SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Fitting”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Are American children and youth fit?

We analyzed data from the National School Population Fitness Survey (Reiff et al., 1986) and data collected by the authors of the original study to assess the fitness of American children and youth based on the results of additional analyses. We then compared the numbers of children and youth meeting norm-referenced standards to numbers meeting recently adopted criterion-referenced health (CRH) standards for individual test items in the FITNESSGRAM (Institute for Aerobics Research, 1987) and AAHPERD Physical Best (AAHPERD, 1988) test batteries. The number of children and youth meeting CRH standards for multiple items in a test battery was also determined. Finally, data were analyzed to determine if changes in fitness have occurred among American children and youth over recent decades. Our results suggest that, with the exception of measures of arm and shoulder girdle strength/endurance, more children and youth meet criterion-referenced health standards than norm-referenced standards (50th percentile) and the majority of American children and youth meet CRH standards for individual test items. However, the majority of American children and youth cannot meet the CRH standards for a battery of items for either of the two batteries studied. A second look at decade to decade comparisons of fitness produced evidence that questions the idea that youth are less fit now than in previous years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Sound quality judgements of new hearing instrument users over a 24-week post-fitting period.

The time course of changes in perceived sound quality after hearing instrument fitting has not been studied systematically It is possible, for example, that patients may object to additional high frequency gain when fitted, but not after a period of auditory acclimatisation. The aim of this study was to utilise sound quality judgements to compare two frequency responses in new users at 4-week intervals over a 24-week post-fitting period. The null hypothesis was that there would be no change in sound quality judgements over time. A total of 16 elderly subjects were fitted monaurally with the same model of linear, programmable hearing instrument. This was set to a standard response that provided 26-29 dB of real-ear insertion gain at 2000 4000 Hz. This program was worn by the subjects for the duration of the study. All subjects reported greater than four hours of daily use. The alternative response which was used in a paired comparison paradigm, provided a mean gain reduction of 3, 8, 13, and 16 dB at 2000, 3000, 4000 and 6000 Hz, respectively. Subjects compared the standard and the alternative responses for sound quality along dimensions of comfort, clarity, and overall preference while listening to running speech presented in quiet, steady noise, and speech babble. At the time of fitting there was a small preference for the standard response when judging clarity, but the alternative response was preferred for comfort and preferred overall. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each quality dimension did not reveal any statistically significant change over time. It is concluded that this pattern of preference is unaffected by acclimatisation to amplification, at least over the initial 24 weeks of instrument use.

Acoustics↗

PubMed2006

Effects of bilateral versus unilateral hearing aid fitting on abilities measured by the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ).

The Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (Gatehouse & Noble, 2004) was applied to three independent clinical groups: 144 people prior to being fitted with amplification; 118 people with six months experience with unilateral amplification; and 42 people with six months experience with bilateral amplification. For traditional speech hearing contexts (one-on-one, in groups, in quiet, in noise) there was benefit with one aid, and no further benefit with two. By contrast, hearing speech in demanding contexts (divided or rapidly switching attention) showed benefit with one aid and further benefit with two. In the spatial domain, directional hearing showed some benefit with one hearing aid, and particular further benefit in distance and movement discrimination from fitting with two. There was some benefit from unilateral fitting for elements of the qualities domains (clarity, naturalness, recognisability, segregation of sounds), with no consistent sign of further benefit from two. Bilateral fitting added benefit with respect to listening effort. Two hearing aids offer advantage in demanding and dynamic contexts; these contexts are argued as significant in the maintenance of social competence and emotional wellbeing. The present results go toward establishing the real-world advantages of bilateral hearing aid fitting and suggest that previous, inconclusive clinical findings reflect inquiry limited to more traditional areas of hearing function.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

A survey of public health policy on bilateral fittings and comparison with market trends: the evidence-base required to frame policy.

This report presents a review of the situation in a number of countries with respect to public health policy for funding of hearing aid services in general and support to bilateral fittings in particular. The data show considerable variations among the countries studied in number of hearing aids fitted per 1000 inhabitants, differing by a factor of 6 between the extremes. Also the percentage of bilateral fittings differs with an average estimated to be of the order of 50%. For hearing-impaired children, bilateral fittings are given full financial support in most countries studied. The data presented indicate the need for a reliable, scientifically valid evidence-base regarding bilateral hearing aid fitting.

Australia↗

PubMed1997

Fitness, fatness, and the effect of training assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and skinfold-thickness measurements in healthy adolescent females.

The relation between fitness and adiposity is particularly relevant to adolescent females in whom fitness is known to decrease and fatness to increase. However, little is known about the interaction of these variables in normally active, nonobese subjects. Our major hypotheses were that adiposity would be inversely correlated with physical fitness and that even a relatively brief intervention would lead to measurable, site-specific changes in body fat. We used a cross-sectional protocol to correlate body adiposity with indexes of fitness and a prospective study design to examine body adiposity before and after a 5-wk period of endurance training in 44 nonobese females aged 15-17 y (control group, n = 22; training group, n = 22). Adiposity was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and thigh as well as by standard skinfold-thickness measuring techniques. Fitness was assessed by using cycle ergometer measurements of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). There were significant negative correlations between VO2max normalized to body weight and subcutaneous abdominal, thigh, and skinfold estimates of fat. However, when VO2 max was normalized to muscle volume these correlations were not significant. Abdominal fat increased in direct proportion to body weight (scaling factor = 1.14 +/- 0.16) but thigh fat increased proportionately less (scaling factor = 0.38 +/- 0.12, P < 0.05). Training increased thigh muscle mass significantly only in the midmuscle region and prevented the observed fat increase in the distal thigh of the control subjects. Body fat distribution in adolescent females appeared to be affected by many factors, including overall body weight and the level of physical activity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2000

Inverse association of physical fitness with plasma fibrinogen level in children: the Columbia University BioMarkers Study.

Plasma fibrinogen has emerged as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adults, but relatively little is known about the correlates of plasma fibrinogen level in childhood. In the Columbia University BioMarkers Study (1994-1998), the authors evaluated the association between physical fitness and plasma fibrinogen level in 193 children 4-25 years old; 68% were Hispanic and 46% male. Fitness level assessed by treadmill testing was inversely associated with plasma fibrinogen (r = -0.24, p<0.001). Plasma fibrinogen levels showed a graded inverse relation with tertiles of fitness assessed by treadmill (p<0.001). In multivariate analyses, after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and presence of the A allele in the -455 position of the beta-fibrinogen promoter gene, the fitness level remained inversely associated with plasma fibrinogen level (beta = -1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.3, -0.34). Resting heart rate was also correlated with plasma fibrinogen level (r = 0.18, p<0.05). Fibrinogen levels (mg/dl) increased over tertiles of resting heart rate (p = 0.002) and were significantly associated with resting heart rate in multivariate analysis (beta = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.17, 1.5). These findings indicate that plasma fibrinogen is inversely associated with physical fitness in children independent of body mass index.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Association among physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of musculoskeletal injury.

To help public health practitioners promote physical activities with a low risk of injury, this study determined the relation among type and duration of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and musculoskeletal injury in a sample of adults enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Subjects included 4,034 men and 967 women who underwent a baseline physical examination between 1970 and 1985 and who returned a mailed follow-up survey in 1986. At baseline, a treadmill graded exercise test was used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. At follow-up, subjects reported injuries and type and duration of physical activity in the preceding 12 months. Polytomous logistic regression was used to estimate the association among physical activity type and duration, cardiorespiratory fitness, and injury. The risk of sustaining an activity-related injury increased with higher duration of physical activity per week and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness may be a surrogate for unmeasured components of physical activity, such as exercise intensity. Among walkers, increasing duration of activity per week was not associated with an increased risk of injury. Results suggest that, for most adults, walking is a safe form of physical activity associated with a lower risk of injury than running or sport participation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of hypertension incidence among initially normotensive healthy women.

The authors examined the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and incident hypertension in women who were normotensive and free of cardiovascular disease at baseline in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (Dallas, Texas), 1970-1998. A total of 4,884 women performed a maximal treadmill exercise test and completed a follow-up health survey. During an average follow-up of 5 years, 157 incident cases of self-reported, physician-diagnosed hypertension were identified from the health surveys. The cumulative incidence of hypertension was 3.2%. Compared with the rates of low-fit women, crude hypertension rates were 60% and 79% lower among women in the moderate and high fitness categories, respectively (p < 0.001). After adjustment for several potential confounders, the odds ratios for hypertension were 1.0, 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30, 1.21), and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.73) in low-, moderately, and highly fit women, respectively (p(trend) < 0.01). Each 1-metabolic equivalent increment in treadmill performance was, on average, associated with a 19% (95% CI: 10, 27; p < 0.001) lower odds of incident hypertension. The pattern and strength of association between fitness and hypertension persisted in analyses stratified on body mass index, age, and the presence of prehypertension at baseline. An active lifestyle should be promoted for the primary prevention of hypertension in women.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Bayesian inference of fitness landscapes via tree-structured branching processes.

MOTIVATION: The complex dynamics of cancer evolution, driven by mutation and selection, underlies the molecular heterogeneity observed in tumors. The evolutionary histories of tumors of different patients can be encoded as mutation trees and reconstructed in high resolution from single-cell sequencing data, offering crucial insights for studying fitness effects of and epistasis among mutations. Existing models, however, either fail to separate mutation and selection or neglect the evolutionary histories encoded by the tumor phylogenetic trees. RESULTS: We introduce FiTree, a tree-structured multi-type branching process model with epistatic fitness parameterization and a Bayesian inference scheme to learn fitness landscapes from single-cell tumor mutation trees. Through simulations, we demonstrate that FiTree outperforms state-of-the-art methods in inferring the fitness landscape underlying tumor evolution. Applying FiTree to a single-cell acute myeloid leukemia dataset, we identify epistatic fitness effects consistent with known biological findings and quantify uncertainty in predicting future mutational events. The new model unifies probabilistic graphical models of cancer progression with population genetics, offering a principled framework for understanding tumor evolution and informing therapeutic strategies. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The Python package FiTree and the analysis workflows are available at https://github.com/cbg-ethz/FiTree.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMed2003

Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans.

BACKGROUND: The human brain gradually loses tissue from the third decade of life onward, with concomitant declines in cognitive performance. Given the projected rapid growth in aged populations, and the staggering costs associated with geriatric care, identifying mechanisms that may reduce or reverse cerebral deterioration is rapidly emerging as an important public health goal. Previous research has demonstrated that aerobic fitness training improves cognitive function in older adults and can improve brain health in aging laboratory animals, suggesting that aerobic fitness may provide a mechanism to improve cerebral health in aging humans. We examined the relationship between aerobic fitness and in vivo brain tissue density in an older adult population, using voxel-based morphometric techniques. METHODS: We acquired high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans from 55 older adults. These images were segmented into gray and white matter maps, registered into stereotaxic space, and examined for systematic variation in tissue density as a function of age, aerobic fitness, and a number of other health markers. RESULTS: Consistent with previous studies of aging and brain volume, we found robust declines in tissue densities as a function of age in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. More importantly, we found that losses in these areas were substantially reduced as a function of cardiovascular fitness, even when we statistically controlled for other moderator variables. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend the scope of beneficial effects of aerobic exercise beyond cardiovascular health, and they suggest a strong solid biological basis for the benefits of exercise on the brain health of older adults.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Physical activity, fitness and body composition of Finnish police officers: a 15-year follow-up study.

This study evaluated changes in the physical activity, fitness and body composition of 103 police officers during a 15-year follow-up. The absolute aerobic capacity was similar in 1981 and 1996, muscular performance had declined, and body weight had increased approximately 0.5 kg/year. More than half the subjects (53%) had increased their leisure-time physical activity in 1996. The correlation was significant between physical activity in 1981 and physical fitness in 1996, but weak between physical activity in 1996 and fitness in 1996. It was also significant between waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in 1996 and physical activity during the previous 5 and 15 years. No significant correlations were found between physical activity and work ability or perceived physical or mental job stress. The physical fitness of middle-aged police officers seems to be predicted strongly by physical activity in early adulthood. Therefore health and fitness promotion measures should start at that time. This, together with regular systematic training, should help to sustain work ability of middle-aged police officers.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Physical fitness and blood pressure: the role of age.

Most epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between resting blood pressure and usual levels of physical fitness or activity. The inference is that fitness lowers blood pressure. However, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max--a widely accepted measure of fitness) and blood pressure are both correlated with age; young people usually have lower pressures and higher VO2max (ml X kg-1 X min-1). Systolic and diastolic pressures were measured and maximal oxygen uptake was estimated in 184 men and 227 women aged 18-65 years who were randomly selected as part of a cardiovascular risk factor survey conducted in two New England cities between April 1981 and March 1982. Initially, both measures of blood pressure were strongly and inversely correlated with estimated maximal oxygen uptake. However, when the effects of age were partialed out, the strength of the correlations decreased sharply for both males and females. The proportion of the variance in systolic pressure explained by maximal oxygen uptake decreased from 9.6 to 0.8% for males and 21.2 to 2.3% for females. Similar decreases were demonstrated for diastolic pressure in males (14.4 to 2.9%) and females (20.3 to 2.3%). These data indicate that the frequently observed relationship between fitness and blood pressure is strongly influenced by age. Future research to specifically examine the effects of physical activity and of physical fitness on blood pressure is needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Relation of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adults.

The associations of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness with cardiovascular disease risk factors were studied in 88 male adults, 180 female adults, 148 male children, and 142 female children. Subjects were families recruited from elementary schools in San Diego, California. Fitness (VO2 max) was measured by a submaximal cycle ergometer test. Physical activity was assessed by seven-day recall interview, yielding caloric expenditure, and by a simple self-rating of activity level. Risk factors included blood pressure, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the ratio of high density lipoproteins to low density lipoproteins (LDL), and body mass index. For all subgroups, fitness was strongly and significantly correlated with virtually all risk factors. After adjustment for body mass index, most fitness-risk factor associations were no longer significant. Seven-day caloric expenditure was significantly correlated with HDL/LDL only in female adults and children. The activity rating was significantly correlated with body mass index in all subgroups and with HDL/LDL in female adults and male adults. The simple activity rating tended to be correlated with fitness. The pattern of association was similar for adults and children.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

A mail survey of physical activity habits as related to measured physical fitness.

The associations of self-reported measures of physical activity from a mail survey with an objective measure of physical fitness were investigated. Respondents to a health status survey (n = 12,225), conducted in 1982 by the Institute for Aerobics Research in Dallas, TX, formed the population. From this group, males who also had a clinical examination within 60 days of the return of their questionnaire served as subjects. The study subjects (n = 375, mean age = 47.1 years) completed a maximal physical fitness assessment using a modified Balke protocol. The questionnaire included a section of inquiries concerning leisure time physical activity participation in which subjects were asked to quantitatively recall exercise participation for varying periods of time. Reported exercise participation values were converted to estimates of energy expenditure and combined into overall indices of physical activity participation. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the individual contributions of the physical activity indices in predicting maximal treadmill performance (physical fitness). Significant predictors of physical fitness were age (beta = -0.34), an index of running, walking, and jogging participation (beta = 0.31), and the response to a question on frequency of sweating (beta = 0.35). The multiple correlation coefficient for these variables in predicting physical fitness was 0.65. These results indicate that exercise behavior can be accurately estimated in large populations by using simple questions in a mail survey.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Effect of physical fitness and body composition on sleep and sleep-related hormone concentrations.

The study assessed the effect of physical fitness and body composition on sleep and the nighttime secretion of the hormones, human growth hormone (hGH), prolactin, and cortisol. Two groups of 17 subjects, one of fit athletes and the other of unfit nonathletes, were selected so that the groups were matched for weight, height, lean body mass (LBM), and fat levels. Subjects slept in a sleep laboratory for 3 nonconsecutive nights: 1 adaptation night and 2 experimental nights. On 1 experimental night blood samples were collected; on the other, baseline sleep was assessed and the catheter was not inserted. Weight and height were measured and LBM assessed by 24 h urinary creatinine. The effect of physical fitness was tested by a comparison of the two groups; body composition was assessed by correlation analyses. Physical fitness did not have a significant effect on either sleep or hormone levels, although in the latter case the results were marginal. In contrast, body composition was related to both sleep and hGH. Percentage LBM was negatively correlated with slow-wave sleep and positively correlated with hGH levels. These results were significant for all subjects combined and for the fit group, although not the unfit group alone.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Physical fitness of lower limb amputees.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cardiorespiratory endurance of the physical fitness of amputees and able-bodied subjects of the same ages and to demonstrate deterioration of the physical fitness of the amputees. DESIGN: The test subjects were 31 amputees. Eighteen able-bodied persons served as controls. The incremental exercise test was performed to evaluate physical fitness. Sixteen of 31 amputees underwent endurance training by using a cycle ergometer driven by the intact leg, and their physical fitness was evaluated after completion of the endurance training program. RESULTS: The Vo2max, anaerobic threshold, and maximum workload for the amputees were significantly lower than those of the able-bodied group. The equivalent values for the endurance training group before exercise treatment were 18.0, 12.1, and 63.9, respectively. After exercise treatment, these values significantly increased, and there was no significant difference from the able-bodied subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the physical fitness of amputees was clearly lower than that of the able-bodied subjects and that the amputees were able to recover from a poorly conditioned status after endurance training.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Physical fitness related to age and physical activity in older persons.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated physical fitness as a function of age and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in a community-based sample of 624 persons aged 57 yr and older. METHODS: LTPA during the last 12 months was assessed through personal interviews. A wide range of physical fitness components was measured using performance-based tests. RESULTS: Physical fitness was associated with the interaction age by LTPA in only a few components, in a gender-specific way, with generally larger differences in fitness between active and less active persons with increasing age. All LTPA, including low intensity LTPA, is positively and age-independent associated with most physical fitness components. CONCLUSION: The importance of LTPA typically participated in by the general population lies not so much in the delaying of the motor aging process but rather in a general, age-independent, positive effect.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

Physical fitness and functional limitations in community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Conceptual models of disability have focused on disease-specific factors as the primary cause of disability. Functional limitations in the performance of basic tasks are considered primary mediators on the causal pathway from disease to disability. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between three fitness components (cardiorespiratory, morphologic, and strength) and functional limitations. METHODS: Analyses employed data collected upon 161 older adults (72.5 +/- 5.1 yr) who agreed to undergo baseline testing in a clinical trial. RESULTS: After controlling for age, race, sex, education, depressive symptoms, and body mass index, all three fitness components were directly associated with functional limitations (P < 0.05). This study is the first to characterize a broad set of individual fitness components as they relate to functional limitations and the first to examine directly measured cardiorespiratory fitness within the context of existing disability models. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that low fitness is a risk factor for functional decline independent of disease processes.

Activities of Daily Living↗