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PubMed1990

Public perceptions of criminal justice policy: does victimization make a difference?

In this paper we examine public perceptions of criminal justice policy and public attitudes toward victims. We are particularly interested in exploring the relationship between the use of social science data and the adoption of public policy affecting victims of crime. To do this we analyze a representative sample of over 450 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area in 1983. The specific issues examined include attitudes toward rape (e.g., whether caused by victim's behavior), prosecution of marital rape, plea bargaining, sentencing of predatory offenders, and the relative importance and efficacy of rehabilitation, incapacitation, and retribution as goals of punishment. Overall, the results suggest that age and education have the most important influence on public attitudes regarding these criminal justice policies. Surprisingly, victimization status does not emerge as a salient predictor of criminal justice perceptions. We conclude with a call for greater use of social science surveys as information input into local and federal decision making on criminal justice policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The development, transfer and use of medical technology as a special subject of research].

Regardless of the real exposion of scientific findings and information concerning medical sciences, research in the field, especially fundamental one, has rather insignificant influence on the development of new technologies, applicable in everyday medical practice (pull technologies). Far greater significance has been put on research in other fields, usually initiated with other purposes. "Side product" of that research is the development of these technologies which are best applicable in medicine (push-technologies). This is not the only reason why, as a rule, there is no direct connection between researchers and those supposed to apply and use new technologies. Initiation of evaluational research in the field of medical technologies will be the only way to establish the relationship between the two groups of actors: researchers and implementators.

Medical Laboratory Science↗
PubMed1995

Perceptions of pregnant/parenting teens: reframing issues for an integrated approach to pregnancy problems.

Indisputably, unplanned teen pregnancies have myriad personal, family, and social consequences, but answers to questions surrounding this phenomenon are far less obvious. The purpose of this investigation was to determine correlations, if any, between personal, family, and educational background factors and unplanned teen pregnancy. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 341 volunteer respondents in 14 Teenage Pregnancy/Parenting Programs (TAPPS). Significant differences among respondents were related to family relationships, race/ethnicity, and sexuality education. These findings provide valuable information for family science researchers, family life educators, health personnel, policymakers, and parents who wish to ameliorate the problems in teen pregnancy/parenting by reframing issues for a more intergrated approach involving both prevention and intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

An "if this, then that" formulation of decisions related to social role valorization as a better way of interpreting it to people.

Social Role Valorization is interpreted as a high-order empirical social science theory that informs people about the relation between the social roles that people hold and what happens to them as a result and how to valorize (improve or defend) the social roles of people at risk of social devaluation. Because Social Role Valorization is not a "religion," people must go to higher belief systems to determine whether and why other humans should be valued or devalued, whether the social valuation of others should be promoted, and which presumably effective means to this end are morally defensible or even imperative. Whether a pursuit of social valuation in certain cases has unacceptable implications can be in the domain of either "religion" or practical trade-offs.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Adolescent substance abuse: psychosocial factors.

The prevention and management of adolescent substance abuse requires an understanding of the psychosocial context in which such a problem develops. This article reviews literature from the health and behavioral sciences and provides information about the prevalence of substance abuse, family and other psychosocial factors associated with substance abuse, and signs and symptoms of various kinds of substance abuse. Implications for school nursing practice are discussed and suggestions for implementation made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[History of physiology journals].

Two physiological journals were founded in Czechoslovakia in 1952, namely Ceskoslovenská fyziologie and an international version which was then named Cechoslovackaja fiziologija, later renamed Physiologia Bohemoslovaca. The first three volumes of the latter journal were published exclusively in Russian with German summaries. It was not until 1956 that most reports began to be published in English, with Russian summaries. In 1958, the content of both journals at last became separated. Cs. fyziol. started to publish review articles in Czech or Slovak, abstracts of communications reported at various scientific meetings, news from international symposia, etc. Physiol. Bohemoslov. continued to print the results of original experimental work. The major personality standing at the cradle of the two journals was Ernest Gutmann. Both journals were published by the Institute of Physiology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. In an attempt to make the latter journal more attractive to perspective authors from abroad, the international journal was renamed Physiological Research (formerly Physiologia Bohemoslovaca) in 1991 and still is being published by the same institution. It is indexed and abstracted by Current Contents, Excerpta Medica/Medline, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences and Science Citation Index. A major change also occurred with the journal Ceskoslovenská fyziologie. This is now (since 1992) being published by the Czech Medical Society J.E. Purkynĕ. Besides publishing reviews intended as pregraduate and postdoctoral training for physiologists, physicians, pharmacologists and others working in allied fields of science, the journal informs members of the Czech and Slovak Physiological Societies about domestic and world news in physiology.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2001

A rural virtual health sciences library project: research findings with implications for next generation library services.

PURPOSE: The Shared Hospital Electronic Library of Southern Indiana (SHELSI) research project was designed to determine whether access to a virtual health sciences library and training in its use would support medical decision making in rural southern Indiana and achieve the same level of impact seen by targeted information services provided by health sciences librarians in urban hospitals. METHODS: Based on the results of a needs assessment, a virtual medical library was created; various levels of training were provided. Virtual library users were asked to complete a Likert-type survey, which included questions on intent of use and impact of use. At the conclusion of the project period, structured interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Impact of the virtual health sciences library showed a strong correlation with the impact of information provided by health sciences librarians. Both interventions resulted in avoidance of adverse health events. Data collected from the structured interviews confirmed the perceived value of the virtual library. CONCLUSION: While librarians continue to hold a strong position in supporting information access for health care providers, their roles in the information age must begin to move away from providing information toward selecting and organizing knowledge resources and instruction in their use.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed2003

Translating the science of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to inform the public health response to diabetes.

Diabetes is emerging as a major focus of public health efforts in the United States and worldwide because the burden of the disease is increasing rapidly. The increasing prevalence of diabetes is alarming because of the broad spectrum of acute and long-term complications that typically occur in combination and lead to extensive disability and substantial mortality, while imposing substantial human and economic costs on individuals, families, communities, health care systems, and society. Diabetes management was once considered the domain of the physician-patient relationship, guided by basic science and clinical research. Research focused on the physician-patient relationship is now being complemented with risk reduction media campaigns, health services research, and community-based participatory research. This article summarizes key scientific studies of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention that provide evidence that diabetes complications can be prevented and controlled. We also discuss how findings from large-scale randomized clinical trails support the critical need for complementary public health approaches to address and eliminate persistent health disparities, using health systems, health communications, and community intervention research and practice.

Cost of Illness↗
PubMed2003

[Safety information project on drug, food and chemicals. Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food and Chemicals. National Institute of Health Sciences].

Recent issues on BSE(Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) and health hazards caused by adverse reactions of medical drugs, have strongly emphasized the necessity for safety measures to secure public health. These issues have been attributed to the delay to obtain overseas information on safety and regulation, and the lack of an adequate system for acquirement and assessment of such information. In order to develop a system where domestic and international safety information is collected, analyzed, assessed and presented both scientifically and systematically, the Division of Chem-Bio Informatics of the National Institute of Health Sciences was reorganized to the Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food and Chemicals in April, 2003. Collection and evaluation of safety information on medical drugs, food and chemical substances is now centralized at the Division, which consists of 5 sections, the first, second and third sections being newly established. The first section assesses information on medical drugs, the second section deals with food microorganisms, and the third section focuses on chemicals in food. The fourth and fifth sections retain their previous functions, namely, chemical safety information research and information network infrastructure support within the institute, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to describe how we will manage safety information on drug, food and chemicals, focusing on the role of the three new sections.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1989

Innovation and education: unlimited potential for the teaching library.

The information age demands that health sciences librarians take active roles in the educational process. Librarians have traditionally taught users how to access information. Now, with the proliferation of information, librarians must accept new roles and teach the user efficient techniques for evaluating and processing information as well. Innovative roles for librarians at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center include teaching users to use technology for information management, to appraise literature critically for quality, and to develop skills for lifelong learning. This paper reviews the history of educational activities in health sciences libraries and describes the teaching programs at Texas Tech.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

STD content in school health textbooks: an evaluation using the worth assessment procedure.

Classroom education is a key strategy to controlling sexually transmitted diseases in young persons. Textbooks are the major or sole source of STD information for many students. Thirteen secondary level health science textbooks and five sex education textbooks were reviewed to assess their potential contribution to STD control objectives. Worth assessment, a decision analysis tool for helping decision makers choose among complex or maltiattributed alternatives, was used to evaluate the STD content. The review indicated that sex education textbooks are more likely to contribute to STD control objectives than are health science textbooks. Health science textbooks failed to incorporate information on preventive health behaviors. Both types of textbooks present biomedical information primarily, which is generally free of significant errors. The worth assessment method proved to be a useful tool for evaluating the quality of textbook treatment in a specific content area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

Integrating information services for dental schools into a health sciences library.

Standards for dental school libraries are first discussed, and the actual state of such libraries described. Advantages and disadvantages of combining the dental library with the health sciences library are weighed. A description is given of the experience at UCLA of integrating dentistry into the total Biomedical Library, with details on serial and monograph selection, together with figures on the size of the collection. Services required of a dental library are detailed, and particular services offered by UCLA described.

California↗
PubMed1998

Tunnel vision information: a paradox of ethics, economics, politics and science.

BACKGROUND: Improvement in vision with spinal manipulation was first observed in the early 1970s. Reports of the phenomenon appeared in the 1980s in the popular press and at scientific meetings, but it was not until the mid-1990s that general discussion of the potential value of this knowledge occurred. Considering the far-reaching implications of the possible ability to improve brain function by spinal manipulation, the delay in consideration and implementation of this concept is a paradox in general terms and a total mystery in the case of the chiropractic profession. OBJECTIVE: To provide explanations for the delay in scientific assessment of the discovery that vision improves, in appropriate patients, when the spine is manipulated and to discuss the implications of this finding. This discovery is now called the "tunnel vision information." DISCUSSION: A schema of pathological hierarchy is depicted in which the level of intervention of spinal manipulation outranks other forms of treatment. The significance of this precedence is portrayed. Possible reasons for the failure to address this hierarchy in light of the tunnel vision information are discussed with reference to established protocols, medical politics, the presentation of the data, the failure of scientific editorship and the illogical aspects of the illness itself. CONCLUSION: In the future, the delay from the initial observation of the tunnel vision discovery to its free discussion in scientific literature may seem incongruous, particularly if the health benefits which it augurs are realized.

Chiropractic↗