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PubMed2003

EMG activities of facial and chewing muscles of human adults in response to taste stimuli.

To evaluate facial expression patterns induced by different taste stimuli, electromyograms (EMG) of the facial and chewing muscles of 12 healthy university students, aged 20 to 23 years, were analyzed. Sucrose (sweet), NaCl (salty), citric acid (sour), quinine-HCl (bitter), monosodium glutamate (MSG; umami), homogentisic acid (harsh), tannic acid (astringent), and capsaicine (pungent) were the taste stimuli used. Rating scale tests were made to assess the hedonics (pleasantness) of the taste stimuli. EMG responses of the corrugator supercilii, venter frontalis, orbicularis oculi, depressor anguli, and digastricus muscles to capsaicine, tannic, acid, and citric acid showed larger amplitudes than to NaCl, MSG, homogentisic acid, and sucrose. Increases in EMG responses for most facial and chewing muscles for the taste solutions had significant negative correlations to the solutions' hedonic scale values. Most facial and chewing muscles of adult humans therefore showed greater responses to disliked than to preferred or less preferred tastes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The development of facedness.

Thirty-two children of both sexes, ranging in age from 6 to 13 years, were photographed while posing or imitating happiness, sadness or surprise. Full-face photographs which were considered by independent judges to express the intended emotions were submitted to a split-face recombination procedure that created two composites from each face, one from the left side and the other from the right. Independent observers found the left composites to be more expressive than the right in the older group (age 12-13), but not in the younger groups, who evinced no left-right asymmetries. This finding applied similarly to the three emotions, and did not depend on an age-related change in the capacity for emotional expression. Further, left-right asymmetries in facial expression, where present, did not correlate with difference in size between the two halves of the face, and were found for both the upper and lower parts of the face. It is concluded that the advantage of the left hemiface for emotional expression, which is typical of adults, is the result of growth and development. While this facial asymmetry is likely to depend on an hemispheric asymmetry favoring the right side of the brain for the volitional control of the facial musculature, the neural mechanisms of the phenomenon of facedness are still largely obscure.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

The effects of computer simulated facial plastic surgery on social perception by others.

Previous studies have demonstrated the remarkable impact of facial plastic surgery on the perception of facial features. However, pre- and postoperative differences other than the surgically changed features such as facial expression, hairstyle, make-up etc., have influenced the results of previous studies. To exclude these visual cues a computer composite photograph of the changed feature mounted upon the preoperative photograph, instead of the standard postoperative photograph, was presented to observers in this study. Computer graphic technology was used to superimpose the postoperative, surgically changed facial features such as the nose, ear and chin of 16 patients on standardized preoperative photographs. The randomized preoperative photographs and the 'postoperative' composed images were presented to 67 subjects, using a person-perception questionnaire. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a more favourable postoperative judgement in only two patients (12.5%). The exclusive effect of facial plastic surgery on the social perception of patients by others when excluding visual cues, such as facial expression, hairstyle, make-up etc, is limited. It is tentatively assumed that the role played by facial plastic surgery is one of initiating a positive cycle by changing the patient's self-perception rather than one of direct social impact from the changed features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Hemispheric specialization in nonverbal communication.

Subjects sustaining right hemisphere damage were impaired in the ability to evaluate emotional situations presented through nonverbal means, particularly through facial expressions. Left brain damage, even of considerable extent, led to significantly milder deficits. In agreement with these findings, a study in split-brain patients showed the isolated right hemisphere to be competent in evaluating facial expressions but less sensitive to body movements, while the left hemisphere showed the opposite pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Disordered recognition of facial identity and emotions in three Asperger type autists.

In this report we aim to explore severe deficits in facial affect recognition in three boys all of whom meet the criteria of Asperger's syndrome (AS), as well as overt prosopagnosia in one (B) and covert prosopagnosia in the remaining two (C and D). Subject B, with a familially-based talent of being highly gifted in physics and mathematics, showed no interest in people, a quasi complete lack of comprehension of emotions, and very poor emotional reactivity. The marked neuropsychological deficits were a moderate prosopagnosia and severely disordered recognition of facial emotions, gender and age. Expressive facial emotion, whole body psychomotor expression and speech prosody were quasi absent as well. In all three boys these facial processing deficits were more or less isolated, and general visuospatial functions, attention, formal language and scholastic performances were normal or even highly developed with the exception of deficient gestalt perception in B. We consider the deficient facial emotion perception as an important pathogenetic symptom for the autistic behaviour in the three boys. Prosopagnosia, the absent facial and bodily expression, and speech prosody were important but varying co-morbid disorders. The total clinical picture of non-verbal disordered communication is a complex of predominantly bilateral and/or right hemisphere cortical deficits. Moreover, in B, insensitivity to pain, smells, noises and internal bodily feelings suggested a more general emotional anaesthesia and/or a deficient means of expression. It is possible that a limbic component might be involved, thus making affective appreciation also deficient.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Emotion recognition bias for contempt and anger in body dysmorphic disorder.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) patients are preoccupied with imagined defects or flaws in appearance (e.g., size or shape of nose). They are afraid of negative evaluations by others and often suffer significant morbidity including hospitalization and suicide attempts. Many patients experience ideas of reference, e.g., they often believe others take special notice of their "flaw". Facial expressions play an important role in conveying negative or positive feelings, and sympathy or rejection. In this study, we investigated emotion recognition deficits in 18 BDD patients and 18 healthy controls. Participants were presented with two questionnaires accompanying facial photographs. One questionnaire included self-referent scenarios ("Imagine that the bank teller is looking at you. What is his facial expression like?"), whereas the other one included other-referent scenarios ("Imagine that the bank teller is looking at a friend of yours," etc.), and participants were asked to identify the corresponding emotion (e.g., anger, contempt, neutral, or surprise). Overall, BDD patients, relative to controls, had difficulty identifying emotional expressions in self-referent scenarios. They misinterpreted more expressions as contemptuous and angry in self-referent scenarios than did controls. However, they did not have significantly more difficulties identifying emotional expressions in other-referent scenarios than controls. Thus, poor insight and ideas of reference, common in BDD, might be related to a bias for misinterpreting other people's emotional expressions as negative. Perceiving others as rejecting might reinforce concerns about one's personal perceived ugliness and social desirability.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Perception of emotions in borderline hypertensive patients and normal subjects.

The ability to recognize the facial expressions of emotions was investigated in 30 borderline hypertensive patients, 16 with high intralymphocytic sodium content (ILSC) and 14 with normal ILSC, and in 34 normotensive matched controls. To this aim, 48 slides with the facial expressions of emotions and with neutral expressions were shown to the subjects by means of a tachistoscope. Two brief questionnaires, the Affective Communication Test and the Dimensions Rating Scale, were used to assess the ability to express emotions and the intensity of emotional experience in the subjects. Results show in borderline hypertensives a difficulty in recognizing emotions, with differences between the two subgroups of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: developmental changes in facial action.

Age-related changes in the facial expression of pain during the first 18 months of life have important implications for our understanding of pain and pain assessment. We examined facial reactions video recorded during routine immunization injections in 75 infants stratified into 2-, 4-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month age groups. Two facial coding systems differing in the amount of detail extracted were applied to the records. In addition, parents completed a brief questionnaire that assessed child temperament and provided background information. Parents' efforts to soothe the children also were described. While there were consistencies in facial displays over the age groups, there also were differences on both measures of facial activity, indicating systematic variation in the nature and severity of distress. The least pain was expressed by the 4-month age group. Temperament was not related to the degree of pain expressed. Systematic variations in parental soothing behaviour indicated accommodation to the age of the child. Reasons for the differing patterns of facial activity are examined, with attention paid to the development of inhibitory mechanisms and the role of negative emotions such as anger and anxiety.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment and diagnostic subtype in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia.

Patients with schizophrenia have been described as having deficits in the ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion. We report the results of a study on the effects of global psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms, diagnostic subtype, and antipsychotic medications, on the ability of subjects with schizophrenia to recognize facial affect. Eighteen SCID diagnosed patients with schizophrenia and ten matched controls were evaluated at a drug-free baseline for ability to identify facial expression expressed in a standardized series of photographs, with concurrent measures of global psychopathology, and positive and negative symptoms. At baseline patients were impaired in affect recognition relative to the normals, and impairment was not related to measures of psychopathology or positive or negative symptoms. Performance did not improve with antipsychotic treatment, and patients with paranoid schizophrenia had significantly better affect recognition abilities than non-paranoid patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Verbal bias in recognition of facial emotions in children with Asperger syndrome.

Thirteen children and adolescents with diagnoses of Asperger syndrome (AS) were matched with 13 nonautistic control children on chronological age and verbal IQ. They were tested on their ability to recognize simple facial emotions, as well as facial emotions paired with matching, mismatching, or irrelevant verbal labels. There were no differences between the groups at recognizing simple emotions but the Asperger group performed significantly worse than the control group at recognizing emotions when faces were paired with mismatching words (but not with matching or irrelevant words). The results suggest that there are qualitative differences from nonclinical populations in how children with AS process facial expressions. When presented with a more demanding affective processing task, individuals with AS showed a bias towards visual-verbal over visual-affective information (i.e., words over faces). Thus, children with AS may be utilizing compensatory strategies, such as verbal mediation, to process facial expressions of emotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Context influences early perceptual analysis of faces--an electrophysiological study.

Electrophysiological and hemodynamic correlates of processing isolated faces have been investigated extensively over the last decade. A question not addressed thus far is whether the visual scene, which normally surrounds a face or a facial expression, has an influence on how the face is processed. Here we investigated this issue by presenting faces in natural contexts and measuring whether the emotional content of the scene influences processing of a facial expression. Event-related potentials were recorded to faces (fearful/neutral) embedded in scene contexts (fearful/neutral) while participants performed an orientation-decision task (face upright or inverted). Two additional experiments were run, one to examine the effects of context that occur without a face and the other to evaluate the effects of faces isolated from contexts. Faces without any context showed the largest N170 amplitudes. The presence of a face in a fearful context enhances the N170 amplitude over a face in neutral contexts, an effect that is strongest for fearful faces on left occipito-temporal sites. This N170 effect, and the corresponding topographic distribution, was not found for contexts-only, indicating that the increased N170 amplitude results from the combination of face and fearful context. These findings suggest that the context in which a face appears may influence how it is encoded.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Emotional valence modulates activity in the posterior fusiform gyrus and inferior medial prefrontal cortex in social perception.

Previous studies have shown that during the presentation of emotionally loaded visual stimuli, activity increases in the visual and limbic cortices. This study focuses on empathic reactions induced by presenting pictures of situations and facial expressions from a "third party" point of view only. We measured regional changes in blood flow (rCBF) in nine healthy subjects while they were looking at neutral, positive, or negative emotional pictures of low (facial expressions) and high (persons in real-life situations) social complexity. A significant rCBF increase occurred in the right posterior fusiform gyrus during presentation of emotional pictures of both low and high social complexity. We also observed an interaction between emotionality and social complexity in the left inferior occipital gyrus for situations, where emotionality produced a significantly larger rCBF increase for situations than faces. No significant rCBF changes were observed in the amygdala or other parts of the limbic system. A significant rCBF decrease was found in the right inferior medial prefrontal cortex during presentation of the emotional pictures. This is discussed with respect to the "default mode of the brain" theory. We suggest that there is a neural network in the posterior fusiform and inferior occipital gyrus specialized in identifying emotionally important visual clues. Messages from this and other areas converge to the medial prefrontal cortex, to be evaluated in terms of relevance for attention. We believe that this is a crucial part of a network used in normal empathic reactions and social interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Facial recognition and autism].

Through the presentation of four facial expressions' illustrations, we evaluate the capacity of autistic children recognition, comparing with normal intelligence children and adults. The comparison of results was accomplished through the qui-square test. The differences observed were significant, showing that a disturbance of the facial expressions' perception is present in autistic children, and that it interferes directly in the social relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Mimics: a symbolic conflict/cooperation simulation program, with embedded protocol recording and automatic psychometric assessment.

This paper describes an interactive software environment designed as a social interaction simulator with embedded comprehensive recording and flexible assessment facilities. Using schematized visual sketches similar to cross-cultural facial universals (Ekman, 1999), Mimics (Shmelyov & Aidman, 1997) employs a computer-game-like scenario that requires the subject to identify with an avatar and navigate it through a playing field inhabited by hosts who display a range of facial expressions. From these expressions (which are highly consequential), the player has to anticipate the hosts' reactions to the avatar (which may vary from friendly to obstructing or aggressive) and choose between negotiating with a host (by altering the avatar's facial expression), attacking it, or searching for an escape route. Comprehensive recording of player moves and interactions has enabled computation of several finegrained indices of interactive behavior, such as aggressive response styles, efficiency, and motivation in conflict/cooperation contexts. Initial validation data and potential applications of the method in the assessment of personality and social behavior are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Pain measurement in persons with intellectual disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to study the utility of nonverbal facial expressions as a research tool for assessing pain in persons with intellectual disabilities. Biases and stereotypes related to age, gender, physical attractiveness, and intellectual disability that may influence the ability of observers to evaluate pain reactions were also examined. DESIGN: Facial reactions to an intramuscular injection of 40 adults (mean age = 49.6 years) with an intellectual disability were videotaped and objectively examined using the Facial Action Coding System. Self-reported pain ratings were obtained using a Colored Visual Analogue Scale for pain. Pain reactions were also rated by untrained observers. RESULTS: A significant proportion of participants (35%) was unable to provide valid self-report. The intensity of objectively coded facial activity as well as observer-rated pain intensity showed significant increases from baseline to injection segments. Observers' pain ratings were primarily determined by the intensity of facial activity and were not significantly affected by stereotypes based on perceived level of intellectual disability, gender, age, or physical attractiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the validity of both objectively coded and observer-rated facial expressions of pain as research tools in treatment outcome studies involving persons with intellectual disabilities. Self-report has substantial limitations for the assessment of pain in this population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

The interpretation of dysprosody in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Prosodic features in the speech production of 21 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were tested. The appreciation of vocal and facial expression was also examined in the same patients. Significant intergroup differences were found in the prosody production tasks but, in contrast to previous results, not in the receptive tasks on the recognition and appreciation of prosody and of facial expression. The discrepancy between the production and recognition of prosodic features does not support the suggestion that dysprosody in Parkinson's disease is necessarily a disorder of processing emotional information that could be misinterpreted as a dysarthria.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Recognition of emotion from facial, prosodic and written verbal stimuli in Parkinson's disease.

Although the basal ganglia are thought to be important in recognizing emotion, there is contradictory evidence as to whether patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have deficits in recognizing facial expressions. In addition, few studies have examined their ability to recognize emotion from non-visual stimuli, such as voices. We examined the ability of PD patients and age-matched controls to recognize emotion in three different modalities: facial, prosodic, and written verbal stimuli. Compared to controls, PD patients showed deficits in recognizing fear and disgust in facial expressions. These impairments were not seen in their recognition of prosodic or written verbal stimuli. This modality-specific deficit suggests that the neural substrates for recognizing emotion from different modalities are not fully identical.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contextual stimulus control of conditional vasomotor and electrodermal reactions to angry and friendly faces. Transswitching--yes! Preparedness--No!

An experiment with 42 human Ss used the transswitching procedure to examine tonic stimulus control of phasic and tonic conditioned vasomotor heart rate, and electrodermal reactions. The conditional stimulus (CSs) were photos of angry and friendly human faces, and the unconditional stimulus (US) was a human scream. In one tonic context (blue light), the CSs were paired with the US, in the other context (yellow light), the CSs were presented unpaired. Following acquisition, an extinction series was run with the US omitted during both tonic contexts. Phasic vasomotor and skin conductance reactions differed in the positive and negative tonic segments (stronger in positive). The skin conductance responses also differed during extinction, but the vasomotor responses did not. Tonic differences (following onset of the tonic stimuli) in unelicited skin conductance response frequency, finger pulse volume, and heart rate were also found, although these developed more slowly than the phasic differences. The finger pulse volume tonic difference was greater in extinction than the skin conductance response frequency. There was no effect of the angry-friendly facial expressions, either directly or in interaction with the transswitching effects. The results were interpreted to mean that the transswitching phenomenon is not limited to one another autonomic effector, but is more generalized across the ANS (sympathetic branch). The absence of influence of the facial expressions indicates the relative weakness of the "preparedness" hypothesis in comparison with more influential contextual factors.

Adult↗