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PubMed1999

The pathology of Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle with a special emphasis on breed difference.

In cattle, infestations with P. ovis are responsible for a severe dermatitis. The disease is very common in some breeds of beef cattle whereas dairy cattle such as Frisian Holstein are considered as resistant. In order to investigate the factors responsible for this marked breed susceptibility, the immune response to P. ovis under experimental and field conditions has been studied using serology, lymphocyte transformation assay, intradermal tests and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in susceptible Belgian White and Blue (BWB) and resistant Frisian Holstein (FH) cattle. The results of published studies are reviewed in this paper; original data on specific hypersensitivity reactions to P. ovisare also presented. The use of a sandwich ELISA allowed the detection of specific antibodies as early as 7 days post-infestation and very high titres were observed. There was a clear positive correlation between the antibody titre and the extent of lesions. This antibody response was associated with a marked in vitro lymphocyte proliferation but there was no difference between susceptible and resistant cattle. The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test revealed the presence of specific Ig E in actively infested animals irrespective of the breed. Specific Ig E were detected fairly late during the course of an experimental infestation with P. ovis. The intradermal injection of P. cuniculi antigenic extract induced an immediate reaction in all animals including the controls; in contrast, a delayed hypersensitivity reaction was observed in infected BWB animals only. It is concluded that immunological as well as non-immunological factors may be responsible for the breed related susceptibility or resistance to P. ovis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Tuberculin skin testing in Vietnamese refugees with a history of BCG vaccination.

Among 50 Indo-Chinese children 18 years of age or younger who were screened at the Albany County (New York) Health Department, during 1979, 14 had a history of BCG vaccination. These patients were not intradermally tested with 5 TU of PPD because it was assumed that the reactions would not be interpretable. To test this hypothesis, nine patients were available for testing. Six patients had a negative reaction, two had a reaction greater than 10 mm of induration, and one had an equivocal reaction. Nine of the 36 patients without a history of BCG vaccination also had positive reactions to the same dose of PPD. All patients with positive reactions had normal chest x-ray films and received isoniazid prophylaxis, regardless of BCG history in accordance with Centers for Disease Control recommendations. A history of BCG vaccination should not preclude skin testing with PPD (given in tuberculin units), and a patient with a positive reaction should receive appropriate treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to Psoroptes ovis and Der p 1 in sheep previously infested with P. ovis--the sheep scab mite.

We have previously shown that infestation with Psoroptes ovis induces an IgE response and intense tissue eosinophilia, typical of a Type I hypersensitivity response [Parasite Immunol. 22 (2000) 407]. Intradermal tests (IDSTs) suggest that there are also delayed and Arthus-type responses to this parasite. In order to study the nature of ovine cutaneous reactions to P. ovis, naïve controls and experimentally infested sheep (n = 5) were challenged intradermally with mite antigen. Challenge elicited immediate (P < 0.001) and delayed (P < 0.005) wheal reactions in sensitised sheep. At 6 (P < 0.02) and 30 h (P < 0.001) the predominant infiltrating cells were eosinophils. To explore the role of circulating antibodies, naïve sheep (n = 5) were subjected to Prausnitz-Kustner (PK) tests. These elicited immediate (P < 0.02) but not delayed wheal reactions. At 6 h eosinophils (P < 0.001) dominated the infiltrate. These results suggest that P. ovis allergens provoke an IgE-dependent immediate and late phase response and a cell-mediated eosinophil-rich delayed-type hypersensitivity response (ER-DTH).

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Allergens adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide preparation, standardization controls and therapeutic results].

Specific desensitizing treatments with house dust extract purified and adsorbed on aluminium hydroxyde gave 79% good and very good results in 355 patients. Grass pollen extracts adsorbed on the same adjuvant gave 76% good and very good results in 166 patients. Desensitization by the adsorbed preparations requires fewer injections than the usual methods, while offering security by the absence of anaphylactic reactions, particularly with pollen extracts. The activity of the preparations is tested after appropriate dilution, taking account of the total nitrogen content of the dust extracts and the weight of raw materials used in the manufacture of the pollen extracts. The results of the intradermal tests undertaken with fluid preparations and compared with those obtained with a standard preparation allow to standardize the allergenic activity of the extracts. It is thus possible to guarantee the pharmaceutical quality of the allergens both for diagnostic tests and for treatments. Chemical analyses and control of acute, delayed or chronic toxicity ensure the innocuousness of the preparations.

Allergens↗
PubMed1991

The identification of PAF-release-enhancing activity in culture supernatant of mononuclear cells from asthmatics. Correlation between lymphocyte responses and immediate type hypersensitivity.

Cytokines from asthmatic mononuclear cells (MNC) cultured with Bermuda Grass pollen extract (BG), were tested for their effect on leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) generation by neutrophil under calcium ionophore stimulation. Three groups were enrolled in this study: 9 allergic asthmatics showing skin intradermal test positive to BG, 12 non-allergic asthmatics and 5 normal individuals. Results showed that the stimulation index of BG on MNC and the mediator-release enhancing activity from both allergic and non-allergic asthmatics were similar; neither showed significant increase when compared to that of normal individuals. However, there was a significant increase in PAF-release-enhancing activity in unstimulated MNC supernatant from both allergic and non-allergic asthmatics (618 +/- 75 pg/10(6) neutrophils and 569 +/- 60 pg/10(6) neutrophils) when compared to that of normal individuals (460 +/- 40 pg/10(6) neutrophils). This PAF-release-enhancing activity did not correlate with either skin test reactivity or the amount of BG specific IgE antibodies. The PAF-release-enhancing activity in unstimulated MNC supernatants from asthmatics suggesting that there is a pre-activation of MNC which might contribute to the asthmatic reaction through generation of PAF by neutrophils.

Asthma↗
PubMed1985

Seroepidemiological investigations of onchocerciasis in a hyperendemic area of West Africa.

Immunological study of individuals (aged 4 to 70 years) living in an area of Mali hyperendemic for onchocerciasis revealed an 83% prevalence of skin microfilariae (mf). Microfilariae counts from skin snips were highly age-dependent. Screening for concomitant helminth infections showed a low prevalence of hookworms and Mansonella (Dipetalonema) perstans, but neither schistosomiasis nor bancroftian filariasis. Immunological results revealed strong correlation between radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and skin test (5 and 50 ng adult O. volvulus extract), between RAST and total IgE, and between IFAT and ELISA. A negative correlation exists between mf counts and skin tests and between mf counts and RAST; the lowest median values were obtained in the group with high mf counts. Skin sensitizing antibodies were detected in most locally born children aged 4-5 years. Intradermal tests showed a high rate of sensitization to O. volvulus antigen in mf-negative children, whereas ELISA and IFAT values were significantly lower in these children than in mf-positive children. Increasing concentrations of circulating IgE antibodies were found in children aged 4-11 years by RAST, and, in individuals aged 12-19 years (age group for which mf counts sharply increase), skin testing revealed a state of anergy. In long lasting infections (adults greater than 20 years) skin reactivity was comparable to that of young children or was depressed. ELISA and IFAT achieved similar results in each age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Immediate skin test reactivity to Food and Drug Administration-approved standardized extracts.

In an effort to determine whether recently introduced Food and Drug Administration-approved standardized extracts produce clinically appropriate responses in a population, 200 subjects were skin prick tested (SPT). Thirteen extracts (10 pollens, two house dust (HD) mites and cat) were tested in three groups of subjects, 50 with a history of asthma or allergic rhinitis (AL), 50 without asthma or perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis but with a positive immediate family history for these conditions (FAL), and 100 subjects without a personal or family history for these conditions (NAL). An SPT mean wheal diameter greater than or equal to 3 mm was considered positive. Ninety percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 82% to 98%) of AL subjects had at least one positive SPT. Forty-six percent of FAL subjects (95% CI, 30% to 58%) and 29% of NAL subjects (95% CI, 20% to 38%) had at least one positive SPT. More FAL than NAL subjects had at least one SPT (p less than 0.05), and FAL subjects had more positive SPTs than NAL subjects (p less than 0.05), further supporting the genetic regulation of allergen-specific IgE production. Of the five AL subjects with no SPT wheal greater than or equal to 3 mm, three subjects were available for intradermal tests. Thirteen nonstandardized allergens similar to allergens used for SPT were applied intradermally in each of these three subjects and were all negative. Compared with history, an SPT wheal greater than or equal to 3 mm to cat produced a sensitivity of 0.90, a specificity of 0.90, and diagnostic accuracy of 0.90. Tenfold dilutions of pollens and cat reduced sensitivity without significantly improving specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Food allergy and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

Patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) with steroid treatment failure, who did or did not have a history suggesting food intolerance, were systematically evaluated for food allergy. We evaluated 42 cases for sensitization to usual foods. The following results were obtained: skin tests (intradermal, Stallergenes Lab) were positive in 16 out of 42 cases; total serum IgE was elevated in 12 of 42 patients; specific IgE (RAST) was positive in eight of 42 patients; the basophil histamine release test (HRT) was positive in 20 of 42 patients. For each of these tests, the results in the INS patients with steroid treatment failure were significantly different from controls. The following exclusion or challenge tests were carried out. In seven cases, an elemental diet was used; proteinuria decreased in one case, but acceptance of the diet was poor in the other cases. In 27 cases, a limited diet with exclusion of one or several foods was used. A complete remission was induced by this diet in seven steroid-dependent INS cases, allowing steroids to be discontinued during a follow-up of one to five years. However, relapses were frequent. More recently, an oligoantigenic diet was prescribed for 10 days without modifying steroid therapy. In 13 INS patients (5 steroid-dependent, 3 steroid-resistant, and 5 multiple relapses), 24-hour urine protein was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05). Proteinuria decreased by more than half in nine patients, with complete disappearance in five cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antigens↗
PubMed2002

Pulmonary masses in a tuberculin skin test-negative olive baboon.

An adult female olive baboon was shipped to the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) from another institution and placed in quarantine. This baboon had been wild-caught approximately 1 year earlier. Initial quarantine examination at UIC revealed tachypnea and an elevated white blood cell count. Intradermal tests for tuberculosis were negative. Radiographs demonstrated increased density, three radiopaque masses in the lung fields,and hepatosplenomegaly. Each differential diagnosis considered had a poor prognosis, and the animal was euthanized and a necropsy performed. At necropsy, five intact cysts in the liver and two in the lungs were identified. In addition, the right apical lung lobe was collapsed, contained an apparently old, ruptured cyst, and had numerous fibrous adhesions to the thoracic wall. Microscopic examination of the cysts and cyst-fluid revealed that the cysts were multilaminated structures that contained viable Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices; therefore a diagnosis of hydatidosis was made. Recent advances in tests used to screen humans for hydatidosis have led to the development of an immunoblot and enzyme immunoassay, which are highly sensitive and specific. In this report, we verified the usefulness of these tests for detecting hydatidosis in baboons. Serum from the infected baboon and from three other apparently healthy members of the colony were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to be tested. Serum from the infected baboon yielded positive results in both the immunoblot and enzyme immunoassay, whereas tests on serum from the normal baboons were negative. Therefore, both the immunoblot and enzyme immunoassay represent potentially valuable tools for diagnosing hydatidosis in nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Post anthrax vaccine delayed hypersensitivity. II--delayed hypersensitivity in humans vaccinated against anthrax].

To detect cell immunity characterized by delayed postvaccination hypersensitivity to anthrax in man and assess its dynamics, vaccination using unencapsulated live anthrax vaccine was performed in 668 healthy volunteers. Vaccination was performed either by scarification (n = 172), subcutaneous injection (n = 202), or low-dose (n = 202) or high-dose (n = 83) inhalation. The anthraxin intradermal tests were performed in each patient at various times during the year following vaccination (D7, D15, D90, D180, D365). This study confirm that, regardless of the mode of administration, the vaccine induces cell-mediated immunity in man, as determined by positive anthraxine skin test. The incidence of positive tests decreases with time regardless of the mode of vaccination. After one year, the test remained positive in 34.8% of subjects vaccinated by subcutaneous injection, 37.5% vaccinated by low-dose inhalation, 34.2% vaccinated by high-dose inhalation, and 22.4% vaccinated by scarification. These findings are in agreement with those obtained in clinical epidemiological studies documenting the effectiveness of encapsulated live anthrax vaccine in man.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Occupational asthma due to formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde is a low molecular weight chemical and can elicit acute and chronic health related problems. Most of the inhaled formaldehyde is retained in the upper respiratory tract due to its extraordinary solubility. Therefore, cases of formaldehyde-induced occupational asthma are sporadic despite its widespread use in industrial processes. We herein report upon a case of occupational asthma due to formaldehyde, which was confirmed by workplace challenge including working environmental assessments, and by formaldehyde inhalation challenge using a specially designed closed-circuit apparatus. To investigate the possible involvement of an IgE-mediated mechanism, both in vitro and in vivo tests were done. IgE antibody specific for formaldehyde-human serum albumin conjugate (F-HSA) was not detected by ELISA, and no specific cutaneous reactivity to F-HSA was noted by either skin prick or intradermal test. The patient was diagnosed with formaldehyde-induced occupational asthma not associated with an IgE mediated mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Immediate reactions to contrast media: mediator release and value of diagnostic testing.

Immediate reactions to iodinated contrast media (ICM) resembles anaphylaxis. The recent literature demonstrates that histamine is released in vivo, with a peak concentration correlating within the severity grade of the reaction. Mast cells participate in severe reactions, as shown by several authors through the release of tryptase. In patients with severe reactions, intradermal testing with immediate reading appear positive to the culprit ICM, confirming an immune mechanism. For further procedures, a strict avoidance of the culprit ICM must be observed. The injection of another ICM giving negative skin tests has proved safe in a few patients.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1975

Tests with three antigens in leprosy-endemic and non-endemic areas.

A study comparing the 48-h and 30-day reactions produced by three antigens was made in areas of low and high leprosy endemicity in Venezuela and in areas of Chile, a non-endemic country. The antigens used for the intradermal tests were standard Mitsuda antigen, supernatant from standard Mitsuda antigen, and PPD. The results indicate that there is no difference in the Mitsuda reaction of persons living in areas of high or low endemicity, but they show a statistically significant difference between the reactions in persons who live in endemic areas and those of persons living in a country where the disease has not been described. The difference in the Fernandez reaction obtained with the supernatant was not statistically significant between the two population groups in the endemic country, but was highly significant when comparing the endemic and the non-endemic countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Immune depression--a possible cause of the unfavorable course of pneumonia in chronic alcoholics].

In 27 patients, suffering with chronic alcoholism and hospitalized for pulmonary diseases in the Clinic of Pulmonology and Phthisiology, the following immunological characteristics were checked up: the functional activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and in 12 patients also that of alveolar macrophages were evaluated on the basis of the study of the phagocytic index and the phagocytic number, myeloperoxidase and the nitro blue tetrazolium test; the levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM, the titer of the complement, E-rosette-forming cells (active and total) were also evaluated; the deficiency of cell-mediated immune response was determined by means of intradermal tests with the use of P.P.D., phytohemagglutinin, candidin, trichophytin. In all these investigations the depression of the functional activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages, dysimmunoglobulinemia, the increased level of circulating immune complexes and the suppression of cell-mediated immunity characteristics were revealed in the patients. Frequent infections and the severe course of bacterial and viral infections observed in such patients can be probably attributed to deficient cell-mediated immune response and to disturbances in phagocytosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Detection of human anti-mouse antibody in patients receiving 111In-antimyosin Fab: multicenter clinical study in Japan].

In the multicenter clinical study of 111In-Antimyosin Fab (74 MBq, 0.5 mg), human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) titers have been evaluated in serum from 456 patients using the sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Presence of HAMA was confirmed by the neutralization test or using the size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in 11 of 393 patients (2.8%). HAMA was still detectable in 2 patients even 40 weeks after injection. None of 7 patients judged as positive for the intradermal test, a patient with vascular pain or 3 patients with fever or flare and itching with fever, developed detectable levels HAMA in their serum. These results suggest that patients may develop HAMA response after infusion of 111In-Antimyosin Fab, but pathogenic role of HAMA in these patients remains to be studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cross-reactivity among drugs: clinical problems.

Cross-reactivity among drugs is either mediated by immunologic mechanisms or not. The former kind is usually explained by the presence of common antigenic determinants in the cross-reacting drugs. In the case of compounds provoking non-allergic hypersensitivity reactions, cross-reactivity is explained by a common pharmacological characteristic, such as the inhibitory effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase-1 and the capability of muscle relaxants or contrast media to release histamine through a non-immunologic mechanism. The main clinical problem deriving from cross-reactivity among drugs is the compelling need to choose a potentially cross-reactive compound and, therefore, to assess cross-reactivity by diagnostic tests. In choosing alternative compounds, skin testing has been used in evaluating IgE-mediated cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as among muscle relaxants. In assessing T cell-mediated cross-reactivity among contrast media, corticosteroids, anticonvulsants and heparins, delayed-reading intradermal tests and patch tests, together with lymphocyte transformation tests, can be performed. Because of the limited sensitivity of in vivo and in vitro testing, the most prudent way of establishing the tolerability of a compound of the same group in patients who especially require one is a graded challenge when other allergologic tests are negative.

Animals↗