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PubMed1995

Soluble and cell-bound forms of steel factor activity play distinct roles in melanocyte precursor dispersal and survival on the lateral neural crest migration pathway.

Trunk neural crest cells segregate from the neuroepithelium and enter a 'migration staging area' lateral to the embryonic neural tube. After some crest cells in the migration staging area have begun to migrate on a medial pathway, a subpopulation of crest-derived cells remaining in the migration staging area expresses mRNAs for the receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit, and tyrosinase-related protein-2, both of which are characteristic of melanocyte precursors. These putative melanocyte precursors are subsequently observed on the lateral crest migration pathway between the dermatome and overlying epithelium, and then dispersed in nascent dermal mesenchyme. Melanocyte precursors transiently require the c-kit ligand, Steel factor for survival. Although Steel factor mRNA is transiently expressed in the dorsal dermatome before the onset of trunk neural crest cell dispersal on the lateral pathway, it is no longer produced by dermatomal cells when melanocyte precursors have dispersed in the dermal mesenchyme. To assess the role of Steel factor in migration of melanocyte precursors on the lateral pathway, we analyzed melanocyte precursor dispersal and fate on the lateral pathway of two different Sl mutants, Sl, a null allele, and Sld, which lacks cell surface-associated Steel factor but produces a soluble form. No melanocyte precursors were detected in the dermatome of embryos homozygous for the Sl allele or in W mutants that lack functional c-kit. In contrast, in embryos homozygous for the Sld allele, melanocyte precursors appeared on the lateral pathway, but subsequently disappear from the dermis. These results suggest that soluble Steel factor is required for melanocyte precursor dispersal on the lateral pathway, or for their initial survival in the migration staging area. In contrast, membrane-bound Steel factor appears to promote melanocyte precursor survival in the dermis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Coelom formation: binary decision of the lateral plate mesoderm is controlled by the ectoderm.

Most triploblastic animals including vertebrates have a coelomic cavity that separates the outer and inner components of the body. The coelom is lined by two different tissue components, somatopleure and splanchnopleure, which are derived from the lateral plate region. Thus, the coelom is constructed as a result of a binary decision during early specification of the lateral plate. In this report we studied the molecular mechanisms of this binary decision. We first demonstrate that the splitting of the lateral plate into the two cell sheets progresses in an anteroposterior order and this progression is not coordinated with that of the somitic segmentation. By a series of embryological manipulations we found that young splanchnic mesoderm is still competent to be respecified as somatic mesoderm, and the ectoderm overlying the lateral plate is sufficient for this redirection. The lateral ectoderm is also required for maintenance of the somatic character of the mesoderm. Thus, the ectoderm plays at least two roles in the early subdivision of the lateral plate: specification and maintenance of the somatic mesoderm. We also show that the latter interactions are mediated by BMP molecules that are localized in the lateral ectoderm. Evolutionary aspects of the coelom formation are also considered.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Retinoids are produced by glia in the lateral ganglionic eminence and regulate striatal neuron differentiation.

In order to identify molecular mechanisms involved in striatal development, we employed a subtraction cloning strategy to enrich for genes expressed in the lateral versus the medial ganglionic eminence. Using this approach, the homeobox gene Meis2 was found highly expressed in the lateral ganglionic eminence and developing striatum. Since Meis2 has recently been shown to be upregulated by retinoic acid in P19 EC cells (Oulad-Abdelghani, M., Chazaud, C., Bouillet, P., Sapin, V., Chambon, P. and Dollé, P. (1997) Dev. Dyn. 210, 173-183), we examined a potential role for retinoids in striatal development. Our results demonstrate that the lateral ganglionic eminence, unlike its medial counterpart or the adjacent cerebral cortex, is a localized source of retinoids. Interestingly, glia (likely radial glia) in the lateral ganglionic eminence appear to be a major source of retinoids. Thus, as lateral ganglionic eminence cells migrate along radial glial fibers into the developing striatum, retinoids from these glial cells could exert an effect on striatal neuron differentiation. Indeed, the treatment of lateral ganglionic eminence cells with retinoic acid or agonists for the retinoic acid receptors or retinoid X receptors, specifically enhances their striatal neuron characteristics. These findings, therefore, strongly support the notion that local retinoid signalling within the lateral ganglionic eminence regulates striatal neuron differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Neural responses of goldfish lateral line afferents to vortex motions.

The lateral line system of fish is sensitive to weak water motions. We recorded from posterior lateral line nerve afferents while stimulating goldfish, Carassius auratus, with unidirectional water flow and with a vortex ring. Posterior lateral line afferents of goldfish were either flow sensitive or flow insensitive. Both types of afferents responded to a vortex ring that passed the fish laterally with one to three reproducible patterns of neural activity, followed by activity patterns that were less reproducible. Using particle image velocimetry, we visualized and quantified the water motions in the vertical plane next to the surface of the fish while recording from lateral line afferents. Early response components correlated with the direction of water motions that occurred at the position of the neuromast recorded from. By contrast, neural activity that occurred after the vortex had passed the fish barely predicted the direction of water motions. These results are in agreement with the known directional sensitivity of hair cells and indicate that fish might be able to extract sensory information from complex stimuli like vortices by comparing the activity of a whole array of neuromasts. The stimulus used in this study is novel to lateral line research and resembles some of the hydrodynamic stimuli that fish might encounter in their natural environments. We expect that by combining naturalistic hydrodynamic stimuli and central nervous recordings, we will learn if and how hydrodynamic feature detection is accomplished by the lateral line system.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging as a diagnostic tool for the lateralization of epileptogenic seizure foci.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether a visual examination of 1H spectroscopic images could correctly lateralize patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. 20 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and 10 volunteers were included in this study. Spectroscopic images were analysed using a protocol based on visual inspection. Images of the metabolites N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and lactate were obtained from a transverse plane oriented along the sylvian fissure. Images from each individual were evaluated independently by six reviewers. Results of the lateralization procedure obtained from the visual examinations were compared with those obtained from quantitative analysis of the spectra and with those obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), neuropsychological examinations, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. NAA images were found to be the most effective, amongst metabolite images, in lateralizing the epileptogenic lobe. Using the site selected for resection as the definition of the correct lateralization, 70% of the patients who underwent temporal lobectomy were correctly lateralized by the majority of the examiners using the visual inspection protocol. Based on the results of this study it is concluded that visual examination of 1H spectroscopic images is potentially valid in lateralizing patients with intractable temporal lobe seizures. Confidence in the visual interpretation increased as the difference in NAA signal intensity between the temporal lobes increased. The threshold above which the majority of the examiners correctly lateralized the patients was approximately 15% in NAA signal loss in the ipsilateral lobe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The influence of patterns of welfare receipt during the child-rearing years on later physical and psychological health.

This study examined interrelations among welfare receipt, social integration, and later physical and mental health in a cohort of African American mothers from the Woodlawn neighborhood on the south side of Chicago. These women (N = 681) have been followed prospectively from 1966-67 to 1997-98. Findings indicate that receiving welfare during the child-rearing stage of life is related to both social integration and later health, with those who had received welfare in young to middle adulthood being more socially isolated and having more health problems twenty to thirty years later. Findings provided no support for the hypothesis that social integration mediated the relationship between welfare receipt and later physical and psychological health problems. Welfare receipt had a direct detrimental effect on later health outcomes. Attending church regularly was protective for later physical and psychological health. The relationship between early welfare and later health remained even when the women's current poverty was added to the model.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Value and pitfalls of the lateral lung scan.

Two hundred eighty-one of 443 lung scans composed of anterior, posterior, and lateral projections (done in our hospital) demonstrated defects. In 3.9 percent of them (11 cases), the defects were delineated in the lateral views only, while in 29.2 percent (82 cases), the lateral views either outlined additional defects not appreciated on the straight views, or showed more extensive lung involvement. In the majority of instances, 56.6 percent (159 cases), the lateral views showed comparable findings and also tended to segmentally localize the defects better. However, in 10.3 percent (29 cases), defects present on the straight projections were not detected on the lateral views. Various causes that could give rise to artefactural abnormalities in the lateral lung scan and therefore inhibit its proper interpretation, are reviewed and discussed. Despite these problems, the lateral may be the only view to demonstrate abnormalities and, in fact, frequently provides additional useful information.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Effect of grip span on lateral pinch grip strength.

Repetitive, high-force pinch grip exertions are common in many occupational activities. The goal of the current study was to quantify the relationship between lateral pinch grip span (distance between thumb and index finger) and lateral pinch grip strength. An experiment was conducted in which 40 participants performed maximal lateral pinch grip exertions at 11 levels of grip span distances (0, 10%, ... 100% of maximum functional lateral pinch grip span distance). The results show a significant effect of lateral pinch grip span, with strength at the maximum functional lateral pinch grip span 40% higher than that found at the smallest lateral pinch grip span considered. Between these two endpoints, strength increased monotonically with increasing pinch grip span. The application of these results in pinch grip design criteria for both high-force and long-duration exertions is discussed. Potential applications of this research include the design of hand tools and controls for which significant force is applied by the user.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Electromyographic studies on the exhibition of isometric protrusive and lateral protrusive mandibular forces].

To study the mechanism of exertion of horizontal mandibular force, the myoelectric effect of mandibular isometric protrusive and lateral protrusive contraction under four forces (1/4, 2/4, 3/4, or 4/4 of the maximum voluntary contraction) at three different jaw positions (O: centric occlusion, half: middle position between O and max, and max: maximum eccentric protrusive or lateral protrusive mandibular positions) was measured in six male subjects with normal jaw function. Electromyographic recordings of the inferior part of the lateral pterygoid (LPt), posterior temporalis (Tp) and masseter (Mm) muscles were taken bilaterally, and forces were measured with force transducer. EMG activities in the bilateral LPt during isometric protrusive contraction and in the contralateral LPt during lateral protrusive contraction increased with load intensity. Mm bilaterally during protrusive contraction, ipsilateral Tp and contralateral Mm during lateral protrusive contraction played an auxiliary role in exertion of horizontal mandibular force. EMG activities in the contralateral LPt during lateral protrusive contraction with every force and in the bilateral LPt during protrusive contraction with 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 force, were significantly increased under the eccentric mandibular position. However, EMG activities in the bilateral LPt during protrusive contraction with 4/4 force did not increase under the eccentric mandibular position. EMG activity in the LPt during protrusive contraction were higher than that during lateral protrusive contraction at every mandibular position and with every force. It was concluded that the LPt was predominantly concerned with exertion of horizontal mandibular force.

Electromyography↗
PubMed2006

MRI appearance of Wrisberg variant of discoid lateral meniscus.

OBJECTIVE: A discoid lateral meniscus is a common normal variant, occurring in approximately 3-5% of the population. A subgroup of the discoid lateral meniscus known as the Wrisberg variant occurs when there is no posterior attachment of the lateral meniscus. Instead, Wrisberg's ligament becomes the only lateral meniscus posterior stabilizer, with a symptomatic hypermobile meniscus. Although it is commonly described in the orthopedics literature, to our knowledge the Wrisberg variant of the discoid lateral meniscus is not mentioned in the radiology literature. This article describes the MRI appearance of this important yet often unrecognized process. CONCLUSION: The Wrisberg variant of the discoid lateral meniscus is a rare condition with a highly suggestive clinical history. The musculoskeletal radiologist should consider this diagnosis whenever a discoid lateral meniscus is identified because making this elusive diagnosis may prove immensely useful for the orthopedic surgeon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Usefulness of two indirect MR imaging signs to diagnose lateral meniscal tears.

OBJECTIVE: We determined whether using two recently described indirect MR imaging signs would improve the sensitivity of diagnosis of lateral meniscal tears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 121 consecutive patients who had undergone knee MR imaging and knee arthroscopy. Their MR imaging examinations were evaluated for the conventional criteria of a meniscal tear (meniscal distortion or intrameniscal signal contacting the surface) and the two new signs (presence of an abnormal popliteomeniscal fascicle and posterolateral pericapsular edema). These observations were correlated with the arthroscopic findings, which were used as the gold standard. RESULTS: Thirty-two (89%) of the 36 torn lateral menisci had two or more images with distortion or signal contacting the surface. Three torn menisci and eight intact menisci had one image with distortion or surface signal. Only one of 75 menisci without distortion or surface signal was torn. An abnormal superior fascicle was highly associated (p < 0.001) with lateral meniscal tears but was not specific for a tear because three of the 14 menisci with abnormal fascicles were not torn. Posterolateral pericapsular edema was not associated with a lateral meniscal tear (p = 0.06). Using an abnormal fascicle as an additional criterion improved the sensitivity from 89% to 94%, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that an abnormal fascicle is highly associated with a lateral meniscal tear but found that posterolateral pericapsular edema was not associated with lateral meniscal tears. Identifying an abnormal fascicle did not significantly improve the sensitivity of diagnosis of a lateral meniscal tear.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effectiveness of lateral slide exercise in an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation home exercise program.

STUDY DESIGN: Two-group repeated measures design using a sample of convenience of subjects with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of incorporating one specific weight-bearing exercise (lateral slide exercise using a slide board) into an ACL reconstruction home exercise program. BACKGROUND: Reduced clinic visits have increased the importance of home exercise programs in knee ligament reconstruction rehabilitation. Few studies have been conducted to test the efficacy of specific exercises as part of a home-based treatment program on subjects who have undergone ACL reconstruction. METHODS AND MEASURES: Fourteen subjects who underwent patella tendon autograft reconstruction on one of their ACLs were studied. Testing consisted of the following 4 measurements: peak isometric knee extension torque, peak isometric knee flexion torque, maximum lateral step height, and lateral step-up repetitions to fatigue. Subjects were pretested at 8 weeks after surgery and were randomly placed into either a control or experimental group. The postsurgical rehabilitation was similar for both groups, except the experimental group incorporated lateral slide exercise into their home exercise program. All subjects were re-evaluated 14 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: A 2-way repeated measure ANOVA (group by test session), and posthoc testing revealed significant improvements in the slide group for quadricep strength (101.9 +/- 31.3 N m to 140.5 +/- 31.3 N m of torque), while the control group showed no significant increase (125.1 +/- 61.7 N m to 125.8 +/- 45.1 N m of torque). Lateral step height also improved in the slide group (from 22.9 +/- 5.3 cm to 28.7 +/- 5.6 cm), while the control group showed no increase (20.0 +/- 4.5 cm to 20.7 +/- 3.4 cm). Both groups increased in lateral step-up repetitions to fatigue. CONCLUSION: Including lateral slide exercise in a home exercise program after ACL reconstruction appears to improve knee extension strength.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reliability of the lateral pull test and tilt test to assess patellar alignment in subjects with symptomatic knees: student raters.

STUDY DESIGN: Test-retest reliability with blinded testers. OBJECTIVES: To determine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the lateral pull test and patellar tilt test. BACKGROUND: If patellar malalignment can be detected by clinical examination, then condition-specific treatment interventions may be implemented in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, several clinical tests used to assess patellar mobility have recently been shown to have poor to fair reliability. Because the lateral pull test and the patellar tilt test are widely used clinically as diagnostic tests for patellofemoral pain syndrome but have not been previously tested for reliability, we examined these tests. METHODS AND MEASURES: Fifty-two subjects (age range, 21-48 years) provided 95 knees (19 symptomatic and 76 asymptomatic) for assessment of the lateral pull test. Two testers, blinded to the presence or absence of symptoms, independently performed the lateral pull test in random order. Fifty-five subjects (age range, 22-42 years) provided 99 knees (73 asymptomatic and 26 symptomatic) for assessment of the patellar tilt test. Three blinded testers independently performed the patellar tilt test in random order. All subjects were tested and retested within 3-5 days. A kappa (kappa) statistic was used to assess the agreement of findings within each tester and between testers. RESULTS: The kappa coefficients for intrarater reliability varied from 0.39 to 0.47 for the lateral pull test and from 0.44 to 0.50 for the patellar tilt test, while the coefficients for interrater reliability were 0.31 for the lateral pull test and varied from 0.20 to 0.35 for the tilt test. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated lateral pull tests and patellar tilt tests had fair intrarater and poor interrater reliability. Our results suggest that care must be taken in placing too much emphasis on these tests when making clinical decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Patellofemoral kinematics during weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing knee extension in persons with lateral subluxation of the patella: a preliminary study.

STUDY DESIGN: Single-group, repeated-measures design. OBJECTIVE: To compare patellofemoral joint kinematics during weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing knee extension in persons with lateral subluxation of the patella. BACKGROUND: The only previous study to quantify differences in patellofemoral joint kinematics during weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing tasks was limited in that static loading conditions were utilized. Differences in patellofemoral joint kinematics between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions have not been quantified during dynamic movement. METHODS AND MEASURES: Six females with a diagnosis of patellofemoral pain and lateral subluxation of the patella participated. Using kinematic magnetic resonance imaging, axial images of the patellofemoral joint were obtained as subjects extended their knee from 45 degrees to 0 degrees during non-weight-bearing (5% body weight resistance) and weight-bearing (unilateral squat) conditions. Measurements of patellofemoral joint relationships (medial/lateral patellar displacement and patellar tilt), as well as femur and patella rotations relative to an external reference system (ie, the image field of view), were obtained at 3 degrees increments during knee extension. RESULTS: During non-weight-bearing knee extension, lateral patellar displacement was more pronounced than during the weight-bearing condition between 30 degrees and 12 degrees of knee extension, with statistical significance being reached at 27 degrees, 24 degrees, and 21 degrees. No differences in lateral patellar tilt were observed between conditions (P = .065). During the weight-bearing condition, internal femoral rotation was significantly greater than during the non-weight-bearing condition as the knee extended from 18 degrees to 0 degrees. During the non-weight-bearing condition, the amount of lateral patellar rotation was significantly greater than during the weight-bearing condition throughout the range of motion tested. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that lateral patellar displacement was more pronounced during non-weight-bearing knee extension compared to weight-bearing knee extension in persons with lateral patellar subluxation. In addition, the results of this investigation suggest that the patellofemoral joint kinematics during non-weight-bearing could be characterized as the patella rotating on the femur, while the patellofemoral joint kinematics during the weight-bearing condition could be characterized as the femur rotating underneath the patella.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Concurrent criterion-related validity and reliability of a clinical device used to assess lateral patellar displacement.

STUDY DESIGN: Repeated-measures, within-subject design. OBJECTIVE: To assess the concurrent criterion-related validity and reliability of a clinical device to quantify lateral patellar displacement. BACKGROUND: Excessive lateral displacement of the patella is an impairment that is widely associated with patellofemoral pain and/or pathology. Currently, no valid or reliable clinical method to assess lateral patellar displacement has been described in the literature. METHODS AND MEASURES: A total of 26 individuals (14 asymptomatic and 12 symptomatic; mean +/- SD age, 27 +/- 4 years) participated in the validity portion of this study, while an additional 10 asymptomatic volunteers (mean +/- SD age, 28 +/- 5 years) participated in the reliability portion. Lateral displacement of the patella was assessed using a custom-designed patellofemoral arthrometer (PFA) and was compared to actual position of the patella as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Both PFA and MRI measurements of lateral patellar displacement were made with the knee extended and the quadriceps contracted. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the level of agreement between the PFA and MRI measurements, as well as the intrarater and interrater reliability of the PFA measurements. RESULTS: The ICC assessing the level of agreement between the MRI and PFA measures of lateral patellar displacement was good (0.86). Excellent intratester (ICC, 0.96 and 0.97) and intertester reliability (ICC, 0.92) were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that reasonable estimations of lateral patellar displacement can be obtained using the PFA.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Lateral expansion of the rat lower dental arch by applying an active plate model to the mandibular first molar region: observation of histological changes in the lower alveolar bone over a 2-week period.

Lateral expansion of the lower dental arch has rarely been conducted clinically because the structure of the lower jaw is considered to be unsuitable for this type of treatment. However, successful lateral expansion of the lower dental arch using SCHWALZ, an orthopedic appliance has been reported in recent years. Therefore, an experimental study was performed to examine the histological changes in the lower alveolar bone when lateral expansion is applied to the lower dental arch for periods of up to 2 weeks. An active plate model based on the Schwarz appliance was attached to the first molar region in rats. The distance between the right and left first molars was measured, and the mandible and first molar tooth were processed for light microscopy at different times after the fitting. The lateral expansion caused by lateral movement of the right and left first molars following the application of the active plate amounted to an average of 1.06 mm over a period of 14 days. Alkaline phosphatase/tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed bone deposition on the periosteal surface of the buccal alveolar bone and the periodontal surface of the lingual alveolar bone, whereas bone absorption was observed on the periodontal surface of the buccal alveolar bone and the periosteal surface of the lingual alveolar bone. These findings demonstrate that lateral expansion of the lower dental arch through the application of an active plate model was achieved by bony deposition and absorption of alveolar bone, similar to the process that occurs in association with lateral expansion of the upper dental arch.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of lateral heel wedges on sagittal and transverse plane kinematics of trotting Shetland ponies and the influence of feeding and training regimes.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Lateral heel wedges are used to treat horses and ponies with patella fixation or bone spavin. However, these therapies are purely empirically based and lack scientific evidence. OBJECTIVES: Lateral heel wedges would change joint motion in the sagittal, but mainly in the transversal planes, in healthy horses. This effect would be increased by restricted feeding and decreased by extra training. METHODS: A group of 24 Shetland ponies age 3 years was used, as foals had been assigned to restricted and ad libitum (ad lib) feeding, and low and high level training groups of 6 animals each. An experienced judge evaluated passive patella luxation in the square standing pony, using a score of 0 (normal) to 4 (stationary patella luxation). The motion of the markers, glued to the skin covering skeletal landmarks on the left fore- and hindlimbs, was recorded 3 dimensionally at a frequency of 300 Hz using a modified CODA-3 apparatus while trotting on a treadmill at a speed of 3.0 m/sec, before and directly after 5 degrees lateral heel wedges had been applied to the hindlimbs. After data analysis, the kinematic variables in the sagittal and transversal plane, under these 3 conditions (wedge, feeding, training), were compared statistically using a multivariate repeated measures analysis, general linear model (P < 0.05). RESULTS: In the sagittal plane, an acute change in hind hoof conformation resulted in a less animated trot with a less protracted forelimb and less hindlimb flexion. This is similar, although less pronounced, to the decrease in limb flexion reported previously as a result of restricted feeding. More specifically, lateral heel wedges resulted in significant changes in the transversal plane angles of all joints in the hindlimb. The stifle joint became maximally 1.8 degrees more adducted just before the end of the stance phase, while the tarsal joint was 2.9 degrees and fetlock joint 4.7 degrees more abducted (P < 0.05). In the restricted feeding group, stifle joint adduction was 85 degrees and tarsal joint abduction 5.6 degrees larger than in the ad libitum feeding group (P < 0.05). The patella luxation score was also significantly higher in this group (1.8) compared to ponies fed ad libitum (0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of lateral heel wedges on the equine locomotor system in the transversal plane movement relieve tension from the medial patellar ligament and decrease pressure on the medial side of the tarsal joint. However, the fetlock joint experiences considerably more out of plane stress. Poor body condition resulted in a 2x worse patella luxation score, while the effect on stifle and tarsal joint movement in the transversal plane was almost 5x and 2x larger, respectively, than a lateral wedge. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The clinical importance of general body condition for maintaining lateral stability in the equine hindlimbs is established, but future research may prove that wedges are beneficial to treat patella fixation and bone spavin in the long term.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

"Optimal" lateralization on the Tapping Test.

The present study was designed to test the general "imbalance" hypothesis in regard to the Tapping Test, a motor measure of finger-oscillation speed from the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery. The study was prompted by a recent spate of reports linking cerebral lateralization to a variety of conditions. It was hypothesized that it would be possible to determine an "optimal," midrange of lateralization, to be identified by faster tapping speeds. As hypothesized, those offenders with "moderate" laterality achieved faster speeds than those with "extreme" laterality ("extreme" defined as either less or more laterality than for the moderates). The same range appeared optimal over several demographic groups. A second goal of the present study was to pursue hints from a previous study that had suggested a lateralization measure might prove to be free of some unwanted variations by demographics. As hypothesized, the lateralization measure appeared free of variations according to age, sex, and handedness. Applications and future directions were suggested.

Adolescent↗