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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A systematic review of randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of mother/baby skin-to-skin care on successful breast feeding.

OBJECTIVE: to examine the effects of early skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby on the initiation and duration of breast feeding. REVIEW METHODS SEARCH STRATEGY: electronic databases--the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE,CINAHL and EMBASE. References of studies were examined to identify additional trials and contact was made with researchers in the field. Study selection criteria: randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in any language in which skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their healthy full-term newborn babies was compared to routine contact. Primary outcomes were success of first breast feed and duration of breast feeding. Secondary outcomes included, baby temperature and behaviour. STUDY-QUALITY ASSESSMENT: validity of included studies was assessed using criteria defined by the Cochrane Collaboration. Application of inclusion criteria, validity assessment and data extraction were carried out independently by two reviewers with a third reviewer to resolve differences. FINDINGS: seven randomised controlled trials were identified. Five studies assessed duration of breast feeding with mixed results. None of the studies assessed the success of the first breast-feeding experience. Study quality was variable with methods of randomisation and blinding of assessment unclear in four of the five studies providing relevant results. CONCLUSIONS: the findings of this systematic review fail to support the current initiatives to implement changes in clinical practice to include skin-to-skin contact. Methodological flaws within the included studies prohibit firm conclusions being reached with regard to the effect of skin-to-skin contact on the duration of breast feeding, timing of first breast feed or baby physiological factors. The review highlights the need for further primary research to assess the effect of skin-to-skin contact on the breast-feeding experience.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1998

Soothing effect of amniotic fluid smell in newborn infants.

Newborn young of several mammalian species are attracted to the odor of amniotic fluid (AF); these chemical cues also appear to calm neonates and help them adapt to their novel postnatal environment. AF odor likewise elicits positive (head orientation) responses by human infants. The present study systematically examined whether the odors of AF and mother's breasts influence the crying of the newborn infant, when separated from its mother. The total crying time from 31-90 min postnatal was registered on tapes in 47 healthy fullterm newborns, allocated to one of three conditions; exposure to either AF or breast odor or no exposure (controls). Babies exposed to AF smell cried significantly less (median 29 s) than babies in the two other groups (breast odor--301 s, controls--135 s). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the fetus may become familiar with chemical cues present in the intrauterine environment. Our data provide new evidence of the human baby's fine olfactory discrimination capacity, and add to the growing body of evidence indicating that naturally occurring odors play an important role in the mediation of infants' early behavior.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1994

The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants.

6-month-old infants selected on irritability shortly after birth and their mothers were randomly assigned to 2 intervention and 2 control groups to test the hypothesis that enhancing maternal sensitive responsiveness will improve quality of mother-infant interaction, infant exploration, and attachment. The intervention lasted 3 months and ended when the child was 9 months of age. When infants were 9 months of age, intervention group mothers were significantly more responsive, stimulating, visually attentive, and controlling of their infant's behavior than control group mothers. Intervention infants had higher scores than control infants on sociability, self-soothing, and exploration, and they cried less. Quality of exploration also improved, with intervention infants engaged in cognitively sophisticated kinds of exploration more than control infants. At 12 months of age, significantly more intervention group dyads were securely attached than control group dyads.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Maternal behavior toward her newborn infant. Potential modification by peridural analgesia or childbirth preparation].

The effects of sophrology and epidural analgesia on early relationship between the mother and her child were studied on a simple of 190 deliveries. The mothers were observed during and just after delivery. Mothers who had been separated from their child before the end of the observation were excluded from the study. The patients had the choice between epidural analgesia or prenatal care with sophrology. Participation to prenatal courses has statistically a positive effect on the relation between the mother and her child (p less than 0.01). Instead, epidural analgesia and posture have very limited effect on this factor. However, a trend to more interaction is found in multipari and patients who didn't choose epidural analgesia.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1999

Can newborns discriminate between their own cry and the cry of another newborn infant?

Two experiments were conducted to test whether newborns could discriminate between their own cry and the cry of another newborn infant. Facial behavior and nonnutritive sucking rate were adopted as dependent measures. In Experiment 1, 20 newborns in an awake state were presented with either their own cry or the cry of another infant. In the latter condition, newborns showed the facial expression of distress more frequently and for a longer duration. In addition, the rate of sucking decreased significantly between the pretest phase and the 1st min of presentation of another infant's cry. Newborns' responses, although delayed and less intense, showed a similar trend in Experiment 2, during which 20 newborns in a sleep state were tested with the same procedure. These results indicate the newborns' capability to discriminate between the 2 cry stimuli and show the effectiveness of a newborn cry in inducing distress signals in another newborn infant.

Crying↗
PubMed1979

Effects of chronic lead ingestion on social development in infant rhesus monkeys.

The social behavior of infant rhesus monkeys during the first year of life was examined under a variety of lead (Pb) exposure conditions in four separate experiments. Daily ingestion of PB acetate in milk for one year elevated blood Pb levels to 30-100 microgram/dl, suppressed play, increased social clinging, and exacerbated the disruption of social behavior caused by changing the play environment midway through the year of observation. The presence of control monkeys in social test-groups reduced the magnitude of Pb-induced social behavior changes. In contrast to daily postnatal Pb exposure, chronic exposure to Pb during gestation had no measurable effect on postnatal social development, and acute, transient postnatal Pb exposure (producing blood Pb levels > 200 microgram/dl during month 2 of life) affected only the monkeys' response to the change in the plan environment. These data suggest that daily ingestion of Pb, and not a previously-acquired tissue burden, was responsible for the long-term changes in social development observed. The results are discussed in the general context of primate social development, which is thought to require adequate interactive play for appropriate social integration and reproductive behavior at maturity.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Ainsworth revisited: an empirical analysis of interactive behavior in the home.

Naturalistic assessment of maternal and infant interactive behavior using q-sorts has typically focused on rationally derived variables, such as maternal sensitivity and infant security. In the current study, behavior profiles characteristic of groups of young and adult mothers and their infants were derived empirically through q-factor analysis of the Maternal Behavior Q-sort (Version 3.0) and the Attachment Q-sort (Version 3.0). A three-factor solution best described the behavior profiles characteristic of young mothers. The identified factors were labeled: 'ignoring/neglecting versus interacting', 'accepting versus hostile/rejecting', and 'interfering'. The behavior of adult mothers was less variable and was described with only one factor, which corresponded to the 'accepting versus hostile/rejecting' factor. The factor solutions for infants of young and adult mothers were similar, with four identified factors, or behavioral profiles, discriminating between groups of infants with similar patterns of behavior: 'secure with mother', 'prefers visitor', 'socially withdrawn' and 'demanding with mother'. Infants of young and adult mothers differed with regard to their mean values on the first two identified factors. Results provide support for the relevance of rationally derived domains and criterion sorts in populations of both adult and young mothers, and suggest ways of progressing beyond the currently used, rationally derived variables in assessments of maternal and infant behavior in high- and low-risk populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral responsivity in preterm infants.

Both prematurity and the type and degree of perinatal complications affect behavioral responsivity. Decreased sociability and decreased soothability shown by preterm infants can be considered to be attributable to some stress on the central nervous system. Because marked individual differences are observed within preterm groups, stimulation should be geared to the individual's level of responsivity.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality: the role of behavioral factors.

Using the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey 1988 (NMIHS), a nationally representative sample of mothers, we investigate the role of behavioral factors in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality. In particular, we focus on the following variables: weight gain during pregnancy, prenatal care utilization, exercise, vitamin use, and substance use during pregnancy. These analyses are conducted by modeling both time of death (neonatal vs. postneonatal) and cause of death (infections, perinatal complications, delivery complications, congenital malformations, SIDS, other causes) outcomes. Our results suggest that behavioral factors are partially responsible for observed race/ethnic differentials in infant mortality, but are not as important as sociostructural determinants such as SES.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Social regulatory effects of infant nondistress vocalization on maternal behavior.

This study investigated the social regulatory function of infant nondistress vocalization in modulating maternal response. Thirteen infants and their mothers were observed weekly in a face-to-face interaction situation from 4 to 24 weeks. After the occurrences and the speech quality of infant nondistress vocalization were identified, maternal contingent responses to these vocalizations were also coded. Each responsive action was further classified by the change processes involved. Results showed that it was the occurrence of infant nondistress vocalization rather than its speech quality that regulated maternal verbal response concurrently and that infant nondistress vocalization was more likely to be synchronized with maternal facial expression and touch than with head movements. Developmentally, significant individual differences were found in the linear growth patterns of overall maternal response and within the individual modalities when responding to speechlike vocalizations.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Predicting and understanding mothers' infant-feeding intentions and behavior: testing the theory of reasoned action.

The present study examines the applicability of Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action to the prediction and understanding of how primiparous and multiparous mothers intended to feed their infants and how they actually fed these infants during the 6 weeks following delivery. Measures of attitudes to behavior, subjective norms, and behavioral intentions were taken during the last trimester of pregnancy. Behavior was assessed by self-report 6 weeks postpartum. In most respects the findings supported the theory of reasoned action. However, attitudes to behavior were found to make an independent and significant contribution to the prediction of infant-feeding behavior, and the previous behavior of multiparous mothers explained an independent and significant proportion of variation in their behavioral intentions. The relative importance of the attitudinal and normative components of the theoretical model tended to vary according to whether the mothers had direct experience of the criterion behavior. Further analysis revealed that mothers who breast-fed during the 6-week postpartum period differed from those who bottle-fed exclusively during this period on a number of behavioral beliefs, outcome evaluations, and normative beliefs, and on one measure of motivation to comply. The implications of these findings for the theory of reasoned action are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Relationship of early infant state measures to behavior over the first year of life in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella).

Data on activity states were collected from 29 group-housed capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) infants for 3 h each week from birth to 11 weeks of age. The amounts of time spent in sleeping/drowsy, alert-quiet, and alert-active states were measured in these subjects. Videotaped observations of these infants were recorded 3 times/week in the home cage over the first year of life and were scored for a number of social and exploratory behaviors. The extent to which early infant activity state scores predicted later behavior in the home cage was examined. Infant state measures correlated significantly with home cage behavior during months 2-6 in that infants that had been more active in early infancy spent more time alone, with other animals, and in exploration and play and less time with mothers than did quieter infants. Early state measures were less successful in predicting home cage scores beyond 8 months of age, whereas differences in behavior attributable to housing variables became more salient in the latter part of the first year. There was also a negative correlation between mother and infant activity in months 2 and 3, in that more sedentary mothers tended to have more active infants.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of ultra low dose epidural analgesia on newborn breastfeeding behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a difference in breastfeeding behaviors could be observed between newborns whose mothers received epidural analgesia for labor pain relief and those newborns whose mothers received no pain medication in labor. DESIGN: There were two groups of neonates in this study. One group was born to mothers who received epidural analgesia, and one group was born to mothers who received no pain medication for labor. Both groups were observed for initial breastfeeding behaviors using the Premature Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale following birth and at 24 hours. Central nervous system functioning in the newborn was measured with the Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score at 2 and 24 hours of age. SETTING: A large tertiary hospital in northeast Ohio. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-six breastfeeding mother-newborn dyads. All mothers were healthy multiparae who gave birth vaginally to normal, full-term, healthy newborns. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Newborns were observed for rooting, latch on, sucking, swallowing, activity state, and neurobehavior. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in breastfeeding behaviors at birth or at 24 hours of age. CONCLUSION: A possible cause for the lack of significant results may have been the ultra low dose of bupivacaine and fentanyl used in this sample.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed2005

Neonatal procedural pain exposure predicts lower cortisol and behavioral reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU.

Data from animal models indicate that neonatal stress or pain can permanently alter subsequent behavioral and/or physiological reactivity to stressors. However, cumulative effects of pain related to acute procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on later stress and/or pain reactivity has received limited attention. The objective of this study is to examine relationships between prior neonatal pain exposure (number of skin breaking procedures), and subsequent stress and pain reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU. Eighty-seven preterm infants were studied at 32 (+/-1 week) postconceptional age (PCA). Infants who received analgesia or sedation in the 72 h prior to each study, or any postnatal dexamethasone, were excluded. Outcomes were infant responses to two different stressors studied on separate days in a repeated measures randomized crossover design: (1) plasma cortisol to stress of a fixed series of nursing procedures; (2) behavioral (Neonatal Facial Coding System; NFCS) and cardiac reactivity to pain of blood collection. Among infants born <or=28 weeks gestational age (GA), but not 29-32 weeks GA, higher cumulative neonatal procedural pain exposure was related to lower cortisol response to stress and to lower facial (but not autonomic) reactivity to pain, at 32 weeks PCA, independent of early illness severity and morphine exposure since birth. Repeated neonatal procedural pain exposure among neurodevelopmentally immature preterm infants was associated with down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which was not counteracted with morphine. Differential effects of early pain on development of behavioral, physiologic and hormonal systems warrant further investigation.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1998

Impact of marital quality and parent-infant interaction on preschool behavior problems.

This study examined the relationships between parent interactions with healthy term and preterm infants at 12 months of age, marital quality, family socioeconomic status, and preschool behavior problems. Eighty mothers and 74 fathers were observed in the home during an interaction with their child (Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale), and this group of parents completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale questionnaire (marital quality) 12 months after the child was discharged from the hospital. Each parent completed the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory when their child was four years of age. The parent and infant interaction scores were not predictive of later child behavior problems. Maternal perceptions of marital quality at 12 months predicted the frequency (Eyberg Intensity score) and impact (Eyberg Problem score) of the child's problematic behaviors reported by mothers. Marital quality and family socioeconomic status predicted the impact of behavior problems for fathers. There were no significant differences between preterm and term children or between boys and girls in the frequency or impact of problematic behaviors. Mothers reported a significantly greater frequency of behavior problems than fathers of the same children. The implications of these findings for nurses who work with families and young children are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Children's emotions and behaviors in response to infants' cries.

Infant crying can elicit in others both a range of emotions and contrasting behavioral reactions, such as altruistic caregiving versus aggression. Variations in reactions to young infants' cries were examined in 60 children ranging in age from late preschool to preadolescence. Each child over-heard either a preterm or a full-term tape-recorded cry from an adjacent room. Then a mother, carrying her infant, came looking for her (previously) "crying" infant's bottle. Later each child was interviewed after hearing a tape recording of a preterm and a full-term cry. Children's emotions and behaviors thus were assessed in response to simulated, real distresses and hypothetical representations of distress. Children's self-reports of empathy, their verbalized intentions to help, their actual helping responses, and observers' ratings of negative emotion were common responses to cries at all ages. In addition there were significant increases with age in prosocial, behavioral interventions. Expressions of negative emotion were inversely related to subsequent forms of prosocial behavior that required direct interaction with the infant. The emotions and behaviors of most children were not influenced by whether they heard preterm or full-term cries. They were, however, able to discriminate between such cries and some articulated "theories" about the impact of the cries on the listener.

Arousal↗
PubMed1982

Looking behavior of Down syndrome infants.

Eleven Down syndrome infants were individually matched for sex and socioeconomic status with 11 nonretarded children. Looking behavior for the two groups was coded when the children were 6 and 9 months of age while they played with their mothers without toys. No significant group differences were found for maternal looking, holding, and vocalization behavior, but the Down syndrome infants spent almost half the play time looking toward their mother, nearly twice the time spent by the contrast group. Results were discussed in terms of Down syndrome fixation characteristics, maternal behavior, and referential looking.

Attention↗