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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Distinct immunohistochemical localization of IL-4 in human inflamed airway tissues. IL-4 is localized to eosinophils in vivo and is released by peripheral blood eosinophils.

Nasal polyposis and asthma are inflammatory conditions of the airways characterized by infiltration of activated inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils. IL-4 is a multifunctional cytokine considered to play an important role in eosinophilic inflammation. We examined the cellular distribution of immunoreactive IL-4 in nasal polyps, as well as in the bronchial mucosa of both nonasthmatic control subjects (n = 6) and patients with well-characterized mild asthma (n = 6) subjected to a diluent or an allergen challenge. To determine eosinophilic contribution, tissue sections were counterstained with FITC after IL-4 immunostaining. No eosinophils were observed in the bronchial mucosa of nonasthmatic subjects. Nasal polyp tissues contained approximately 15 times more eosinophils per mm2 compared with bronchial tissues from asthmatics after a diluent challenge. Allergen challenge resulted in a marked increase in eosinophil density in bronchial tissues. A negligible number of cells immunostaining IL-4 was observed in bronchial tissues from nonasthmatic control subjects. The density of IL-4-positive cells in nasal polyp tissues was almost three times greater compared with asthmatics bronchial tissues after a diluent challenge. Approximately 90% of the IL-4-positive cells in bronchial tissues did not exhibit fluorescence after FITC counterstaining; in contrast, about 80% of the IL-4-positive cells in nasal polyp tissues did. We also show that peripheral blood eosinophils from allergic subjects express IL-4 mRNA by Northern blot analysis, particularly on stimulation with secretory IgA immune complexes. Finally, the supernatant of stimulated eosinophils contained approximately 50 pg/10(6) cells of IL-4 as determined by ELISA. These data demonstrate that eosinophils express the message and release IL-4 in vitro, and that these cells are the primary source of immunoreactive IL-4 in tissues undergoing chronic severe mucosal inflammation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Vaccination coverage in local and national perspective. Vaccination coverage before and after introduction of a local computerized system in the municipality of Sandefjord].

The author presents the results from an examination in Sandefjord three years before and four years after implementation of a computer-based information system in 1986. The targets for immunization rates are well defined, but the methods for monitoring and calculation of the rates are not satisfactory. The rates seem to be reliable when given for the whole country. The fallacies caused by denominator problems when the rates are calculated for municipalities are discussed. An analysis of immunization rates and reasons for incomplete vaccination in the case of children born during the period 1983 to 1989 has been carried out in Sandefjord, an urban municipality with approximately 36,000 inhabitants. The average immunization coverage against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, whooping cough, measles, mumps and rubella (for children aged 2-5 years) showed record levels, i.e. about 97-98% of children for the whole period. The predominant reason for incomplete vaccination was that the parents did not want their child to be exposed to vaccination. In the case of a very few children the vaccination programme was delayed by medical contradictions.

Adolescent↗