FISSION PRODUCT METABOLISM IN HENS AND TRANSFERENCE TO EGGS.
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Animals↗
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STRONTIUM-90 CONTENT OF HUMAN BONES (1961-1963).
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Adolescent↗
[Domoic acid and human health].
Domoic acid (DA), structurally related to glutamic and kainic acid, mainly generated by Pseudo nitzschia diatom. It often contaminates halobios such as fish and seashell and cause the Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning in human beings with the consumption of foods contaminated by DA. DA has been detected from seafoods worldwide. As the frequent occurrence of red tide and outbreak of human poisoning, more and more studies focus on DA, especially on its excitotoxicity. The producing alga, physico - chemical properties, natural contamination of seafoods, information on human poisoning, toxicity and analytical methods of DA are reviewed.
Animals↗
A review of the dietary intakes of chemical contaminants.
Data on the dietary intakes of certain contaminants have been received from eleven collaborating centres participating in the Joint FAO/WHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme. The data cover the period from 1971 to 1983 and include information on the intakes of a series of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, cadmium, lead, and aflatoxins.When compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of the pesticides/contaminants in question, the data indicate that, in some countries, the exposure to certain organochlorine pesticides may constitute a significant portion ofthe ADI. Because of the concentration of these compounds in the fatty portions of food, a high animal fat intake will increase the dietary exposure to organochlorine compoundsDietary intakes of cadmium and lead constitute an appreciable percentage oft he PTWI for these two contaminants. As the intakes of cadmium and lead per kilogram of body weight are highest for infants and children, every effort should be made to reduce the levels of these two contaminants in the food supply.
Diet↗
Toxicity of the chlordane metabolite oxychlordane in female rats: clinical and histopathological changes.
Due to widespread usage of the pesticide chlordane until the 1980's, this toxic and persistent mixture has accumulated in the food chain. The Arctic acts as a global sink for these and other persistent organic pollutants, which bioaccumulate in the marine and freshwater food chains. As a result, humans consuming diets high in Arctic fish and marine mammal fat can ingest higher levels of chlordane contaminants than humans consuming "southern" diets. The most abundant constituents of the chlordane mixture are trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor and heptachlor; oxychlordane is the major metabolite of the chlordanes and nonachlors. In humans the predominant chlordane-related contaminants detected in breast milk and adipose tissues are trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane. The present studies were undertaken to provide toxicological data on oxychlordane for the purpose of clarifying target organ toxicity and risks to human health associated with ingesting contaminated foods. Female rats were gavaged with oxychlordane at doses ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/kg body weight/day for up to 28 days. In terms of general toxicity oxychlordane had a steep dose-response curve: 10 mg/kg oxychlordane was acutely toxic and 1 mg/kg oxychlordane caused no measurable effects. Weight loss, reduced feed consumption and thymic atrophy were the hallmarks of acute oxychlordane toxicity. At lower doses rats showed signs of hepatic changes indicative of microsomal enzyme induction. Oxychlordane was more bioaccumulative and was toxic at levels approximately 8 times lower than trans-nonachlor and cis-nonachlor. Thus, ingestion of trans-nonachlor and related chlordane contaminants in foods results in the formation of a metabolite that is more toxic and bioaccumulative than the parent contaminants.
Administration, Oral↗
Prion diseases: dynamics of the infection and properties of the bistable transition.
Prion diseases are thought to result from a pathogenic, conformational change in a cellular protein, the prion protein. The pathogenic isoform seems to convert the normal isoform in an autocatalytic process. In contrast to the conditions used for in vitro studies of enzyme kinetics, the concentration of the catalyst is not much lower than that of the substrate in the course of infection. This feature may endow the system with a time-hierarchy allowing the pathogenic isoform to relax very slowly in the course of infection. This may contribute to the long incubation periods observed in prion diseases. The dynamic process of prion propagation, including turnover of the cellular prion protein, displays bistable properties. Sporadic prion diseases may result from a change in one of the parameters associated with metabolism of the prion protein. The bistable transition observed in sporadic disease is reversible, whereas that observed in cases of exogenous contamination is irreversible. This model is consistent with the occurrence of rare, sporadic forms of prion diseases. It may also explain why only some individuals of a cohort develop a prion disease following transient food contamination.
Animals↗
Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer.
Residents of Qidong, People's Republic of China, are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part from consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxins. Chlorophyllin, a mixture of semisynthetic, water-soluble derivatives of chlorophyll that is used as a food colorant and over-the-counter medicine, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis in animal models by blocking carcinogen bioavailability. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial, we tested whether chlorophyllin could alter the disposition of aflatoxin. One hundred and eighty healthy adults from Qidong were randomly assigned to ingest 100 mg of chlorophyllin or a placebo three times a day for 4 months. The primary endpoint was modulation of levels of aflatoxin-N(7)-guanine adducts in urine samples collected 3 months into the intervention measured by using sequential immunoaffinity chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. This aflatoxin-DNA adduct excretion product serves as a biomarker of the biologically effective dose of aflatoxin, and elevated levels are associated with increased risk of liver cancer. Adherence to the study protocol was outstanding, and no adverse events were reported. Aflatoxin-N(7)-guanine could be detected in 105 of 169 available samples. Chlorophyllin consumption at each meal led to an overall 55% reduction (P = 0.036) in median urinary levels of this aflatoxin biomarker compared with those taking placebo. Thus, prophylactic interventions with chlorophyllin or supplementation of diets with foods rich in chlorophylls may represent practical means to prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma or other environmentally induced cancers.
Adult↗
A database for environmental contaminants in traditional food in northern Canada.
The potential health effects of environmental contaminants in traditional food on indigenous peoples in Northern Canada have been a growing concern. We have conducted an extensive literature review on contaminant levels in Northern Canada through searches of commercial, private, and government databases for the years 1986-1995, including MEDLine, Agricola, Biological Abstracts, Current Contents, Applied Science and Technology, Biosis, CABCD, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, CRIS/ICAR, and the Northern Aquatic Food Chain Contaminant Database. More than 20,000 data items were identified in over 50 published articles, unpublished data, government reports, and review articles. Ranges of levels of 13 contaminants in major traditional food groups collected from four geographical regions (Yukon, MacKenzie, Keewatin, Baffin and Northern Quebec) were calculated. Exposure levels, particularly according to different dietary patterns, were estimated and discussed in relation to guideline levels.
Animals↗
Peanut anaphylaxis from food cross-contamination.
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Anaphylaxis↗
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants, metabolism and toxicity.
More than 350 PAs have been identified in over 6,000 plants in the Boraginaceae, Compositae, and Leguminosae families (Table 1). About half of the identified PAs are toxic and several have been shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. PA-containing plants have worldwide distribution, and they probably are the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. In many locations, PA-containing plants are introduced species that are considered invasive, noxious weeds. Both native and introduced PA-containing plants often infest open ranges and fields, replacing nutritious plants. Many are not palatable and livestock avoid eating them if other forages are available. However, as they invade fields or crops, plant parts or seeds can contaminate prepared feeds and grains which are then readily eaten by many animals. Human poisonings most often are a result of food contamination or when PA-containing plants areused for medicinal purposes. This is a review of current information on the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms of PA toxicity. Additional discussion includes current and future research objectives with an emphasis on the development of better diagnostics, pyrrole kinetics, and the effects of low dose PA exposure.
Animals↗
Detection of polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Belgian cattle and estimation of the maximal potential exposure in humans through diets of bovine origin.
The methodology used to detect a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)/dioxin contamination in a Belgian cattle population that was not exposed to the PCB/dioxin incident in 1999 is presented. This population is directly or indirectly destined for human consumption. The methodology consisted in the systematic sampling of all calf-fattening stations and groups of cattle destined for export, and in the random sampling of slaughter cattle. This approach is compared to the method described in directive 96/23/CE from the European Council. When PCB concentrations exceeded the tolerance level of 0.2 micro g/g body fat (seven congeners with numbers 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180), dioxins (seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners of PCDD and PCDF) were also determined. The prevalence of Belgian slaughter cattle with PCB concentrations above this cutoff was 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0.01-1.50%). Results indicate that the incidence of contamination was minimal, with environmental origin and common in all industrial countries. The maximal potential exposure of an adult human consumer to dioxins through diet of bovine origin is estimated in two worst-case scenarios. The first one corresponds to the consumption of contaminated food products by a small number of consumers during a long period (local consumption) and the second simulates the consumption of contaminated products by a large number of consumers during a short period (supermarket purchase). The theoretical maximum daily intake of dioxins in adults was respectively 374 and 123 pg TEQ/d. The estimated maximum increase of dioxin body burden corresponds to 7 pg TEQ/g fat in the local consumption scheme and 0.07 pg TEQ/g fat in the supermarket consumption scheme.
Adult↗
Modifications of allergenicity linked to food technologies.
The prevalence of food allergies (FA) has increased over the past fifteen years. The reasons suggested are changes in dietary behaviour and the evolution of food technologies. New cases of FA have been described with chayote, rambutan, arguta, pumpkin seeds, custard apple, and with mycoproteins from Fusarium.... Additives using food proteins are at high risk: caseinates, lysozyme, cochineal red, papaïn, alpha-amylase, lactase etc. Heating can reduce allergenicity or create neo-allergens, as well as storage, inducing the synthesis of allergenic stress or PR proteins. Aeroallergens (miles, moulds) contaminate foods and can induce allergic reactions. Involuntary contamination by peanut proteins on production lines is a problem which is not yet solved. Genetically modified plants are at risk of allergenicity, requiring methodological steps of investigations: the comparison of the amino-acid sequence of the transferred protein with the sequence of known allergens, the evaluation of thermo degradability and of the denaturation by pepsin and trypsin are required, as well as the study with sera from patients allergic to the plant producing the gene. The combination of enzymatic hydrolysis, heating, or the development of genetically modified plants may offer new alternatives towards hypoallergenic foods (57 references).
Allergens↗
Implications of the use of semicarbazide as a metabolic target of nitrofurazone contamination in coated products.
Data from the Brazilian Agricultural Ministry show that before the implementation of the Brazilian programme of nitrofuran control in February 2003, the cases of contamination of Brazilian chicken by nitrofurans were almost exclusively due to furaltadone. After May 2003, such cases decreased until no more reports of Brazilian chicken contamination with this nitrofuran were reported. Curiously, after April 2003, an increase was observed in the numbers of contaminated samples by semicarbazide, the target metabolite of nitrofurazone. Most Brazilian chicken found to be contaminated with semicarbazide has been covered with flour, salt and spices. For this reason, the authors' laboratory initialized a programme for tracing possible sources of food contamination by semicarbazide. After several semicarbazide positives in flour of controlled origin (results varying between 2.2 and 5.2 microg kg(-1)), the different additives used in the cereal industry as flour improvement agents were studied. The results indicate that the compound azodicarbonamide was responsible for the source of the contaminant semicarbazide.
Animals↗
Evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Fifty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
This report presents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to assess the risks associated with the consumption of food contaminated with certain mycotoxins. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles for evaluating mycotoxins in food, including those concerning analytical methods, sampling, data on food consumption and dietary intake, and prevention and control. The second part provides a summary of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological data on specific mycotoxins, including aflatoxin M1, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 and HT-2 toxins.
Food Contamination↗
Dynamics of hexachlorobenzene residues in the food chain.
Epidemiological studies of food contamination in an area of intensive agriculture for the years 1975-1983 showed that hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was present in all food-chain links, although HCB has not been used in Czechoslovakian agriculture since 1980. Samples of potatoes, wheat, milk fat, eggs, meat and human milk were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detector. Levels of HCB residues ranged from 0.02 (potatoes) to 2.5 mg/kg (human milk, fat basis). A study of HCB accumulation in eggs from a poultry experiment showed that HCB levels in eggs can reach about twice the level given in feed at 7-10 weeks.
Animals↗
Migration of inorganic contaminants into dry food from packaging made from recycled paper and board.
A radiotracer method was applied to the measurement of inorganic contaminants migrating into food. The method was applied to the study of 10 samples of recycled paper and board. The only elements detected in the static migration test were zinc and iron, at concentrations close to the detection limit. Samples of rice, oats, custard powder, mushrooms and fries showed that traces of these elements had migrated from the packaging. The migration was limited to less than 1%, with the exception of the mushrooms, where the decomposition of the food had resulted in a 12.5% transfer of zinc from the mushroom bag after 8 days, equivalent to migration of 0.022 mg dm(-2). Shaking had no effect on migration, except in one case of custard powder where migration occurred at a level equivalent to 0.002 mg dm(-2). The maximum migration determined in the present study was 4.8 microg zinc and 2.6 microg iron, which is negligible when compared with the recommended daily intakes of 15 and 14 mg, respectively. When Tenax was tested as a food simulant, no zinc was detected (< 0.001 mg dm(-2)), although slight migration (0.001 mg dm(-2)) occurred into food.
Conservation of Natural Resources↗
Rapid fluorogenic enumeration of Escherichia coli in selected, naturally contaminated high moisture foods.
An assay for the enzyme glucuronidase was used to determine the presence of Escherichia coli in selected, naturally contaminated high moisture foods. Raw pork sausage, ground turkey, and ground beef were inoculated into tubes containing the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) in lauryl tryptose (LT) medium. After incubation at 35 degrees C for 24 h, the inoculated LT-MUG tubes were examined under longwave ultraviolet light for the presence of a fluorogenic glucuronidase end product. A fluorescing tube indicated the presumptive presence of E. coli. The 10 day most probable number method of the AOAC and the LT-MUG procedure gave comparable recoveries of E. coli.
Animals↗
[RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION DUE TO FALL-OUT IN FOODS. I. DATA ON FALLOUT RADIOACTIVITY OF FOODS SAMPLED IN THE PROVINCE OF PAVIA FROM NOVEMBER 1962 TO DECEMBER 1963].
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Food Contamination↗