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PubMed1989

[The effect of mutations in ribosomal proteins S4, S12 and L7/L12 on EF-Tu-dependent expenditure of GTP in the process of codon-specific elongation and misreading of poly(U)].

The effect of mutations in ribosomal proteins S4 (rpsD12), S12 (rpsL282) and L7/L12 (rplL265) of Escherichia coli K12 on the EF-Tu-dependent expenditure of GTP during codon-specific elongation (poly(Phe) synthesis on poly(U] and misreading (poly(Leu) synthesis on poly(U], was studied. Under the conditions used the mutations in proteins S4 and L7/L12 did not practically affect the EF-Tu-dependent expenditure of GTR during the poly(Phe) synthesis on poly(U): the GTP/Phe ratio was about 1, as in the case of the wild strain. Under the same conditions, the ribosomes with a mutant S12 protein tended to discard some amount of Phe-tRNA, as a result of which the GTP/Phe ratio increased to about 3. The marked inhibition of misreading by ribosomes with a mutant S12 protein was accompanied by a significant increase of GTP expenditure at the stage of EF-Tu-dependent non-cognate aminoacyl-tRNA binding. In mutant S 12 proteins the GTP/Leu ratio was about 30-40, whereas in the wild type it was about 12. In contrast, stimulation of misreading by ribosomes with mutant S4 and L7/L12 proteins was accompanied by a decrease of the EF-Tu-dependent expenditure of GTP by 2-3 GTP molecules per one Leu residue included into the peptide.

Codon↗
PubMed1989

[Energy expenditure and the use of nutriments in cirrhotic patients fasting and at rest. Influence of alcoholic hepatitis and the severity score of the disease].

Resting energy expenditure and nature of fuels consumed after an overnight fast have been evaluated in 30 cirrhotic patients and 10 normal subjects by indirect calorimetry. Basal metabolic requirements in patients were slightly increased although most of them had as poor nutritional condition assessed by a decreased muscular mass (17.3 +/- 0.8 vs 22.5 +/- 1.2 kg, p less than 0.001). Resting energy expenditure was significantly elevated in 16.7 p. 100 of patients. This hypermetabolic state was related to alcoholic hepatitis. Surface area and the Harris-Benedict equation did not accurately predict the resting energy expenditure. Compared to normal subjects, all patients had higher levels of free fatty acids (0.408 +/- 0.05 vs 0.182 +/- 0.03 mmol/l, p less than 0.001), glycerol (0.109 +/- 0.009 vs 0.035 +/- 0.003 mmol/l, p less than 10(-9)) and ketone bodies (0.137 +/- 0.012 vs 0.099 +/- 0.012 mmol/l, p less than 0.03). The respiratory quotient was lower in cirrhotic patients (0.740 +/- 0.01 vs 0.832 +/- 0.02, p less than 10(-5)). These results show increased lipolysis and a preferential use of fat as fuel substrates in cirrhotic patients: 70 p. 100 of the total calorie expenditure was derived from fat. Fat mobilization was influenced by nutritional status: a positive correlation has been found between fat mass and free fatty acids (p less than 0.02) and between fat mass and glycerol (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Predicting energy requirements: is energy expenditure proportional to the BMR or to body weight? An analysis of data collected in rural Gambian women.

It has been suggested that energy requirements are either proportional to the BMR (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985) or to body weight (WHO, 1973). The present analysis sought to distinguish between these two possibilities by determining whether, in rural Gambian women, energy expenditure was more nearly proportional to the BMR or to body weight. For nine of eleven common daily activities energy expenditure expressed per kg body weight was significantly lower in heavier compared to lighter individuals, indicating that energy expenditure was not proportional to weight. Since, in a preliminary analysis, it was found that in Gambian women BMR was roughly proportional to weight raised to the power 0.5, energy expenditure was also compared per kg. For ten of the eleven activities there were no significant differences between different weight groups in the energy costs expressed per kg, and it follows from this that in Gambian women the energy cost of common daily activities was more nearly proportional to the BMR than it was to body weight. Possible reasons for and implications of these results are discussed.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1988

Patterns of daily energy expenditure in normal and marginally undernourished school-aged Colombian children.

Using minute-by-minute heart rate recording, the pattern of energy expenditure (EE), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and energy expenditure in activity (EAC) were measured in 132 boys and 110 girls 6-8, 10-12 and 14-16 years of age during ordinary school days. The children were living under economically deprived conditions in Colombia; 70 boys and 59 girls were classified as having marginal malnutrition of sufficient degree to retard growth and sexual maturation. EE, TDEE and EAC increased with age, were in general less in undernourished than control subjects and less in girls than in boys. The age and nutritional group effects were ascribable to differences in lean body mass (LBM). However, the reduced activity in girls was greater than could be accounted for by differences in LBM and are probably the result of cultural pressures. Thus, at the levels of normal activity encountered during school days, the reduced energy expenditure found in undernourished children can be accounted for by differences in body size.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Diet, exercise, weight loss, and energy expenditure in moderately overweight women.

The effect of a moderate energy intake plus exercise (MEEX) vs a low energy intake without exercise (LESD) on weight loss and energy expenditure was examined in two groups of moderately overweight women confined to a metabolic unit. An initial 2-week baseline period was used to determine weight maintenance energy requirement (ER). This was followed by a 6-week weight reduction period. Energy intake was decreased to 0.75 ER in MEEX and treadmill exercise was individually prescribed to increase energy expenditure to 1.25 ER. Energy intake was decreased to 0.5 ER in LESD. Thus, both energy intake and expenditure were manipulated to result in an energy deficit of 50 percent. Although total weight loss was significantly higher in LESD compared to MEEX (7.8 vs 5.7 kg), fat loss did not differ (5.1 vs 4.7 kg) hence the proportion of weight loss due to fat was greater in MEEX. Aerobic capacity, measured by maximum oxygen uptake, significantly improved in MEEX (2.44 to 2.84 l/min) but did not change in LESD (2.51 to 2.50 l/min). Basal metabolic rate, energy cost of standardized activities, and 3-hour thermic response to a test meal did not change in either group throughout the study. Thus, a 50 percent energy deficit, achieved by either diet alone or diet in combination with exercise, did not result in conservation of energy expenditure in moderately overweight women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Effect of 12 weeks' light-moderate underfeeding on 24-hour energy expenditure in normal male and female subjects.

The effect of 12 weeks' light-moderate underfeeding on the 24-h energy expenditure of a fixed physical activity programme was studied in six male and six female subjects. During a control period of 2 weeks, measurements were made of 24-h energy expenditure by direct calorimetry, the lean and fat body masses and the subjects' habitual energy intakes. The average body weight was 107 per cent of ideal, and did not change significantly during the control period. The subjects were asked to continue to record their daily food intake while reducing it by 25 per cent and to continue their daily activity habits during a period of 12 weeks. The mean change in body weight was -2.9 kg with an average change in body energy content of -66 MJ. The 24-h energy expenditure was measured three times during the period, ie, after 4, 8 and 12 weeks from the start of the decreased energy intake, and found to be practically the same as the control value, ie, with average differences (s.d.) of -0.2(3.9), -0.8(5.7) and +0.6(4.2) per cent from the control value. In the six subjects who had the largest loss of body weight, this was found to be 5.0 kg, and the mean differences (s.d.) in energy expenditure were found to be -1.0(3.4), 0.0(5.6) and -0.6(3.9) per cent, respectively, from the control value. A significant part of the between-subjects variation in the differences from the control value is due to random measurement error and it is concluded that a loss of body energy content of the magnitude reported here, and due mainly to a reduced food intake, does not result in a significant increase in the efficiency of energy conversion, ie, in metabolic adaptation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Adaptation of food ingestion to energy expenditure].

Body energy balance is regulated in adults. The accuracy of the phenomenon is particularly evident in laboratory animals under steady conditions. Moreover, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that this balance is maintained in spite of fluctuations in food intake or energy expenditure. When animals such as rats, dogs or rabbits are presented with a diluted or concentrated version of familiar food, they compensate rapidly by increasing or decreasing their ponderal intake. This is achieved first by a change in meal frequency, then meal size adapts to the new caloric content and meal frequency returns to the original pattern. This adaptation is based on the learning of post-ingestive cues. Hypo or hyperphagia leads to reduced or increased energy expenditure, as the case may be; the basal metabolic rate is modulated by thyroid hormones and diet-induced thermogenesis by the sympathetic system. These variations are partly regulatory. In a cold environment, the increase in energy expenditure caused by increased thermogenesis is rapidly compensated by increased caloric intake. Physical activity activates the sympathetic system responsible for numerous hormonal changes, the most important of which is insulin hyposecretion. In animals or humans, moderate aerobic exercise induces a small weight loss; afterwards, weight gain is normalized and increased caloric intake compensates for energy expenditures such as exercise, increased basal metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis. Extreme changes in body weight and fat are produced by gestation and lactation; they are satisfactorily explained by concomitant hormonal changes. Especially during lactation, food intake is regulated so that it allows body weight to return to pregestation level. Studies on the mechanisms implicated in the regulation of body energy balance are still in progress. Friedman and Ramirez (1985) suggest that the way fatty acids are utilized is important. Kasser et al. (1985) show a striking difference in the cellular metabolism of hypothalamic regions, depending on the metabolic state or the animal, and Woods et al. (1985) strongly suggest a role for the central insulin level. These hypotheses are well-documented and not exclusive of each other.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

Energy expenditure in the control of biochemical systems by covalent modification.

Regulation by reversible, covalent modification of proteins requires a continuous expenditure of energy, even in a steady-state situation. The cost of this energy drain is evaluated for the case of an effector controlling the modifying enzyme and an effector controlling the demodifying enzyme and for the case of dual control in which an effector activates one of these enzymes and inhibits the other. Energy consumption is determined when the converter enzymes are functioning in the first-order and zero-order domains. The profile of energy expenditure versus fractional protein modification at steady state varies both as a function of the mechanism of control of the converter enzymes and of the kinetic domain in which they operate. This theory allows one to predict the strategies that would minimize energy costs. Dual control appears to provide maximum sensitivity with minimal energy expenditure. The analysis is applied to two experimental systems. Comparison of ATP turnover rates with rates for individual modification enzymes in living systems shows that a significant fraction of the total energy expenditure of an organism is required for the large number of reactions which involve covalent modification of proteins. It is concluded that there will be selection pressure for energy-efficient control of covalent regulation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1987

[Work energy expenditure at main posts in the textile industry and some of its conditions].

Effective energetic expenditure for the work performed in weaving, spinning and sewing plants has been presented. In weaving and spinning plants the minute energetic expenditure rate was found to vary with the extensiveness of the workplace and resulting walking time as well as with specific machines operational mode. In sewing plants the minute energetic expenditure depended on the size of the elements being sewn and the work pace. The effective energetic expenditure during a work shift was from 659 to 1020 kcal for weavers, from 740 to 1000 kcal for spinners and from 522 to 1105 kcal for sewers, which points to an uncomparable load at monomial workplaces equipped with different machines.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[The application of a dynamic feedback control model to the estimation of the expenditure-dependent growth plateauing in forest stands].

In addition to the time-dependent description of growth an expenditure-dependent parameter is necessary, with the help of which it is possible to interpret quantitatively the expenditure of economically motivated silvicultural measures in forest stands. The solution of a differential equation contains the desired expenditure parameter, the time-dependent and site-index-dependent courses of pine stands are discussed in this paper as normal and additional expenditure for obtaining an additional increment by fertilisation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1984

Energy expenditure of paraplegic patients standing and walking with two knee-ankle-foot orthoses.

To determine which kind of knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) is more efficient, we measured energy expenditure in standing, walking with a walker, and walking with crutches by eight subjects using the Scott-Craig KAFO and a single-stopped long-leg KAFO. All subjects had complete motor paralysis below the level of their lesion and had been fully trained to use KAFOs. Every subject used both types of KAFO, and energy expenditure--per minute and per meter traveled--was measured by oxygen consumption. No significant difference in energy expenditure appeared during standing. During ambulation, however, mean energy expenditure was less with the Scott-Craig KAFO than with the single-stopped type: 31% less kcal/m with a walker and 25% less kcal/min with crutches. These results suggest that the Scott-Craig KAFO is more energy-efficient than the single-stopped long-leg KAFO.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Effect of scheduling of meal times on the circadian rhythm of energy expenditure].

15 obese subjects were studied under different meal-timing schedules in order to see if meal-timing could affect the circadian pattern of energy expenditure. 4 subjects were given one meal (700 Kcal.) a day at h 10 in the morning (for 3 days) or at h 18 in the afternoon (for another 3 days). 4 subjects were given 3 meals (240 Kcal. each) at h 10, h14, h 18 for 3 days. 7 subjects were kept absolutely fasting for 36 hours. O2 consumption and CO2 production were measured minute by minute for 30' every 4 hours by means of a gas-analyser Mijnardht Oxicon II. Urine Samples were taken every 4 hours for urinary nitrogen determination. Energy expenditure was calculated according to Consolation's formula. Cosinor test was used to detect circadian rhythms. A statistically significative circadian rhythm of energy expenditure could be detected in all the protocols. The observed small differences among acrophases and the overlapping of confidence's ellipses allow to conclude that meal-timing doesn't affect the circadian rhythm of energy expenditure and suggest that this rhythm can be considered endogenous.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Threshold of energy expenditure for maintenance of thermal comfort in working areas].

The Authors test the possibility of improving the microclimatic conditions of some working areas by assessing the threshold energetic expenditure (KCal/hour and KCal/min) in order to maintain the thermic well-being by means of a "thermic comfort" parameter, PMV. For this purpose, we measured PMV on the basis of tg, ts, V, tun, Pa and Clo in 15 working areas. Then, by an iterative mathematical process, we calculated the threshold value of energetic expenditure in accordance with the values of PMV which show conditions of thermic comfort, that is between + 0.5 and - 0.5. In all the working areas observed it is possible to perform works requiring energetic expenditures lower than 200 KCal/h in conditions of thermic comfort; in 50% of the situations we examined even works requiring higher energetic expenditures.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1982

Factors potentially influencing aminoglycoside use and expenditure.

Factors that may have influenced aminoglycoside use and expenditure in one hospital were examined. Factors that were evaluated as to their influence on aminoglycoside-use patterns were: (1) formulary status; (2) bacterial susceptibility patterns; (3) identified or perceived differences in toxicity; (4) changes in patient population; (5) price paid by the hospital for aminoglycosides; (6) distribution of newsletters or memoranda; (7) advertising and detailing; and (8) pharmacy policies. For FY 1976-77 to 1979-80, the largest proportion of aminoglycoside expense was for gentamicin. During FY 1980-81, the expenditure for gentamicin decreased and tobramycin accounted for the largest proportion of total expenditure. Monthly gentamicin use decreased 20% during FY 1980-81 from the previous year. Tobramycin use increased from January 1979 to November 1980 and decreased from December 1980 to June 1981. Kanamycin use and amikacin use were fairly constant during the study period. Based on temporal relationships, the following factors appeared to influence aminoglycoside use and expenditure: (1) a study conducted at the institution from June 1977 to June 1979 comparing gentamicin and tobramycin nephrotoxicity; (2) a comparative nephrotoxicity study published in a widely circulated medical journal in May 1980; and (3) an intramural newsletter and memorandum distributed in March 1981 encouraging selective aminoglycoside use. The identification of factors that potentially influenced aminoglycoside use can be used to anticipate the future impact of similar events and to devise strategies to influence antimicrobial use.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1981

Social welfare expenditures, fiscal year 1979.

In fiscal year 1979, social welfare expenditures under public programs amounted to $428.3 billion, an increase of 8.6 percent over the previous year. In constant 1979 dollars, however, 1979 expenditures decreased 0.2 percent from their 1978 level. Per capita social welfare spending also declined in "real" terms, falling 1 percentage point between 1978 and 1979. Social welfare expenditures as a proportion of the gross national product continued the declining trend that began in 1977. From a 1976 high of 20.4 percent, such expenditures fell to 18.5 percent in 1979.

Economics↗
PubMed1995

Dietary energy intake, energy expenditure and activity pattern among selected rural and urban poor in Bangladesh.

Rural-urban and seasonal differences in energy balance were studied among selected free living subjects, chosen from the poor population groups in Bangladesh. Individual dietary energy intakes were estimated by a combination of 24 hours recall and weighing method. Time allocation to various occupational and non-occupational activities were recorded by observation and questioning, and energy expenditures were calculated by using FAO/WHO/UNU guidelines. The male working adults in both the population groups studied were found to be in negative energy balance in both the seasons observed. In Jan-Feb when employment opportunities for the rural poor were few all age and sex groups were in negative energy balance, and when employment opportunities improved during May-June the situation reversed except for the male working adults. In urban areas, on the other hand, all age and sex groups, except the male working adults were in positive energy balance in both the seasons. Rural children under 10 years, had significantly higher energy expenditure (P < 0.023) than their urban counterparts. Seasonal difference in energy expenditure among the rural male adults is quite high. In the urban group there was no such seasonal difference. Apparently very high rural-urban difference in energy expenditure of the male adults (18-30 y) in season 1 may be attributed to very high energy demanding activities in which the observed subjects in rural areas were engaged during this season. Compared to their urban counterparts rural male adults (18-30 yrs.) were found to be devoted significantly higher time in occupational and heavy household activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of naloxone and naltrexone on the postprandial energy expenditure and endocrine pancreas response to a mixed meal in essential obesity].

It has been recently shown that the opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone are able to reduce appetite and to raise energy expenditure in animal models. The results of studies in humans are inconclusive. In 10 female obese patients we have evaluated the effects of naloxone infusion (2 mg/2 h) on energy expenditure, measured by indirect calorimetry (Deltatrac) and on plasmatic levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, fasting and after the assumption of a standard 567 kcal meal (C = 20%, P = 20%, L = 60%). We have repeated the tests after a dietary period of 1 month, associated with naltrexone assumption. Acute administration of naloxone caused similar effects at the beginning and at the end of the study; we have observed a raise of caloric expenditure, a decrease of hyperinsulinemia and a high response of somatostatin to metabolic stimulus. After therapy, even with a weight reduction of 6%, we haven't observed either variations of energy expenditure or hormonal level changes. We conclude that in obese women opioid hypertone plays a role in thermic effect of meals and in the impaired response to the nutrients of the gastroenteropancreatic axis. The absence of any effects of naltrexone on the variables that we have studied is perhaps due to the difference in the dose, way of administration and of the different action on the target receptor by the two opioid antagonists.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Predicted effects of small decreases in energy expenditure on weight gain in adult women.

Small daily positive energy imbalances of 200 to 800 kJ (about 50 to 200 kcal) due to reduced resting energy expenditure (REE), reduced diet-induced thermogenesis, or physical inactivity are believed to predispose to obesity. However, estimates of the magnitude of the weight gain often fail to account for concurrent changes in body composition and increases in maintenance energy requirements as weight increases and energy equilibrium is re-established. Using previously reported data on body composition and REE in women and the energy cost of tissue deposition, we used mathematical models to predict the theoretical effect of a persistent reduction in energy expenditure on long-term weight gain, assuming no adaptation in energy intake. The analyses indicate the following effects of a reduced level of energy expenditure in lean and obese women: (i) REE rises more slowly with increasing degrees of obesity due to a declining proportion of the more metabolically active fat-free mass; so, for the same positive energy balance, a significantly greater weight gain is expected for obese than for lean women before energy equilibrium is re-established; (ii) due to the greater energy density of adipose tissue, the time course of weight gain to achieve energy balance is longer for obese subjects: in general, this is approximately five years for lean and ten years for obese women; (iii) the magnitude of weight gain of lean women in response to a reduced energy expenditure of 200 to 800 kJ/day is only about 3 to 15 kg, amounts insufficient to explain severe obesity.

Adult↗