infection in dairy cows.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of localised antibiotic infusions applied to the teat-canal and teat sinus at drying-off on mastitis in the dry-period and at calving.

An experiment using three New Zealand herds and a total of 632 cows, examined the effect of localised prophylactic treatments with antibiotic at drying-off on the incidence of new intramammary infection during the dry period and at calving. Antibiotic was infused either into the teat canal (0.22 g of dry-cow formulation) or the teat sinus (3.1 g of lactating-cow formulation) of uninfected quarters to eliminate any bacteria present in these locations at the last milking of lactation. These treatments were compared with a negative control (nil treatment) and a positive antibiotic control (infusion of 3.6 g of dry-cow formulation). All antibiotic formulations used the same active ingredient, sodium cloxacillin. No significant reduction in new dry period clinical mastitis was observed for the two localised treatments whereas the positive control treatment achieved 100% reduction in new clinical mastitis compared with untreated control quarters. A 41% reduction (P < 0.05) in new Streptococcus uberis infections at calving was associated with the teat canal antibiotic treatment, compared with an 82% reduction (P < 0.001) for the positive antibiotic control. Both localised treatments showed a reduced incidence of new intramammary infection (P < 0.001) when pooled across periods and pathogens. Teats receiving either the teat canal antibiotic treatment or a full infusion of long acting dry-cow antibiotic had a lower incidence of open teat canals (P < 0.05) at 3 weeks after drying-off.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of diagnostic procedures for subclinical mastitis in meat-producing sheep.

Samples of foremilk were collected from 261 clinically normal glands of 150 ewes, and tested using the California mastitis test (CMT). Further samples were collected from 195 of these glands for determination of automated somatic cell counts (SCC), and from 60 of these glands for bacteriological assessment. The sensitivity and specificity of CMT for detecting samples with SCC above different threshold levels and for CMT and SCC in determining bacteriological status were evaluated using two-graph receiver operating characteristics (TG-ROC). Milk samples were obtained subsequently from ten CMT positive, and five CMT negative first- and second-lactation ewes. Samples were cultured using a variety of media, incubation temperatures and atmospheric conditions, immediately after collection, and 1 week after storage at 4 degrees C and -21 degrees C. Results suggested that CMT is best used as a diagnostic test for ovine subclinical mastitis (SCM) with a cut-off of 3 (distinct gel formation), and that automated SCC thresholds of > 1200 x 10(3) cells/ml are appropriate, especially where low prevalences are expected (e.g. < 5%). Additionally, this study showed that routine bacteriological methods were appropriate for isolation of most species of pathogen responsible for ovine SCM, but storage of samples prior to culture, either at 4 degrees C or -21 degrees C, was detrimental to the isolation of several of these organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of tRNA intergenic spacer length polymorphism analysis as a molecular method for species identification of streptococcal isolates from bovine mastitis.

Sixty-nine bovine mastitis streptococci belonging to the species Str. agalactiae (n = 13), Str. dysgalactiae (n = 16), Str. canis (n = 22), Str. uberis (n = 20) and Str. parauberis (n = 4) and six reference strains of the five streptococcal species were examined for their tRNA gene intergenic length polymorphism (tDNA-ILP) fingerprint pattern. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates from bovine mastitis cases were selected by macrorestriction analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Their results were compared with those obtained from biochemical and serological studies and with those obtained by PCR-mediated identification amplifying species-specific gene segments of the five streptococcal species. According to the present results tDNA-ILP allowed a correct identification of all Str. agalactiae, Str. uberis and Str. parauberis strains investigated also including the reference strains of each species showing species-specific banding pattern. However, all Str. dysgalactiae ssp. dysgalactiae and all Str. canis strains appeared with an undistinguishable pattern which did not allow an identification of the species.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Pyocine typing as an epidemiological marker in Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in cattle.

Pyocine typing was used for the characterization of 134 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from bovine mastitis. The scheme of Gillies & Govan (1966) was adopted with some modifications, and the procedure gave 89.6% typability. Pyocine type 1 strains were most commonly encountered and were followed in frequency by types 10 and 3. The introduction of two additional indicator strains allowed for division of these types into subtypes.In spite of some limitations, discussed in the paper, the pyocine typing scheme proved to be useful in ;marking' P. aeruginosa strains and in following their association with bovine mastitis in various herds.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

The production of mastitis in cows by the intramammary inoculation of T-mycoplasmas.

Six milking cows were inoculated with bovine and human T-mycoplasmas and control materials into the udder via the teat canal. Control materials produced only a slight transient cell response in the milk. Bovine T-mycoplasmas produced clinical mastitis in nine out of ten quarters inoculated. Seven developed clinical mastitis together with visible changes in the milk, excretion of T-mycoplasmas and greatly increased cell counts in the milk. In three of these quarters, in two different cows, milk secretion ceased completely. Two quarters in a different cow showed visible milk changes, excretion of T-mycoplasmas and increased cell counts. Two quarters were inoculated with human T-mycoplasmas and neither produced any signs of mastitis.Infection of the udder with T-mycoplasmas did not stimulate high-titre serum antibody levels as measured by the metabolic inhibition test, but whey samples gave high titres in two of the cows that were able to control and resolve the infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Genotypic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from milk of dairy cows with mastitis in Argentina.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent pathogen causing mastitis of dairy ruminants. This study was developed to ascertain the genotypes and genealogical relationship among strains isolated from milk of bovines with mastitis in Argentina. Molecular epidemiological analysis of S. aureus was performed on 112 isolates from 21 districts. Clonality was assessed by SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, automated EcoRI ribotyping and restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid (REAP) DNA profiles. A total of 22 band patterns distributed in four clusters were found by SmaI PFGE analysis. The similarity of clusters 2, 3 and 4 with cluster 1 was 0.73, 0.69 and 0.33, respectively, and 101 of 112 isolates belonged in cluster 1. PFGE band patterns from 42 isolates within cluster I were indistinguishable from each other (type A). The second largest group of isolates with indistinguishable PFGE band patterns was subtype A11, which was composed of 19 isolates. Automated ribotyping assigned the 112 isolates into 13 ribotypes. Among these, the most prevalent ribotypes I and VI were composed of 49 and 35 isolates respectively. Although there was certain correspondence between PFGE genotypes and ribotypes, further discrimination was achieved by combining both methods. REAP DNA profile analysis was useful to provide even further discrimination between isolates with identical PFGE genotype and ribotype. The most prevalent S. aureus strains A/I and A11/VI were widely distributed in the country and were not restricted to individual nearby locations. Prevalence of these two strains varied consecutively within a period of 8 years. Whether the shift in type prevalence was due to selection of a phenotypic trait remains undisclosed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Treatment trial of subclinical mastitis with the herb Persicaria senegalense (Polygonaceae).

The possible remedial effect of Persicaria senegalense in bovine subclinical mastitis was studied by in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial tests, using crude extracts and the leaf in different forms. The in vitro test showed that isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Corynebacterium bovis from subclinical cases and an isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a clinical case of mastitis were all inhibited by the three crude extracts at 820 micrograms concentration. An in vivo trial feeding 1.5 kg of the cooked leaf per day for 5 days did not give a significant cure rate, whereas a second trial in which 0.77 kg of leaf powder, equivalent to 3 kg of wet leaf, was fed per day for 5 days resulted in an apparent cure rate of 92.8% (52.8% actual as there was a 40% spontaneous cure rate in the negative control group, in contrast to 80% (40% actual) in the positive control group treated with an intramammary antibiotic preparation. The difference in cure rate between the negative control group and the experimental group given 0.77 kg leaf powder was significant (p = 0.008).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Detection of subclinical mastitis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) using somatic cell counts and the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase test.

Somatic cell counts, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity and the infection status of the udder were determined in quarter milk samples (n = 86) from 22 multiparous, clinically healthy camels, traditionally managed by Bedouin nomads in the Negev desert, Israel. Seventy (81.4%) of the 86 samples examined contained bacteria, of which 35 (40.7%) gave mixed isolations of two or more bacteria, suggesting the existence of subclinical mastitis in the camel herds studied. Sixteen samples (18.6%) yielded no growth of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Escherichia coli were the main organisms isolated. The somatic cell count (SCC) ranged from 1.01 x 105 to 11.78 x 106 cells/ml. NAGase values were between 41.4 and 372 NAGase units. Quarter milk samples that contained bacteria had significantly (p < 0.01) higher mean values for SCC but the mean NAGase levels were not significantly different for the bacteriologically negative and positive samples. There was a low correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.097) between the SCC and NAGase in the quarter milk samples from which bacteria were not isolated (n = 16) and a low negative correlation (r2 = -0.038) with the samples that contained bacteria (n = 70). The type of bacteria had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on the SCC but not on the NAGase activity. Quarter samples from which Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase positive) was isolated showed the highest mean SCC and this organism is therefore suspected to be the underlying cause of the subclinical mastitis. The SCC gave a better indication of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in milk samples than did NAGase.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗