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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Relationship between the R219K polymorphism of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 gene and coronary heart disease].

To study the distribution of R219K polymorphism in ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter 1 (ABCA1) gene in Chinese Han population and the association of this polymorphism with coronary heart disease (CHD) . Genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP approach in 417 unrelated healthy controls and 396 CHD patients. The frequencies of K allele and KK genotype for controls (0.465, 0.228) were significantly higher than those (0.381, 0.162) for patients (P<0.05). When the patients were divided into two subgroups by onset-age, the frequencies of K allele and KK genotype for early-onset patients (0.34, 0.111) were lower than those (0.419, 0.205) for late-onset patients and those for controls (P<0.05) , while there were no such differences between late-onset patients and controls. Patients with RR genotype had a higher plasma concentration of triglycerides (TG) when compared with that of KK genotype (P<0.05) . No significant differences of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level were observed among patients with different genotypes. These data suggest that the R219K polymorphism in ABCA1 gene is correlated with CHD, and the ABCA1 gene KK genotype may has a function against atherosclerosis without detectable change of plasma HDL-C level in Chinese Han population.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1↗
PubMed1991

A soybean cell wall protein is affected by seed color genotype.

The dominant I gene inhibits accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in epidermal cells of the soybean seed coat. We compared saline-soluble proteins extracted from developing seed coats and identified a 35-kilodalton protein that was abundant in Richland (genotype I/I, yellow) and much reduced in an isogenic mutant line T157 (genotype i/i, imperfect black seed coats). We purified the 35-kilodalton protein by a novel procedure using chromatography on insoluble polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The 35-kilodalton protein was composed primarily of proline, hydroxyproline, valine, tyrosine, and lysine. Three criteria (N-terminal amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, and sequence of a cDNA) proved that the seed coat 35-kilodalton protein was PRP1, a member of a proline-rich gene family expressed in hypocotyls and other soybean tissues. The levels of soluble PRP1 polypeptides and PRP1 mRNA were reduced in young seed coats with the recessive i/i genotype. These data demonstrated an unexpected and novel correlation between an anthocyanin gene and the quantitative levels of a specific, developmentally regulated cell wall protein. In contrast, PRP2, a closely related cell wall protein, was synthesized later in seed coat development and was not affected by the genotype of the I locus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2007

Power calculations for likelihood ratio tests for offspring genotype risks, maternal effects, and parent-of-origin (POO) effects in the presence of missing parental genotypes when unaffected siblings are available.

Genotype-based likelihood-ratio tests (LRT) of association that examine maternal and parent-of-origin effects have been previously developed in the framework of log-linear and conditional logistic regression models. In the situation where parental genotypes are missing, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm has been incorporated in the log-linear approach to allow incomplete triads to contribute to the LRT. We present an extension to this model which we call the Combined_LRT that incorporates additional information from the genotypes of unaffected siblings to improve assignment of incompletely typed families to mating type categories, thereby improving inference of missing parental data. Using simulations involving a realistic array of family structures, we demonstrate the validity of the Combined_LRT under the null hypothesis of no association and provide power comparisons under varying levels of missing data and using sibling genotype data. We demonstrate the improved power of the Combined_LRT compared with the family-based association test (FBAT), another widely used association test. Lastly, we apply the Combined_LRT to a candidate gene analysis in Autism families, some of which have missing parental genotypes. We conclude that the proposed log-linear model will be an important tool for future candidate gene studies, for many complex diseases where unaffected siblings can often be ascertained and where epigenetic factors such as imprinting may play a role in disease etiology.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

The angiotensin converting enzyme and blood pressure in Jamaicans.

An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene influences the level of serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and has been associated with risk of several cardiovascular conditions. The relationship to blood pressure remains uncertain, however. We conducted a population-based survey in Kingston, Jamaica, to examine the association between angiotensin converting enzyme genotype, angiotensin converting enzyme serum activity and blood pressure. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity was measured and genotyping performed for the I/D polymorphism in 500 community residents. The overall prevalence of the D allele was 59.3%. Angiotensin converting enzyme genotype was not significantly related to blood pressure (P = .16), although it did influence angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, leading to an increase of 35% among individuals with the DD as compared with II genotype. Angiotensin converting enzyme levels were significantly higher in hypertensives as compared with normotensives (P < .05). A modest correlation was observed between blood pressure and angiotensin converting enzyme activity among untreated individuals (r = 0.11; P = .04), although this did not persist in multivariate analysis. A relationship between body mass index and angiotensin converting enzyme activity was identified in both men and women that was independent of genotype. These data demonstrate findings among blacks which are consistent with other studies and suggest a relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme genotype, and serum activity which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The potential role of ACE on blood pressure control in the population remains uncertain.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

HFE genetic variability, body iron stores, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. women.

To determine whether the HFE gene variants H63D and C282Y are associated with body iron stores and the risk of type 2 diabetes, we conducted a nested case-control study of 714 incident cases of type 2 diabetes and 1,120 matching control subjects in a prospective cohort, the Nurses' Health Study. In both healthy control and diabetic case subjects, H63D homozygosity, C282Y, and the compound heterozygotes were associated with significantly higher levels of plasma ferritin and significantly lower ratios of transferrin receptors to ferritin. Such effects were independent of age, BMI, and lifestyle factors. Overall, there were no significant differences in genotypes of H63D and C282Y between the case and control subjects. A meta-analysis of 4,245 case and 5,982 control subjects indicated a null association of C282Y with diabetes risk, whereas carriers of H63D or the compound heterozygotes had marginally increased risk (odds ratio [OR] 1.11 [95% CI 1.00-1.25] and 1.60 [0.99-2.60], respectively). In addition, we found a significant interaction between HFE variants and heme iron intake (P for interaction = 0.029). The ORs of type 2 diabetes across increasing quartiles of heme iron were 1.00, 1.21 (0.72-2.01), 1.72 (1.03-2.88), and 1.49 (0.91-2.46) among the participants with either the H63D or C282Y variant, whereas the ORs were 1.00, 0.71 (0.49-1.05), 1.12 (0.76-1.66), and 0.96 (0.65-1.42) among those with wild-type genotypes. Our data indicate significant effects of H63D and C282Y on body iron stores and suggest a potential interaction between HFE genotypes and heme iron intake in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Compositional and sensory comparisons between normal- and high-oleic peanuts.

The high-oleic-acid trait improves the oxidative stability of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and their products. The explicit effect of the trait on sensory quality, particularly on off-flavors associated with oil rancidity, has not been well documented. To assess the effect of the trait on off-flavors, data from two independent databases were analyzed to compare sensory quality and composition in normal- versus high-oleic peanut genotypes. In data collected using a sensory panel in the Department of Food Science at North Carolina State University, there were small differences between near-isogenic lines for intensities of the roasted peanut, astringent, over-roast, and nutty attributes, with the high-oleic lines exhibiting slightly greater intensities of those attributes. There were no differences for off-flavors such as fruity, painty, stale, moldy, or petroleum. In data collected from the multistate Uniform Peanut Performance Test and evaluated by a panel in the USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit (MQHRU) at Raleigh, NC, there were differences in chemical composition associated with the high-oleic trait, including differences in oil content, tocopherols, and carbohydrates in addition to the expected differences in fatty acid contents. There were small decreases in the intensities of the sensory attributes cardboard and painty associated with the high-oleic trait in the MQHRU data when all high-oleic lines were compared with all normal-oleic lines. Comparison of the near-isogenic pair NC 7 and N00090ol showed differences in oil and glucose contents, but not in sensory attributes. The high-oleic trait does not appear to have a major impact on sensory quality on average, although there were individual instances in which the trait was associated with shifts in sensory attribute intensities that may be perceptible to consumers.

Arachis↗
PubMed1997

The PAH mutation analysis consortium database: update 1996.

A website (http://www.mcgill.ca/pahdb ) is maintained by the curators for a Consortium (88 investigators, 28 countries) and all other users; it serves a relational database for human locus-specific genetic variation in a defined DNA sequence (GenBank U49897); (100 kb on human chromosome 12q24.1, gene symbol PAH). The intragenic nucleotide variation is both rare (Q< 0.01), extensive (>320 different mutations) and phenotype modifying, causing hyperphenylalaninemia by impairing phenylalanine hydroxylase function (see OMIM 261600), as well as polymorphic and neutral, the latter providing informative locus-specific haplotypes (>1200 different mutation/haplotype associations). The PAH database contains both offline core components (mutations, population associations and data source information) and several accessory online components: (i) relative frequencies of mutations by populations/regions (expanding file); (ii) data on genotype- phenotype correlations both in vitro and in vivo (new file); (iii) polymorphic haplotype structures (new file); (iv) intron sequence data (new file for design of primers); (v) description of mouse homologues (new file for mutations and phenotypes); (vi) the predicted PAH gene mutability profile (improved graphic); (vii) a clinical field for patient use (new interface with database). The website home page has been revised and a counter is recording >15 visits per day. Linkages to other mutation databases and an alliance of mutation database curators (new) are expanding. The primary 'electronic publication' reports now vastly exceed print reports. PAHdb serves as a prototype for obtaining, storing and distributing records of human genetic variation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Using DNA pools for genotyping trios.

The genotyping of mother-father-child trios is a very useful tool in disease association studies, as trios eliminate population stratification effects and increase the accuracy of haplotype inference. Unfortunately, the use of trios for association studies may reduce power, since it requires the genotyping of three individuals where only four independent haplotypes are involved. We describe here a method for genotyping a trio using two DNA pools, thus reducing the cost of genotyping trios to that of genotyping two individuals. Furthermore, we present extensions to the method that exploit the linkage disequilibrium structure to compensate for missing data and genotyping errors. We evaluated our method on trios from CEPH pedigree 66 of the Coriell Institute. We demonstrate that the error rates in the genotype calls of the proposed protocol are comparable to those of standard genotyping techniques, although the cost is reduced considerably. The approach described is generic and it can be applied to any genotyping platform that achieves a reasonable precision of allele frequency estimates from pools of two individuals. Using this approach, future trio-based association studies may be able to increase the sample size by 50% for the same cost and thereby increase the power to detect associations.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Joint effects between UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7 genotype and dietary carcinogen exposure on risk of colon cancer.

The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7 (UGT1A7) gene is polymorphic and encodes an enzyme involved in the detoxification of heterocyclic amines (HCA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Consumption of pan-fried and well-done meat are surrogates for HCA and PAH exposure and are possibly associated with colon cancer. We have evaluated whether UGT1A7 allelic variations are associated with colon cancer and whether UGT1A7 genotype modified associations among meat intake, exposure to HCAs and PAHs, and colon cancer in a population-based case-control study of African Americans (197 cases and 202 controls) and whites (203 cases and 210 controls). As part of a 150-item food frequency questionnaire, meat intake was assessed by cooking method and doneness and used to estimate individual HCA and PAH exposure. UGT1A7 alleles (UGT1A7*1, UGT1A7*2, UGT1A7*3, and UGT1A7*4) were measured and genotypes were categorized into predicted activity groups (high: *1/*1, *1/*2, *2/*2; intermediate: *1/*3, *1/*4, *2/*3; low: *3/*3, *3/*4, *4/*4). There was no association with UGT1A7 low versus high/intermediate genotype [odds ratio (OR), 1.1; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.7-1.8], regardless of race. Greater than additive joint effects were observed for UGT1A7 low genotype and HCA-related factors. For example, equal to or greater than the median daily intake of the HCA, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and having UGT1A7 low genotype was positively associated with colon cancer (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-4.8), compared with less than the median daily intake and UGT1A7 high/intermediate genotypes. These data suggest that the associations among cooked meat-derived compound exposure, and colon cancer are modified by the UGT1A7 genotype.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Association of deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase with production and reproduction.

Interaction between genotype at locus for uridine monophosphate synthase and parity was reexamined for 305-d mature equivalent milk and fat production and calving interval. Three lactations for cows of known genotype defined two data files corresponding to different sampling procedures. The first data file selected by herd contained records on 23 cows that were deficient in activity of uridine monophosphate synthase and on 1081 cows with normal activity; the second data file contained records on 19 cows with deficient activity and on 17 cows with normal activity, all daughters of bulls known to be heterozygous at the locus for uridine monophosphate synthase. Results from the mutually exclusive data files were determined independently and then pooled. Genotype and parity interaction, tested against mean square error, was not supported for any of the three traits. Mean differences of the two genotypes, averaged across data files, were, for first, second, and third parities, respectively, 360, 568, and 299 kg for milk; 6, 9, and 8 kg for fat; and 22, 9, and 12 d for calving interval. Main effect of genotype indicated a 417-kg advantage for heterozygotes but 17-d longer calving interval. The main effect of genotype on milk production adjusted for calving interval was 343 kg but was nonsignificant.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Association of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2E1, MPO, NQO1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genes with benzene poisoning.

Metabolic enzymes involved in benzene activation or detoxification, including NAD(P)H, quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione-S-transferase mu-1 (GSTM1), and glutathione-S-transferase theta-1 (GSTT1), were studied for their roles in human susceptibility to benzene poisoning. The potential interactions of these metabolic enzymes with lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were also explored. We studied 156 benzene-poisoning patients and 152 workers occupationally exposed to benzene in South China. Sequencing, denaturing HPLC, restriction fragment-length polymorphism, and polymerase chain reaction were used to detect polymorphisms on the promoters and complete coding regions of NQO1, CYP2E1, MPO, and the null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1. Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in NQO1, CYP2E1, and MPO genes, including 6 novel SNPs in CYP2E1 and MPO. Of the subjects who smoked and drank alcohol, an 8.15-fold [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.43-46.50] and a 21.50-fold (95% CI, 2.79-165.79) increased risk of benzene poisoning, respectively, were observed among the subjects with two copies of NQO1 with a C-to-T substitution in cDNA at nucleotide 609 (c.609 C>T variation; i.e., NQO1 c.609 T/T) compared to those with the heterozygous or wild (NQO1 c.609 C/T and c.609 C/C) genotypes. Our data also indicated that individuals with CYP2E1 c.-1293 C/C and c.-1293 G/C, and NQO1 c.609 T/T, and GSTT1 null genotypes tended to be more susceptible to benzene toxicity. Our results suggest that the combined effect of polymorphisms in NQO1, CYP2E1, and GSTT1 genes and lifestyle factors might contribute to benzene poisoning.

Benzene↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between polymorphisms of HCMV UL144 ORF and clinical manifestations in 73 strains with congenital and/or perinatal HCMV infection.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) displays genetic variability and can cause a wide range of diseases in neonates. To explore the relationship between polymorphisms and clinical manifestations, the UL144 genes from 73 clinical strains were sequenced. All of the strains, which came from 70 infants with suspected congenital and/or perinatal HCMV infection, were non-passage strains. Among them, 23 strains were from surgery specimens, and the others were from urine samples. Clinically, 12 infants displayed asymptomatic infection and 58 patients displayed symptomatic infection. The results showed that 36 patients (49.3%) were infected with strains belonging to UL144 group G1 (G1a 33/36, G1b 3/36), 19 patients (28.8%) were infected with strains belonging to group G2, and 15 patients (21.9%) were infected with strains belonging to group G3. This result indicated that UL144 group G1 was the predominant genotype in congenital and/or perinatal HCMV infection in northern China. Compared with the distribution pattern of strains in UL144 genotypes of data from Chicago, Iowa and Texas, and Japan by chi-square test, the difference was statistically significant. This suggested that the distribution pattern of strains in UL144 genotype was related to geographic location. However, no linkage was observed between the UL144 genotypes and the severity and/or outcome of HCMV disease.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Measles virus genotype circulation in Spain after implementation of the national measles elimination plan 2001-2003.

Molecular characterization of measles virus is important for disease surveillance and for monitoring elimination of the virus throughout the world. Furthermore, knowledge of genotype distribution in as many countries as possible, is useful for tracing the origin of a strain, especially in countries without endemic measles disease, where most cases are imported. Data on genotypes circulating in Spain from 1970 to 1997 showed the prevalence of genotypes C1, C2, and D6, with subsequent replacement of each other. After the establishment of the Spanish Measles Elimination Plan, genotyping with a new retrotranscriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was undertaken directly on 92 specimens, corresponding to 90 patients, which were positive for measles by a different diagnostic RT-PCR. Genotypes B3, D4, D8, A, C2, H1, and D7 were found in different autonomous communities (Madrid, Balearic Islands, Valencia Community, Extremadura, Andalusia, Canary Islands and Murcia) between 2001 and 2003 with none of these genotypes being prevalent. After the introduction of the vaccine in 1978, the incidence of the disease decreased from 150,000 cases in 1977 to 64 in 2002. This could be the reason for the change observed in the pattern of measles genotype circulation, since this pattern was reported in countries at an advanced stage of eradication of measles. This report considers that Spain is on the way to eradicating measles.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vibrio viscosus sp. nov. and Vibrio wodanis sp. nov. isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with 'winter ulcer'.

Two groups of Vibrio strains isolated from Atlantic salmon with 'winter ulcer' were characterized phenotypically and genotypically. The data obtained indicated that each of the two groups represented a new species in the genus Vibrio. The names Vibrio viscosus sp. nov. [type strain NVI 88/478T (= NCIMB 13584T)] and Vibrio wodanis sp. nov. [type strain NVI 88/441T (= NCIMB 13582T)] are proposed for the new species. V. viscosus strains exhibited a similar total DNA RFLP pattern and a similar plasmid DNA profile. DNA relatedness (hydroxyapatite method) of the V. viscosus type strain to nine other V. viscosus strains was 81-93% at 60 degrees C. Divergence within related sequences was 0.0-1.5% and relatedness at 75 degrees C was 74-100%. V. wodanis strains exhibited marked heterogeneity on the basis of RFLP analysis and plasmid profiles. DNA relatedness of the V. wodanis type strain to 10 other V. wodanis strains was 66-94% at 60 degrees C. Divergence within related sequences was 0.0-1.5% and relatedness at 75 degrees C was 55-97%. Relatedness between V. viscosus and V. wodanis type strains was approximately 20%. Among other Vibrio species, the closest relative of V. viscosus was Vibrio marinus (ATCC 15381T) (43% relatedness at 60 degrees C) and that of V. wodanis was Vibrio logei (ATCC 15382) (57% relatedness at 60 degrees C). These same pairs were the closest phenotypic relatives. DNA sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of V. viscosus indicated an intimate relationship to V. marinus. A total evaluation of the results, however, supports V. viscosus to be a separate species in the genus Vibrio. The analysis of the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of V. wodanis supports that V. logei (ATCC 15382) was the most related species. Ability to degrade casein, oxidative production of acid from trehalose and production of lysine decarboxylase are important biochemical tests that will differentiate between V. viscosus, V. wodanis, V. marinus (ATCC 15381T) and V. logei (ATCC 15382).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

eBURST: inferring patterns of evolutionary descent among clusters of related bacterial genotypes from multilocus sequence typing data.

The introduction of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for the precise characterization of isolates of bacterial pathogens has had a marked impact on both routine epidemiological surveillance and microbial population biology. In both fields, a key prerequisite for exploiting this resource is the ability to discern the relatedness and patterns of evolutionary descent among isolates with similar genotypes. Traditional clustering techniques, such as dendrograms, provide a very poor representation of recent evolutionary events, as they attempt to reconstruct relationships in the absence of a realistic model of the way in which bacterial clones emerge and diversify to form clonal complexes. An increasingly popular approach, called BURST, has been used as an alternative, but present implementations are unable to cope with very large data sets and offer crude graphical outputs. Here we present a new implementation of this algorithm, eBURST, which divides an MLST data set of any size into groups of related isolates and clonal complexes, predicts the founding (ancestral) genotype of each clonal complex, and computes the bootstrap support for the assignment. The most parsimonious patterns of descent of all isolates in each clonal complex from the predicted founder(s) are then displayed. The advantages of eBURST for exploring patterns of evolutionary descent are demonstrated with a number of examples, including the simple Spain(23F)-1 clonal complex of Streptococcus pneumoniae, "population snapshots" of the entire S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus MLST databases, and the more complicated clonal complexes observed for Campylobacter jejuni and Neisseria meningitidis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2007

Retinal capillary basement membrane thickness in diabetic mice genetically modified at the haptoglobin locus.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) homozygous for the haptoglobin (Hp) 1 allele are at decreased risk of retinopathy as compared to DM individuals with the Hp 2 allele. We sought to recapitulate these findings in DM mice genetically modified at the Hp locus. METHODS: An early morphological characteristic of the microangiopathy seen in diabetic retinal disease is retinal capillary basement membrane (RCBM) thickening. RCBM thickness as assessed by electron microscopy was performed on a total of 12 eyes taken from three mice in each of the four study groups (three eyes from C57Bl/6 Hp 1 and C57Bl/6 Hp 2 mice with and without streptozotocin-induced diabetes). RESULTS: The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test demonstrated that there was a highly significant difference between the four groups of mice (P < 0.0001). Mann-Whitney tests for specific pair-wise comparisons demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the RCBM thickness between Hp 1 and Hp 2 mice (p = 0.70) or between DM Hp 1 and non-DM Hp 1 mice (p = 0.42). However, induction of diabetes resulted in a marked increase in RCBM thickness in Hp 2 mice compared to non-DM Hp 2 mice (p = 0.0004) and compared to DM Hp 1 mice (p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: A highly significant increase in RCBM thickness was observed in DM mice with the Hp 2 genotype. These data provide important support for association studies done in humans showing an increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in individuals with the Hp 2 genotype.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA and iceA genotypes in Nigerian patients with duodenal ulcer disease.

Distinct virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori have been associated with clinical outcome of the infection; however, considerable variations have been reported from different geographic regions. Data on genotypes of African H. pylori isolates are sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of specific genotypes of H. pylori in Nigerian patients with duodenal ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia. H. pylori was cultured from endoscopic biopsies obtained from 41 Nigerian patients (19 with duodenal ulcer, 22 with non-ulcer dyspepsia). The vacA alleles, cagA and iceA genotypes were determined by PCR. The vacA s1,m1 and s1,m2 genotypes were found in 26.3% and 22.7%, and in 73.7% and 72.7% of H. pylori isolates from patients with duodenal ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia, respectively. The iceA1 genotype was present in 94.7% and 86.4% of isolates from duodenal ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia patients, respectively. cagA+ infection was found predominantly (> 90%) in Nigerian H. pylori isolates irrespective of the clinical diagnosis. In conclusion, vacA s1,m2, iceA1 and cagA+ are common genotypes of H. pylori isolated from Nigerian patients. As in several other developing countries there seems to be no association between these genotypes and duodenal ulcer disease.

Antigens, Bacterial↗