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PubMed2000

Effect of venotropic drugs on the respiratory activity of isolated mitochondria and in endothelial cells.

Several drugs used in the treatment of chronic peripheral ischaemic and venous diseases, i.e. aescine, Cyclo 3, Ginkor Fort, hydroxyethylrutosides, naftidrofuryl, naphthoquinone and procyanidolic oligomers, were tested on the mitochondrial respiratory activity. The results show that all these drugs protected human endothelial cells against the hypoxia-induced decrease in ATP content. In addition, they all induced a concentration-dependent increase in respiratory control ratio (RCR) of liver mitochondria pre-incubated with the drugs for 60 min. The drugs were divided into two groups according to their effects. The first group (A), comprising aescine, Ginkor Fort, naftidrofuryl and naphthoquinone, increased RCR by decreasing state 4 respiration rate. The second group of drugs (B), comprising hydroxyethylrutosides, procyanidolic oligomers and Cyclo 3, increased RCR by increasing state 3 respiration rate. The drugs of group A were able to prevent the inhibition of complexes I and III respectively by amytal and antimycin A while the first two drugs of group B increased adenine nucleotide translocase activity. Cyclo 3 inhibited the carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (mCCP)-induced uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration. None of these seven drugs could protect complexes IV and V, respectively, from inhibition by cyanide and oligomycin. When tested on endothelial cells the drugs of group A, in contrast to group B, prevented the decrease in ATP content induced by amytal or antimycin A. The present results suggest that the protective effects on mitochondrial respiration activity by these venotropic drugs may explain their protective effect on the cellular ATP content in ischaemic conditions and some of their beneficial therapeutic effect in chronic vascular diseases.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2002

[Study on the antibacterial activity of ginkgolic acids].

In this article we studied the anti-bacterial activity of the extract from testa of Ginkgo biloba and ginkgolic acids. They can inhibit the growth of Staphylocococus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and MRSA. Ginkgolic acids combined with peniciline can enhance their inhibitory activity to MRSA.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

[Neurasthenia as a variant of the asthenic syndrome: a pharmacotherapeutic analysis modelled on tanakan therapy].

25 patients with neurasthenia were examined during 2 months of ambulatory therapy with tanakan. Taking into consideration the data of cluster analysis of symptomatology before the therapy, 2 groups of patients were selected: with hyposthenic (15 patients) and hypersthenic (10 patients) variations of the disease. The main symptom complex in both groups was an asthenic one, but symptomatology in group 1 tended to hyporeactivity and depressive range of affective spectrum, while in group 2--to hyperreactivity, hyperesthesia, irritation, anxious range of disorders. Pronounced improvement was observed in 18 cases, moderate effect--in 4 patients; in 3 cases the treatment was discontinued because of side-effects (headache, allergic reactions, etc). In group 1 efficiency of the treatment was higher and stable positive dynamics of the state was found, while in group 2 there was uneven reduction of the symptoms with partial temporary change (the exacerbation of anxious symptoms). The data obtained support correctness of the division of neurasthenia into hyposthenic and hypersthenic variations and expediency of taking into consideration such differences in therapeutic policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effect of Gingko biloba extract (Egb 761) as a free radical scavenger on the survival of skin flaps in rats. A comparative study.

Free radicals may have a role in pedicle flap necrosis. We undertook this study to compare the effect of various antioxidants and scavengers of free radicals such as vitamin E, vitamin C, deferoxamine, and Gingko biloba extract (Egb 761) on McFarlane caudal-based dorsal rat flaps. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of 10 animals each. One group served as a control (saline) group. The remaining four groups were given vitamin C 340 mg/kg, deferoxamine 150 mg/kg, Egb 761 100 mg/kg, and vitamin E 20 mg/kg. The necrosed area of flap was significantly reduced in the deferoxamine (p < 0.001), Egb 761 (p < 0.001), and vitamin C (p < 0.05) groups compared with the control group. Vitamin E had no effect on distal flap necrosis (p = 0.20).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Experience in clinical use of tanakan in the treatment of the syndrome of mild cognitive impairment].

Clinical efficacy and safety of tanakan has been studied in 30 patients with the syndrome of mild cognitive impairment. The results suggest a clear therapeutic effect of the 6 month course therapy. The efficacy of tanakan was confirmed by significant improvement of cognitive functioning of patients measured with MMSE, MDRS, FAST and other scales. The feature of tanakan effect is its positive influence on memory and other cognitive functions that allows the use of the drug in the treatment of elderly people with the syndrome of mild cognitive impairment. The safety of tanakan used in high therapeutic dosages (240 mg daily) and its good tolerability during chronic administration are revealed.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[The efficacy of treating cerebral ischemia due to changes in the major cerebral arteries by using the preparation Tanakan (EGB 761)].

Cerebrovascular pathology is one of the chief causes of death. Effects were studied of the drug preparation "Tanakan" on the process of the rehabilitation of those patients (n = 150) operated on for abnormalities and deformity of brain major arteries. Two groups were identified: pathologies of the vertebral arteries (n = 50), carotid abnormalities (n = 51), control groups (n = 24 and 25 respectively). The drug was administered in a dose of 40 mg on a three-times daily schedule. Clinical approaches were used as were the dopplerographic, electroencephalographic, biochemical, micromorphological, neuropsychological methods of investigation. Determined in the study was a positive dynamics of clinical indices, which was more apparent for vertebrobasilar discirculations. EEG-investigation revealed differences in the course of changes in left- and right-hemispheric location of carotidogenous discirculations. Increase in blood serum antioxidant activity was recorded as was a positive transformation of vegetative indices and improvement of cognitive functions. Thus, the use of the above drug is indicated in the postoperative complex of rehabilitative measures in patients with cerebrovascular ischemia secondary to developmental anomalies and deformities of brain major arteries.

Carotid Arteries↗
PubMed2000

Facilitative effects of EGb 761 on olfactory recognition in young and aged rats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic and acute treatment by the Gingko biloba extract, EGb 761 (IPSEN, France) on olfactory short-term memory in rats, using a spontaneous recognition procedure. The effects of a daily EGb 761 treatment (30 or 60 mg/kg) over a period of 30 days (Experiment 1) were evaluated in young male rats. Those of a single injection of EGb 761 were assessed either in young male rats at 60 or 120 mg/kg (Experiment 2) or in aged female rats at 60 mg/kg (Experiment 3). Results showed that, at the highest dose (60 mg/kg), chronic EGb 761 treatment enhanced the recognition performances, allowing recognition at delays at which control animals did not show any recognition. Acute treatment enhanced recognition at both doses tested. The results of the third experiment showed that EGb 761 had an overall enhancement effect on the performances of aged rats. In summary, our results provide evidence for a short-term memory enhancement effect of EGb 761 in both young and aged rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Prevention of adriamycin-induced skin necrosis with various free radical scavengers.

Infiltration of antitumor agents into subcutaneous tissues may either result in a local area of self-resolving inflammation or progress to full-thickness loss of skin and underlying vital structures. Inadvertent extravasation of adriamycin can result in severe tissue necrosis. The mechanism of this tissue damage is believed to be release of oxygen free radicals into the tissue. After adriamycin extravasation, the treatment groups were made up according to drugs used, EGb 761, pentoxifylline, alpha-tocopherol acetate, and alpha-tocopherol succinate in rats. To prevent the necrosis and to decrease the tissue malondialdehyde levels, the most effective agent was found to be EGb 761, and pentoxifylline was also effective (P < 0.001). No difference was found between topical lanoline and saline (P > 0.05). The maximum ulcer diameter was obtained in 2 weeks. The maximum tissue malondialdehyde levels were obtained in 24 h, and in comparison to the control group the treatment groups showed lower levels. Our aim is to show the role of free radicals in the formation of skin necrosis as a cause of adriamycin extravasation and to prevent or decrease the skin necrosis using various free radical scavengers.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Differential diagnosis and treatment of vertigo in hypertensive patients].

AIM: To study causes of vertigo in hypertensive patients and specify approaches to its treatment. Material and methods. Prevalence and causes of vertigo were analysed in 285 patients with arterial hypertension (AH). The examination included 24-h monitoring of arterial pressure (APM) and MR-tomography of the head. RESULTS: The majority of patients (78%) hospitalized with the diagnosis "hypertensive crisis" were diagnosed to have other diseases (headaches of tension, stroke, Meniere's syndrome and disease, etc.) the development of which was accompanied with hypertension and simulated a hypertensive crisis. Vertigo occurs in 20% hypertensive patients and is unrelated to elevated blood pressure. It is rather due to associated neurological, peripheral vestibular and other diseases. APM shows that vertigo occurs in hypotension after intake of hypotensive drugs. In hypertensive patients treatment of vertigo should not be directed only to management of elevated pressure but demands treatment of underlying disease. Vertigo plus mnestic disorders are effectively corrected with tanakan in a dose 120-160 mg/day. CONCLUSION: Vertigo in hypertensive patients is not caused by elevated pressure but related with concomitant neurological or peripheral vestibular diseases as well as hypotension. Hypertensive patients with vertigo need correction of the condition causing it.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Protective and rescuing abilities of IGF-I and some putative free radical scavengers against beta-amyloid-inducing toxicity in neurons.

beta-Amyloid (A beta) peptides are most likely involved in the neurodegenerative process occurring in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and are enriched in senile plaques. The mechanisms of A beta toxicity are not clear but likely involve free radicals and apoptosis. Much interest is currently aiming at developing effective approaches to block A beta toxicity in order to slow down disease progression. In that context, we are particularly interested in studying the role of insulin-like growth factors, particularly IGF-I and purported free radical scavengers including a Gingko biloba extract (EGb761) as blocker of A beta toxicity in a simple in vitro model of hippocampal primary cultures. We observed that both IGF-I and EGb761 are unique in that they are able not only to protect but even to rescue neurons against A beta toxicity. These results are summarized here and possible mechanisms of action are discussed to explain the protective properties of these two classes of agents.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1992

Ischaemia- and reperfusion-induced Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ shifts in rat retina: effects of two free radical scavengers, SOD and EGB 761.

Using Sprague-Dawley rats with transient (90-min) regional ischaemia induced by retinal artery occlusion in the eye, we have shown that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and EGB 761 (IPSEN, France), two free radical scavengers, can dramatically reduce the reperfusion-induced sodium and calcium gains, and potassium loss in retinal tissue. Investigating whether this was a 'direct' protective effect, operating during reperfusion, or an 'indirect' effect arising from the action of SOD or EBG 761 on the tissue during ischaemia. SOD (15,000 U kg-1) and EGB 761 (100 mg kg-1) were added to the rats at the moment of reperfusion (after an ischaemic insult). Eyes were subjected to 90 min ischaemia followed by 4 and 24 hr of reperfusion, respectively. In the drug-free control group, 90 min of ischaemia resulted in an accumulation of retinal sodium (2-fold) and calcium (3-fold), and a loss of cell potassium (by 40%) and magnesium (by 40%). During the first 4 hr of reperfusion the ionic imbalance was unchanged, while after 24 hrs of reperfusion a normalization was observed and the ion content of the retina almost returned to their preischaemic values. SOD and EGB 761 treatment significantly reduced the reperfusion-induced ionic imbalance (magnesium was an exception) and improved the recovery of retinal ion contents. Our results indicate that the elimination of oxygen radicals by free radical scavengers may reduce the reperfusion-induced ionic imbalance and improve the ionic homeostasis in the injured retinal cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Preliminary assessment of ginkgo biloba (Ginkofar) in patients with dementia].

AIM: This preliminary open-label study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and tolerability of ginkgo biloba (Ginkofar) (manufactured by Biofarm Poznań) during a 6-month period in Alzheimer type dementia, vascular and mix dementia. METHOD: Patients were required to have at entry a diagnosis of dementia Alzheimer type or vascular according to ICD-10 criteria. The presence of both types of dementia was classified as mix dementia. 30 patients were included into the study. Overall 27 patients entered treatment and completed a 6 months period. RESULTS: Results of clinical scales (IADL, Clock Test) during period of treatment (baseline, 3 months and 6 months) were stable. MMSE results demonstrated slight benefit. CONCLUSION: The results show that ginkgo biloba was well tolerated. The patients treated with Ginkofar remaining in the study demonstrate no clinically evident loss of cognitive function.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Relevance of general practitioner's prescriptions for hospital pharmacotherapy. A survey of hospital physicians].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: At hospital admission drugs prescribed by the general practitioner (GP) are often changed. This may have a negative impact on the relationship between family and hospital physicians as well as on the family doctor-patient-relationship. The study set out to examine the attitudes of hospital physicians towards GPs' prior ambulatory medication, especially in the case of drugs of unproven efficacy (e.g. certain drug combinations and homeopathic or herbal drugs). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A total of 129 doctors of the surgical and medical wards of the Göttingen University Hospital received a standardized questionnaire focusing on drugs prescribed by referring GPs (response rate: 65.9%). Three case vignettes were presented describing "popular" GP prescriptions. Doctors of surgical and medical departments were asked whether or not they would follow these prescriptions. Differences in the answers between the groups of doctors were tested by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: More doctors on the surgical than on the medical wards would usually follow GPs' medication (82 vs 25%; P < 0.001). According to these attitudes, more doctors of medical departments would stop the prescription of drug combination (82 vs 41%; P < 0.001); both groups would be hesitant to accept homeopathic drugs (89 vs 59%; P < 0.01) or herbal drugs (89 vs 55%; P < 0.01) as prescribed by the GP. The critical attitude especially of doctors of the medical departments towards drug combinations and herbal drugs was in line with their decision in the case vignettes (e.g. Capozide, Tebonin forte). CONCLUSION: Especially doctors working in medical departments keep in line with conventional clinical pharmacological criteria. If they have to decide whether or not to follow patients' ambulatory medication, they may overlook GPs' decision-making process underlying their prescribing.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Antioxidant compounds EGB-761 and BN-52021 attenuate brain edema formation and hemeoxygenase expression following hyperthermic brain injury in the rat.

Role of carbon monoxide (CO) in hyperthermic brain injury induced brain pathology was examined in a rat model using immunohistochemistry of the hemeoxygenase-2 (HO-2) enzyme. Exposure of rats to 4 h heat stress at 38 degrees C resulted in profound hyperthermia, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain edema formation, cell damage and expression of HO-2 in several brain regions. Pretreatment with potent antioxidant compounds EGB-761 and BN-52021 markedly reduced the HO-2 expression, BBB breakdown, brain edema formation and cell damage without attenuating the hyperthermic response. This effect was most marked in animals treated with EGB-761. These observations suggest that upregulation of HO-2 representing generation of CO plays important roles in hyperthermic brain injury, and oxidative stress seems to be one of the most important signals in inducing HO-2 expression in hyperthermia, not reported earlier.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Role of nitric oxide in blood-brain barrier permeability, brain edema and cell damage following hyperthermic brain injury. An experimental study using EGB-761 and Gingkolide B pretreatment in the rat.

The role of oxidative stress in hyperthermia induced upregulation of constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated using immunohistochemistry in a rat model. Exposure of rats to heat stress at 38 degrees C for 4 h resulted in marked upregulation of constitutive NOS (cNOS) and a mild but significant expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) in several brain regions exhibiting leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain edema formation and cell injury. Pretreatment with the potent antioxidative compound EGB-761 or its constituent, Ginkgolide B significantly attenuated upregulation of cNOS and iNOS in the brain and also reduced the BBB permeability disturbances, brain edema and cell injury. These neuroprotective effects were most marked in the EGB-761 pretreated rats. Our observations strongly suggest that (i) EGB-761 and Ginkgolide B pretreatment offer significant neuroprotection in hyperthermic brain injury, (ii) upregulation of cNOS and iNOS are injurious to the cell and, (iii) oxidative stress plays an important role in NOS expression and cell injury.

Animals↗