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PubMed2005

The early years of pathology as a specialty in Singapore.

During the first 86 years of Singapore's medical history (1819 to 1905), nobody was officially designated a "pathologist" although pathology was practised. All pathological work (purely medical or forensic) was done by non-specialist doctors. Representative cases are quoted so that conclusions can be drawn regarding what pathological practice was like and the problems faced. In 1905, the Governor, concerned about the high death rate in Singapore, consulted the Principal Civil Medical Officer, who advised that the most effective means to reduce the death rate was the establishment of a Department of Pathology with a full-time specialist pathologist in charge. Dr GA Finlayson was appointed the first Government Pathologist, responsible for all the hospitals in Singapore. He was also appointed Lecturer in Pathology in the Medical School. Work in the Pathology Department increased by leaps and bounds, and no research was possible. The first Annual Report of the Department (1907) is quoted in some detail to show the scope of the work done, reflecting the public health conditions of Singapore a hundred years ago. The Department gradually expanded and more staff were recruited. The new position of Government Bacteriologist was created. This officer served under the Government Pathologist in the Pathology Department.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1995

The blood revolution initiated by the famous footnote of Karl Landsteiner's 1900 paper.

A 1900 publication authored by Karl Landsteiner, at the age of 32 years, contained a footnote which stated that, "the serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells, but also often those of human origin, from other individuals". He followed up this statement in his 1901 paper, and concluded that, "My observations reveal characteristic differences between blood serum and red blood cells of various apparently healthy persons" and that "the reported observations may assist in the explanation of various consequences of therapeutical blood transfusions". These significant observations resulted in the discovery of A, B, O and AB blood groups and later led to successful blood transfusions in humans. The impact of the revolutionary finding by Landsteiner also changed a number of biomedical disciplines such as immunochemistry, medical anthropology, forensic medicine, genetics and pathology.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed1996

A contribution to the vascular anatomy of the human spleen.

Our study was done on 45 spleens obtained from the autopsy rooms of the department of pathology and anatomy and forensic medicine institute. We studied the morphology, the presence of accessory lobes of the spleen and branching of the splenic artery. Intraparenchymal ramification of splenic artery and the localization of avascular zones were studied on corroded organs. We performed artificial ruptures on two spleens and we studied their relation to the internal structure of the organ.

Autopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Forensic and medical evaluation of vascular malformations of the brain in cranio-cerebral trauma].

A classification of vascular malformations (VM) is defined in the article including a differentiation between their macroscopic and histological variations; an independently-authors-observed case of arterial-and-venous malformation (AVM) in a minor cranial-cerebral trauma (CCT) is described. Published data reflecting the forensic-and-medical value of AVM and cavernous malformations as well as of telangectasias and of arterial-and-venous fistulas in minor head traumas are analyzed. Issues of the forensic-and-medical expertise of VM and remote consequences of CCT are under consideration. VM are assessed in CCT patients with epilepsy and other pathologies. An algorithm of the forensic medical expertise of VM is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The clinical course of fatal aneurysm rupture of the base of the skull].

At the Institut of Pathology and the Institut of Forensic Medicine at the Charité Clinics of the Humboldt-University Berlin from 1979 to 1984 took place 13,622 necropsies. Among them were 75 cases of fatal ruptures of intracranial aneurysms. This paper gives a description of the resulting subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) and compares them with the pathologic-anatomical findings. 65 cases have been utilized, in 50% of them the patients died on the day of bleeding, in no case the aneurysm was verified before death. 31% of the patients survived longer than one week. A sufficient prognostic sign was the degree of unconsciousness during the 24 hours following SAH. The morphological findings (intracranial hematomas, brain edema) and the time of further survival did not correlate. Ventricular hematomas were found in 49% of the autopsy subjects. Patients with ventricular hematomas from the initial SAH evolved a bad clinical state (Botterell Grading 'IV or 'V). Every nontraumatic SAH is a case of emergency which requires a fast diagnostic procedure. Ruptured aneurysms have to be excluded. A good clinical state after SAH need not keep stable. Grading systems reflect intracranial processes only incompletely.

Adult↗