Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Eye Movements”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Psychotherapeutic treatment of traumatic stress with the EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) method].

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a method, developed at the end of the nineteen-eighties, for the treatment of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The patient is asked to concentrate on certain aspect of the traumatic memory while keeping his eyes fixed on the movements of the therapist's finger. Apparently, this triggers information processing that results in appreciable relief for the patient. The method has proven to be equally as effective as behavioral-therapeutic techniques, and, has in the meantime, been included in national and international guidelines for the treatment of PTSD. The indications for EMDR treatment include not only PTSD, but, increasingly, also other, sometimes more severely chronic, it trauma sequelae. Within the framework of basic care, EMDR must be embedded within a treatment plan and should, where applicable, be combined with other methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Abnormal exploratory eye movements in schizophrenic patients vs healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: We examined previously described exploratory eye movements abnormalities as biologic markers in schizophrenic patients in comparison with age-matched healthy subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using an eye-mark recorder, eye movements were analysed for mean gazing time, total number of gazing points, mean eye scanning length, total eye scanning length, and total gazing times as subjects viewed six simple pictures in preparation for copying them. RESULTS: In-patients, and to a lesser extent, out-patients, with schizophrenia showed a longer gazing time, fewer gazing points, a shorter mean and total eye scanning length. and longer gazing time than healthy subjects. In schizophrenic patients. negative symptom scores were positively correlated with mean gazing time (r = 0.33), and negatively correlated with the total number of gazing points (r = -0.29) as well as, the mean (r = -0.40) and total scanning length (r = -0.46). CONCLUSION: Exploratory eye movements are a biologic marker useful for evaluation of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Activation and inactivation of rostral superior colliculus neurons during smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Neurons in the intermediate and deep layers of the rostral superior colliculus (SC) of monkeys are active during attentive fixation, small saccades, and smooth-pursuit eye movements. Alterations of SC activity have been shown to alter saccades and fixation, but similar manipulations have not been shown to influence smooth-pursuit eye movements. Therefore we both activated (electrical stimulation) and inactivated (reversible chemical injection) rostral SC neurons to establish a causal role for the activity of these neurons in smooth pursuit. First, we stimulated the rostral SC during pursuit initiation as well as pursuit maintenance. For pursuit initiation, stimulation of the rostral SC suppressed pursuit to ipsiversive moving targets primarily and had modest effects on contraversive pursuit. The effect of stimulation on pursuit varied with the location of the stimulation with the most rostral sites producing the most effective inhibition of ipsiversive pursuit. Stimulation was more effective on higher pursuit speeds than on lower and did not evoke smooth-pursuit eye movements during fixation. As with the effects on pursuit initiation, ipsiversive maintained pursuit was suppressed, whereas contraversive pursuit was less affected. The stimulation effect on smooth pursuit did not result from a generalized inhibition because the suppression of smooth pursuit was greater than the suppression of smooth eye movements evoked by head rotations (vestibular-ocular reflex). Nor was the stimulation effect due to the activation of superficial layer visual neurons rather than the intermediate layers of the SC because stimulation of the superficial layers produced effects opposite to those found with intermediate layer stimulation. Second, we inactivated the rostral SC with muscimol and found that contraversive pursuit initiation was reduced and ipsiversive pursuit was increased slightly, changes that were opposite to those resulting from stimulation. The results of both the stimulation and the muscimol injection experiments on pursuit are consistent with the effects of these activation and inactivation experiments on saccades, and the effects on pursuit are consistent with the hypothesis that the SC provides a position signal that is used by the smooth-pursuit eye-movement system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Eye movement dysfunction as a biological marker of risk for schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to review smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) studies in schizophrenia and groups at high risk for schizophrenia, with a view to evaluating the utility of SPEM dysfunction as a biological marker of risk for schizophrenia. METHOD: Smooth pursuit eye movement studies, related saccade function and the unresolved issues in this area of schizophrenia research were addressed. The different perspectives on the trait marker status of SPEM dysfunction, provided by both high-risk studies and related developmental research were considered. Attention was also given to the relationship between eye movement dysfunction and symptom profiles. RESULTS: Converging evidence points to the robust and specific nature of SPEM dysfunction in schizophrenia, and highlights the role of frontal lobe and a related network dysfunction. The vast majority of 'high risk' studies support the view that SPEM dysfunction is also genetically specific to schizophrenia, and is not simply due to the overt expression of this illness. Studies assessing SPEM in relation to symptomatology show an association with the Disorganisation syndrome in particular. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for the specificity of SPEM dysfunction to diagnosed schizophrenia, as well as to healthy individuals with a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, suggests that the SPEM task has efficacy as a test of gene carrier status in schizophrenia, and therefore as a trait marker of risk for schizophrenia. Future studies should seek to explore the relationships between SPEM and other eye movement dysfunctions (antisaccades, express saccades), in view of evidence that some of these dysfunctions also show specificity for schizophrenia.

Genetic Markers↗
PubMed2004

What kind of eye movements will goldfish show in space?

Six goldfish (1 normal, 1 with otoliths removed on both sides, 4 with otoliths removed on one side) were flown in space. The behaviors of the fish were recorded with a video camera on Mission Elapsed Time (MET) Day-00, 02, 05, 08, and 12. On MET Day-00, fish with otoliths removed on one side showed rolling behavior toward the operated side. No rolling behaviors were observed after MET Day-8. Five fish showed backward looping behaviors during the mission. After the space experiment, torsional eye movements and vertical eye movements were examined by body tilting. The experiments showed that the sensitivity of eye movements were low for head up tilting and tilting to operated side.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

REM sleep eye movement counts correlate with visual imagery in dreaming: a pilot study.

Based on the findings of our previously published positron emission tomography study, we proposed that recorded eye movements during REM sleep are visually targeted saccades. In the present study, we examined the correlation between the number of eye movements in REM sleep (EM) and visual imagery in dreaming (V) and provided further support for our proposal. All the observations (N = 11) were made with one individual to eliminate interindividual variation and were made during the second REM sleep period to control for a time-of-night effect. V, with or without dream report length partialled out, was strongly associated with EM only in the 1-min interval immediately preceding awakening. The time course of the association suggests that the strong EM-V association reflects a phasic, localized activation of the eye-movement-control system in association with REM sleep eye movements.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Saccades, vergence and combined eye movements in a young subject with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS).

PURPOSE: To study saccades, vergence and combined eye movements in a case of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome. METHODS: A 16-year-old girl with congenital partial third cranial nerve palsy, with ptosis and divergent strabismus dependent on viewing distance, participated in this study. A first operation for her ptosis was done seven years ago and an operation for her strabismus was done four years ago. The day of our oculomotor test, the patient had a residual exotropia of 12 prism diopters, mild amblyopia of the left eye and no binocular vision. LEDs on a table placed at eye level were used to stimulate saccades, pure vergence along the median plane and combined saccade-vergence movements. Horizontal eye movements from both eyes were recorded simultaneously with a photoelectric device (Bouis Oculometer). RESULTS: The binocular coordination of saccades in this subject was unstable and more variable than normal, and there was divergent post-saccadic drift, i.e., in the direction of her residual deviation. The patient had difficulty making movements in space, particularly vergence eye movements. Pure saccades and combined movements showed abnormally long latencies and marked hypometrias. The velocity of pure saccades was normal. In contrast, the velocity of saccades in the combined movements was abnormally slow. CONCLUSION: The long latency and the low accuracy of the eye movements in natural space indicate a general deficit in the central circuitry that controls the initiation and programming of all these types of eye movements. The absence of pure vergence and the slowness of the saccades in the combined movements could be due to a brainstem deficit specific to the vergence oculomotor system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Otolith stimulation evokes compensatory reflex eye movements of high velocity when linear motion of the head is combined with concurrent angular motion.

Previous investigations have failed to find significant compensatory eye movements in response to linear motion of the head. However, the fact that visual acuity is essentially preserved during natural head movements, which combine both linear and angular components, is evidence that there must be compensation for linear translation. Hence we examined the lateral eye movements produced by angular oscillation, in the dark, in yaw at 0.5 and 1.5 Hz, 80 degrees/s peak, with the head both centred and positioned 30 cm eccentric from the axis of rotation in order to produce an additional linear acceleration acting tangentially. The combined stimuli produced high velocities of eye movement which were much greater than those produced by angular motion alone. The findings are evidence or a linear-compensatory reflex which is probably otolithic. The dependency of otolithic eye movements on concurrent stimulation of the semicircular canals is a possible explanation of positional nystagmus in neuro-otological disease in which it may be released by a pathological imbalance of canal function.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Impaired smooth pursuit eye movement: vulnerability marker for schizotypal personality disorder in a normal volunteer population.

Impaired smooth pursuit eye movement has been proposed as a possible biologic marker for schizophrenia. Preliminary studies have suggested that this impairment may be associated with social introversion and related psychopathology in a nonpsychiatric population. To evaluate the relationship between dysfunctional smooth pursuit eye movement and schizophrenia-related psychopathology, the authors screened a new, volunteer sample of 284 male college students for eye tracking accuracy. Volunteers identified as low-accuracy trackers were significantly more likely to be diagnosed (blindly) as having a schizotypal personality disorder by DSM-III criteria than those identified as high-accuracy trackers. The authors suggest that disordered smooth pursuit eye movement may reflect a vulnerability marker for schizotypal personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Eye movement trajectories and what they tell us.

In the last two decades, research has shown that eye movement trajectories can be modified by situational determinants. These modifications can inform us about the mechanisms that control eye movements and they can yield information about the oculomotor, memory and attention system that is not easily obtained via other sources. Eye movement trajectories can deviate either towards or away from elements in the visual field. We review the conditions in which these deviations are found and the mechanisms underlying trajectory deviations. It is argued that deviations towards an element are caused by the unresolved competition in the oculomotor system between elements in a visual scene. Deviations away from an element are mainly observed in situations in which top-down preparation can influence the target selection process, but the exact cause of such deviations remains unclear.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

The relation of clinical saccadic eye movement testing to reading in kindergartners and first graders.

Although a substantial body of research has demonstrated an association between reading and eye movements, this association has not been examined in kindergartners. Therefore, the relation between psychometric eye movement scores and reading skill was studied in a masked investigation with 181 kindergartners and first graders (mean age 6.25 years) from a middle class, suburban, elementary school near Cleveland, Ohio. Eye movements were evaluated with the New York State Optometric Association King-Devick (NYSOA K-D; Bernell Corporation, South Bend, IN) and the Developmental Eye Movement tests (DEM; Bernell Corporation, South Bend, IN). Digit knowledge was assessed with Reversals Frequency Test Execution subtest (Gardner). Reading performance was measured with Metropolitan Achievement Test 6 (MAT6) Reading Test and teachers' assessments. The number of unknown or reversed numbers on Gardner was significantly related to test times on the NYSOA K-D and DEM, but not the DEM ratio. Outcome on NYSOA K-D, determined by errors in conjunction with test time, was significantly related to reading ability in 5-year-olds (p = 0.0129), 6-year-olds (p = 0.0167), and the entire subject group when controlling for age (p = 0.0008). Our findings suggest that: (1) DEM factors out automaticity of number knowledge; (2) the NYSOA K-D can be completed by kindergartners; (3) the DEM is too difficult for many kindergarteners; and (4) performance on the NYSOA K-D is related to reading performance in 5- and 6-year-olds in kindergarten.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Investigating individual differences in children's real-time sentence comprehension using language-mediated eye movements.

Individual differences in children's online language processing were explored by monitoring their eye movements to objects in a visual scene as they listened to spoken sentences. Eleven skilled and 11 less-skilled comprehenders were presented with sentences containing verbs that were either neutral with respect to the visual context (e.g., Jane watched her mother choose the cake, where all of the objects in the scene were choosable) or supportive (e.g., Jane watched her mother eat the cake, where the cake was the only edible object). On hearing the supportive verb, the children made fast anticipatory eye movements to the target object (e.g., the cake), suggesting that children extract information from the language they hear and use this to direct ongoing processing. Less-skilled comprehenders did not differ from controls in the speed of their anticipatory eye movements, suggesting normal sensitivity to linguistic constraints. However, less-skilled comprehenders made a greater number of fixations to target objects, and these fixations were of a duration shorter than those observed in the skilled comprehenders, especially in the supportive condition. This pattern of results is discussed in terms of possible processing limitations, including difficulties with memory, attention, or suppressing irrelevant information.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

Positron emission tomography study of voluntary saccadic eye movements and spatial working memory.

1. The purpose of this study is to define the cortical regions that subserve voluntary saccadic eye movements and spatial working memory in humans. 2. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during performance of oculomotor tasks was measured with [15O]-H2O positron emission tomography (PET). Eleven well-trained, healthy young adults performed the following tasks: visual fixation, visually guided saccades, antisaccades (a task in which subjects made saccades away from rather than toward peripheral targets), and either an oculomotor delayed response (ODR, a task requiring memory-guided saccades after a delay period) or a conditional antisaccade task (a task in which the color of the peripheral target determined whether a saccade toward or away from the target was required). An additional six subjects performed a sequential hand movement task to compare localization of hand-related motor cortex and the frontal eye fields (FEFs) and of the hand- and eye-movement-related regions of the supplementary motor area (SMA). 3. Friston's statistical parametric mapping (SPM) method was used to identify significant changes in rCBF associated with task performance. Because SPM does not take advantage of the anatomic information available in magnetic resonance (MR) scans, each subject's PET scan was registered to that individual's MR scan, after which all PET and MR studies were transformed to conform to a standard reference MR image set. Subtraction images were visually inspected while overlayed on the reference MR scan to which PET images had been aligned, in order to confirm anatomic localization of significant rCBF changes. 4. Compared with visual fixation, performing visually guided saccades led to a significant bilateral activation in FEF, cerebellum, striate cortex, and posterior temporal cortex. Right posterior thalamus activation was also observed. 5. The visually guided saccade task served as the comparison task for the ODR, antisaccade, and conditional antisaccade tasks for identification of task-related changes in rCBF beyond those associated with saccade execution. Performance on the ODR task was associated with a bilateral increase of rCBF in FEFs, SMA, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and posterior parietal cortex. The cortical regions of increased regional blood flow during the ODR task also showed increased rCBF during the antisaccade task; however, FEF and SMA activations were significant only in the right hemisphere. These findings closely parallel those of single-cell recording studies with behaving monkeys in indicating that FEF, DLPFC, SMA, and posterior parietal cortex perform computational activity for voluntary purposive saccades. 6. Comparison of PET scans obtained during performance of eye movement and hand movement tasks indicated that peak activations in FEF were located approximately 2 cm lateral and 1 cm anterior to those of hand-related motor cortex. The oculomotor area of SMA, the supplementary eye field (SEF), was located approximately 7-8 mm anterior and superior to the hand-related area of SMA. 7. During performance of antisaccade and ODR tasks, rCBF was significantly lower in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), along the rectus gyrus, and in ventral anterior cingulate cortex than during the visually guided saccade and fixation tasks. During the antisaccade task, the ventral region of lower rCBF involved medial structures including left ventral striatum and bilateral medial temporal-limbic cortex. During the ODR task, the ventral aspect of the region of lower rCBF extended laterally, rather than medially, to include the temporal poles. The lower blood flow observed in ventromedial PFC during both the antisaccade and ODR tasks, relative to the visually guided saccade and fixation tasks, suggests that modulation of output from ventromedial PFC to limbic cortex and the striatum may play a role in the voluntary control of saccadic eye movements, possibly in the suppression of responses that would interrupt

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Abnormal eye movements in hyperkinetic children with learning disability.

Eye movements were studied in 29 school children aged 6--12 years diagnosed as having Hyperactivity (HA) with Learning Disabilities (LD) and compared to an age matched control group of 32 children. The children had to track a moving target on a metronome and a canopy, to maintain eye fixation on a stationary target and to read a standard reading material. Accuracy, nystagmoid, reversal and overshoot movements were observed, as well as head movements and blinks. Persistence and deviations were monitored during fixation; duration, accuracy, number of fixations and reversals were monitored during reading. The tracking accuracy and fixation persistence were significantly inferior in the HA-LD children as compared to the control group in most items. This correlated well with the inferior performance on the reading task. This study supports the hypothesis that children with MBD and learning disabilities have primary defects in the motor control of eye movements which contribute significantly to their reading difficulties.

Brain↗
PubMed1987

[Types of eye movement patterns induced by electric stimulation of the lateral geniculate body of the cat].

Three types of eye movement patterns evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus were distinguished in cats. The first type is characterized by parallel eye movements. The second type is formed by goal-direction eye movements, while the third one--by centering saccades. Obtained results are compared with data received by electrical stimulation of superior colliculus and their possible physiological significance is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Saccadic eye movement analysis as a measure of drug effects on human psychomotor performance.

Analysis of human horizontal saccadic eye movements can provide measurements of central nervous system depression and stimulation. Effects on saccadic eye movements have been observed in normal volunteers with barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates and related compounds, carbamazepine, amphetamine and ethanol. A suite of programmes have been developed to allow the generation, collection and analysis of saccadic eye movements using a CBM 3032, 8032 or BBC B microcomputer. The system allows almost continuous sampling and rapid analysis of movements.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2005

Cortical regions involved in eye movements, shifts of attention, and gaze perception.

Human vision is an active process that involves shifting attention across the visual scene, with or without moving the eyes. Such shifts of attention can be generated at will (endogenously) or be triggered automatically, i.e., generated in response to exogenous stimuli including socially relevant cues such as someone else's gaze. What are the common and distinct brain mechanisms involved in these processes? To address this question, we carried out a quantitative effect-location meta-analysis of 59 brain-imaging experiments whose results were published using standardized coordinates. For each condition of interest, namely voluntary and visually triggered eye movements, voluntary and visually triggered (covert) shifts of attention, and perception of someone else's gaze, we computed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps. Those maps represent at each voxel of the brain the probability of reporting a signal change related to the condition of interest. For eye movements, this analysis confirmed the spatial location of the frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, and parietal saccade-related regions. The map of covert shifts of attention demonstrated highest similarity with the map of saccadic eye movements. Gaze perception showed common activation likelihood with the other conditions in the right intraparietal sulcus and in the lateral precentral gyrus. It demonstrated more similarity with the reflexive than with the voluntary saccades and shifts of attention. We propose that a core network of frontoparietal and temporal brain regions is recruited when we shift the focus of our attention with or without eye movements in response to the appearance of a visual target, as well as when we see someone else shift his or her gaze.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

Characteristics of human saccadic eye movements in different directions.

Saccadic human eye movements in different directions were recorded by an infrared technique. Disturbances by movements of the eyelids are prevented by means of a plaster pulling down the lower lid. The peak values of the velocity, acceleration, deceleration, and the duration of the saccades were drawn in a direction diagram. Each eye has its specific diagram. The shape of the diagram is independent of the saccadic amplitude. There are directions in which the values are equal for eccentric and centric saccades and those, in which significant differences are to be found. In the latter case centric saccades are faster than the eccentric ones.

Adult↗