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PubMed2000

Risk factors for Echinococcus granulosus infection: a case-control study.

Despite the importance of cystic hydatid disease worldwide, no case-control study evaluating the risk factors for Echinococcus granulosus infection has been published to date. Thus, we carried out a hospital study to quantify different risk factors associated with the disease in a province marked by a high incidence of hydatidosis (Soria, Spain). The study population was composed of 127 cases and 127 controls matched by sex, age, and residence. Odds ratios (ORs) for hydatidosis decreased inversely with size of place of birth and residence, and increased with the number of dogs and years of coexistence with them. The variable involving the possibility of dogs ingesting uncooked viscera or carrion proved to be of greater importance (OR = 3.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.94-8.20). Risk factors for hydatidosis traceable to the family environment are of greater relative importance than those attributable to working directly with livestock. No association could be found between ingestion of raw green vegetables and hydatidosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) infections in moose (Alces alces) from southwestern Quebec.

Investigation of the distribution of larval Echinococcus granulosus in a moose population from southwestern Quebec revealed a distinct and stable pattern of infection with a prevalence of 44% (n = 580). Positive correlations between moose age and the intensity, mean cyst weight and biomass of the hydatid cysts suggested a process of continued parasite acquisition and cyst growth. The distribution of cyst sizes within individual moose provided circumstantial evidence of interaction between cysts, perhaps mediated through the host's immunological response.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Echinococcosis in Iraq: prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in stray dogs in Arbil Province.

Of 67 dogs examined in 11 localities in Arbil Province, northern Iraq, 53 (79.1%) were found infected with Echinococcus granulosus. The infection rates in the 11 localities ranged from 66.7% to 100%. Infections were light (1-200 worms) in 37.7% of infected dogs, medium (201-1,000 worms) in 20.8% and heavy (over 1,000 worms) in 41.5%. The heaviest burden was detected in 13 dogs, in which 3,000 to 8,000 worms each were counted. Infection rates were slightly higher in male dogs (81.1%) than in bitches (76.7%).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Kinetics of the serological response in the experimental primary hydatid disease of mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus embryophores (author's transl)].

A serological response kinetics study was carried out in CF-1 mice orally infected with Echinococcus granulosus embryophores using immuno-electrophoresis, double diffusion, latex agglutination and passive hemagglutination. Starting from the 76th day after the infection, serum antibodies reach the minimum detectable level by immunoelectrophoresis test. Band number 5, now considered as specific for E. granulosus, was proved to be the first precipitating system exhibited in this test. Double diffusion, latex agglutination and passive hemagglutination tests developed positive results later (125--144 days after infection). Correlation between serologic and anatomo-pathologic findings suggest that hydatid cyst fluid presence in the cysts is necessary for circulating antibodies production.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effect of bithionol sulphoxide on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.

Trials with bithionol sulphoxide involving 130 dogs, infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena, indicated that a single treatment at a dose rate of 400 mg/kg or two treatments at 50 mg/kg eliminated the former, but a single treatment at 50 mg/kg was sufficient to eliminate the latter. Dose rates 200 mg/kg or more were lethal to some dogs. With two doses of 50 mg/kg, there was only minor discomfort from vomiting or diarrhoea in some dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

MCP-1 and MIP-2 levels during Echinococcus granulosus infections in mice.

Ten BALB/c mice were infected with the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. After the infection, serum was collected at different periods of time and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) were determined. The level of MCP-1 increased from at day 20 post infection (p.i.), to a maximum of on day 60 p.i., then decreased to on day 130 p.i. A second peak was observed at day 150 p.i. In addition, MIP-2 was detectable in serum as late as day 100 p.i. The highest level was observed on day 130 p.i., and decreased thereafter. Serum from noninfected animals (controls) contained no detectable levels of either MCP-1 or MIP-2. However, MCP-1 and MIP-2 appear to be implicated in E. granulosus infections, but their exact role during the disease is under determination.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effect of fospirate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.

Trials with fospirate carried out with 170 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a dose rate of 40 mg/kg given on three occasions and 10 mg/kg given on one occasion eliminated each species, respectively. Increasing the dose rat substantially above 40 mg/kg did not reduce the number of treatments required to eliminate all hydatid organisms. Vomiting was observed in some dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effect of mebendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.

The effect of micronised mebendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydratigena has been investigated in a trial involving 175 dogs. The hydatid organism was eliminated from the dogs at dose rates of either 160 mg/kg given on one occasion or 20 mg/kg given on two occasions. A single dose of 20 mg/kg eliminated T hydratigena. The drug was readily accepted when given in food and there were no untoward sequelae.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride against immature and mature stages of Echinococcus granulosus.

The efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride (given at dose levels of 25 and 50 mg/kg of body wt) against immature and mature Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms was studied in experimentally infected dogs. The compound had average efficacies of 85.9 to 98.8 percent against the immature stages and was completely efficacious (100 percent clearance) against the mature worms. These data indicate that bunamidine HCl at the given doses can be used as a control measure against hydatid disease in the United States.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Comparative value of arecoline hydrobromide and bunamidine hydrochloride for the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs.

A controlled trial involving 122 dogs experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus was carried out to compare the efficiency of arecoline hydrobromide and bunamidine hydrochloride. A single treatment with arecoline hydrobromide at a dose rate of 4 mg/kg or with bunamidine hydrochloride at 50 mg/kg gave a similar degree of efficiency against young worms. At these dose rates, worms were still present in almost half the dogs at autopsy.

Amidines↗
PubMed1975

The effect of nitroscanate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.

Trials with nitroscanate carried out on 186 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment at a dose rate of 1000 mg/kg or two treatments at 250 mg/kg eliminated the former, but a single treatment at 64 mg/kg was sufficient to eliminate the latter. At this dosing schedule, vomiting and diarrhoea occurred, as well as a transient 'tranquillising' effect on some dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Echinococcus granulosus: ultrastructural effect of albendazole therapy.

The effects of the anthelmintic Albendazole against Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts in Turkana patients given orally were studied by means of ultrasound as well as light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The treatment generally reduced the size of the cyst mass, making the patients feel well. The drug therapy caused collapse of the cyst wall and daughter cyst. The pathological changes on the germinal layer of Albendazole-treatment cysts differed widely from the untreated control hydatid tissue. The effects included morphological changes of the protoscolices, presence of lamellated bodies, necrosis with detachment of the germinal layer from the laminated layer. However, some parts of the Albendazole-treated hydatid tissue remained unaffected.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Cellular immunity to Echinococcus granulosus cysts.

A fundamental feature of Echinococcus granulosus infection is its chronicity. There are many reasons for this, including weak natural immunity and the ability of the larval stages to evade or resist elimination by the hosts' specific immune responses. To identify the types of hosts' cellular immune response, a series of ultrastructral studies of hydatid cysts surgically removed from Turkana patients was conducted based on transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the ectocyst (adventitial layer) is organised into three layers; an inner layer containing mainly the infiltrating mononuclear leukocytes; a middle, loose connective tissue layer with inflammatory cells mainly plasma cells, fibroblasts, scant neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes, and an outer loose connective tissue layer that blends with the surrounding host tissue. The mast cells and basophils were not observed. This study has showm that the adventitial layer of hydatid cysts infiltrated by leukocytes, principally by macrophages and plasma cells.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

[The arteriography of the liver diseased with Echinococcus alveolaris (author's transl)].

In 2 patients with Echinococcus alveolaris of the liver an angiography of the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery and -- indirectly -- of the splenic vein was performed. The findings -- obliteration, dislocation, corc screw collaterals -- are not diagnostic. This statement is supplemented by a review of the special literature. The value of an arterial angiography consists in delineating the extent of the process. In this sense the method seems to be superior to a liver scan. Angiography is indicated when curative surgical therapy is discussed.

Angiography↗
PubMed1975

Effect of parenterally injected benzimidazole compounds on Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia crassiceps metacestodes in laboratory animals.

In mice infected with metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps, the following compounds were at least partially effective when injected intraperitoneally at the dosage indicated: cambendazole (500 mg/kg), mebendazole (6.25 mg/kg), oxibendazole (500 mg/kg), 5-benzamido-2(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (500 mg/kg), 2-carboethoxyamino benzimidazole (125 mg/kg), and 2-carbomethoxyamino benzimidazole (500 mg/kg). The following were inactive at the dosage indicated: parbendazole (500 mg/kg), thiabendazole (1,000 mg/kg), and fenbendazole (1,000 mg/kg). Mebendazole, which showed some activity at 6.25 mg/kg, was highly active as a single intraperitoneal dose at 25 mg/kg. When injected subcutaneously, mebendazole was much less active than when given intraperitoneally. In mice infected with metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis, intraperitoneal injection of mebendazole at 75 to 150 mg/kg, daily for 3 days, was highly effective (95 to 100% reduction in cyst mass). In contrast, oral administration at 1,000 mg/kg, daily for 3 days, was only partially effective. The drug was also effective when given intraperitoneally to infected cotton rats. A water-soluble benzimidazole, carboxymethyleneamino cambendazole, was approximately 50% effective in mice when injected daily for 3 days at a dosage of 75 or 150 mg/kg. The results suggest that, in metacestode infections of medical importance, it may be possible to kill the parasite by delivering a drug to its immediate vicinity, and so to reduce the required dosage with respect to the host.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Efficacy of divided doses of fospirate against immature Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs.

Seventy dogs were used to evaluate efficacy of divided doses of fospirate against immature Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs. Dose rates of 10 to 80 mg/kg given on 1 or 2 occasions resulted in the clearance of 70.6 to 94.5% of expected worm numbers. At least 3 treatments may be required before dogs can be free from E granulosus. Vomiting, which occurred in dogs given doses of 40 mg or more/kg, seemed to interfere with anthelmintic efficacy in some dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Efficacy of divided doses of GS-23654 against immature Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs.

One hundred dogs were used to evaluate the efficacy of GS-23654 (4-nitro-4'-isothiocyano-diphenyl-ether) against immature Echinococcus granulosus. A 25% suspension of active ingredient was administered at dose rates of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg of body weight on 1, 2, or 3 occasions. Anthelmintic efficacy was dosage dependent and increased with the number of times the dosage was repeated. At none of the treatment schedules tested were all worms eliminated from all dogs, although 92.6% of the expected number of worms were eliminated from dogs given 400 mg/kg on 3 occasions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Possibility of invasion of Echinococcus into Honshu with pet dogs from Hokkaido and overseas].

PURPOSE: The number of pet dogs moving with their owners to Honshu, the main island of Japan, from Hokkaido, and the number of dogs imported from overseas were examined, and the possibility of invasion of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus with these dogs was discussed. METHODS: The number of pet dogs moving to Honshu-island from Hokkaido was examined with the movement notifications based on the Rabies Prevention Act in 29 prefectures during the period from 1996 to 2001. The number of pets was also examined by questionnaire targeting 3 aviation and 3 ferry companies. The number of dogs imported from overseas was examined with the Annual Reports of the Animal Quarantine Service of Japan, The sanitary conditions of hotels for pet owners were also examined with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Approximately 140 pet dogs were found to have officially moved annually from Hokkaido to Honshu during the study period. However, the actual number might be two to three times this estimate, because many dogs moved without notification. Nearly ten thousand pet dogs were transported a year to and from Honshu and Hokkaido by planes and ferries. A value of three thousand would be expected if people from Hokkaido were accompanying their pets at the rate of the registered dogs per population, one animal per 23 Hokkaido residents. Up to 30 pet dogs infested with E. multilocularis would probably be included per year, according to the infestation rate of 1% in Hokkaido. The number of imported dogs from overseas was assessed at approximately 15 thousand a year, but these dogs were not obligated to receive animal quarantine with respect to echinococcal infestation in Japan. Hotels for pet owners were considered to be managed rather sanitarily, though certain administrative guidance is necessary to prevent hydatid disease infection of travelers and hotel workers. The authors consider that dogs from Hokkaido and also from echinococcosis endemic countries should undergo fecal examination for parasite eggs to prevent invasion of the parasite into Honshu. CONCLUSION: The authors propose the fecal examination of the dogs from Hokkaido and also from overseas for preventing invasion of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus into Honshu, Japan.

Animals↗