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PubMed1988

The role of cachectin/TNF in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

The presence of cachectin or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) associated with hypertriglyceridemia was demonstrated in the serum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The hyperlipidemia that accompanies this infection may be mediated by the TNF inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity. This sequence of events may be sufficient to explain, in part, the complex metabolic changes and emaciation observed in tuberculosis patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[The clinical picture of postpartum hypopituitarism].

Hypopituitarism depends on the history of the obstetric cause, on the subsequent amenorrhoea and the usual absence of lactation, on the biochemical abnormalities found later, and on the effect of therapy. Nevertheless, an initial clinical inspection of the untreated patient gives important clues to the diagnosis. Cachexia does not occur in true hypopituitarism, unless there is some intercurrent factor which causes emaciation, such as carcinoma, tuberculosis, ulceration in the alimentary tract etc.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1988

Acute toxicity of muroctasin in mice, rats and dogs.

Acute toxicity of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), a synthetic muramyl dipeptide derivative, was studied in Std-ddy mice, Std-Wistar rats and beagle dogs by subcutaneous and intravenous administration. Subcutaneous LD50 values were 436 mg/kg for male, 625 mg/kg for female in mice, 761 mg/kg for male, 801 mg/kg for female in rats and more than 200 mg/kg for dogs. Toxic signs included screaming, decrease of locomotor activity, weakness, emaciation and loss of hair, crust formation, necrosis and ulceration around the injection site in all species. Death occurred within 7 days after treatment. Pathological examination revealed inflammation around the injection site. In dogs a subcutaneous cavity with puruloid fluid and enlargement of the axillary lymphnodes were seen in addition. No marked toxic signs and pathological findings were observed in mice and rats after intravenous administration of 90 mg/kg, a critical dose of treatment.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
PubMed1988

[A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenojejunal junction with extraluminal growth].

The case of a 58-year-old woman with a primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenojejunal junction and an extraluminal growth is reported. The patient's chief complaint had been lumbago and emaciation, and a tumor in her left upper abdomen was found. Hypotonic duodenography showed a filling defect with ulceration of the duodenojejunal junction. Angiography revealed irregular vessels and a slight tumor stain. A CT scan further revealed that this tumor had invaded into the abdominal aorta with paraaortic lymphadenopathies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of urolithiasis in single-comb white Leghorn pullets.

An outbreak of urolithiasis characterized by high mortality and emaciation in a flock of leghorn pullets is reported. The etiology was not ascertained. Other signs were swollen feet associated with articulate gout. Visceral gout, atrophy, or irregular hypertrophy of the kidneys were also observed. Many birds had one or both ureters enlarged with white uroliths. Microscopic lesions were urate granulomas, necrosis and loss of kidney parenchyma associated with tubular dilation, and edematous and fibrotic interstitium.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report of an autopsy case in a nonasthmatic patient.

A 54-year-old nonasthmatic man was found to have allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (AGA) (Churg-Strauss syndrome) with pulmonary lesions suggestive of diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) at autopsy. The patient, with initial symptoms of cough and sputum, developed progressive dyspnea, eosinophilia, emaciation, fever, mononeuritis multiplex and myocardial infarction. The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and DPB were suspected clinically. Corticosteroid therapy was not given at any time during the course. Autopsy revealed necrotizing, granulomatous angiitis affecting medium-sized arteries in many organs, extravascular granulomas in the interstitium of the heart and tissue infiltration by eosinophils. The heart showed widespread myocardial fibrosis and small foci of muscle fiber coagulation necrosis, which seemed to be the cause of death. In the lungs, the walls of respiratory bronchioles showed marked thickening with lymphocytic infiltration, lymph follicle formation and fibrosis. Accumulation of xanthoma cells was also observed. On the basis of the findings of clinical and pathological examinations, the patient was considered to have had DPB before the development of AGA.

Autopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Central Africa: 6 years' experience at a hospital in an endemic area].

In Bangui (Central African Republic), where seroprevalence of HIV is 11% in the adult population, AIDS presents some clinical aspects different from the ones known in the west; the clinical experience reported in this paper is based on 504 cases infested by HIV group 4; diagnosis is very often made thanks to the clinical score recommended by World Health Organization (predictive value of 66%). Predominant manifestations (14%) are: asthenia (100%), emaciation (100%), fever (88%), diarrhea (42%), pulmonary attacks (37%), adenopathies, cutaneous manifestations (35%), neurological manifestations (14%). Some affections call for HIV infection with a significant predictive value: herpes zoster (96%), Kaposi's symptom (68%), mouth candidiasis (71%), pulmonary tuberculosis (56%: as far as some others are concerned, HIV has to be suspected: infant denutrition, acute infections, neurological disorders. Development is severe: 45% of the patients examined died in the 4 months coming after diagnosis. Epidemiology speaking, they are young patients (mean age 27.4 years), neither addicted nor "doped", heterosexual with multiple partners, with female prostitution occasionally; sex ratio is 0.95. Recognized transmission by transfusion is the exception (2/504). The transmission due to vaccination or injection is rare and difficult to evaluate. Only radical alteration of sexual behaviour will modify HIV dissemination.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

[Accumulated occurrence of lipomatosis in a cattle herd in Assiut (Egypt)].

A total number of 30 native breed cows were used in this investigation. Ten animals were clinically healthy and kept as control, while 20 diseased cows were selected according to rectal findings. At the beginning of the disease, the cows appeared obese with marked deposition of fat in the subcutaneous tissue at the lumbosacral area, later on they became emaciated. Additional signs were digestive disturbance in form of diarrhea or constipation and tympany. Rectal examination revealed hard irregular masses of various size which were palpated in the pelvis, the perirenal area around the colon and the rectum. More information about the nature and character of the lesions were taken from slaughtered cows. Biochemical analysis, including total lipids, cholesterol triglycerides and creatine kinase, were carried out in both healthy and diseased cows. In advanced cases of bovine lipomatosis hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia as well as increased creatine kinase values were constant findings. The aetiology of this disease is still unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Outcome of the surgical treatment of chemical burns of the esophagus and stomach].

Results of the treatment of 70 patients with chemical burns of the stomach and esophagus were studied. Isolated burns of the stomach were diagnosed in 33 patients (47%), associated burns of the stomach and esophagus--in 37 patients (53%). The operation of choice for isolated burns of the stomach may be Billroth-2 resection, while for complete cicatrization of the stomach it was gastrectomy. In patients with associated injuries of the stomach and esophagus the curative methods should be chosen individually. In most cases due to pronounced emaciation they are to be divided into 2 steps. At the first step the conditions for nutrition of the patients are created (gastrostoma, enterostoma). At the second step--reconstructive operations are performed (plasty of the esophagus, gastroenteroanastomosis etc.).

Burns, Chemical↗
PubMed1977

[External intestinal fistulae and their treatment].

The results of treatment of 188 patients with different external fistulas of the intestine are reported. A detailed analysis of 23 observations of small intestine fistulas is given, including 16 cases with enterostomies complicated with phlegmon of the abdominal wall, emaciation and hemorrhage from acute intestinal ulcers. An early surgical treatment of such fistulas is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Effects of obesity and weight gain during pregnancy on obstetrical factors].

The relationship between the body weight or weight gain during pregnancy and various obstetrical factors was investigated in 731 patients who delivered in San-ikukai Hospital for in the year 1986. The patients were classified into three groups according to their body weight in non-pregnant states: slender (n = 214), ordinary (n = 379) and obese (n = 138), according to the standard for "The decision diagram for the estimation of obesity and emaciation in Japanese" published in 1986 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Each of these groups was further divided into two groups according to the degree of weight gain during pregnancy (more or less than 15kg). Then, the duration of labor, the blood loss during delivery, the birth weight, the placental weight and the obstetrical abnormalities (prolonged labor, arrested labor, blood loss of more than 500 ml, fetal distress and toxemia of pregnancy) were investigated in these groups. The blood loss, the neonatal birth weight and the placental weight in the obese groups were much greater than those in the ordinary or the slender group (p less than 0.005). However, there was no significant difference in the duration of the labor among these groups. The incidence of obstetrical abnormalities in the obese group was significantly higher than in the ordinary or the slender group (chi 2 = 4.37, p less than 0.05, chi 2 = 5.27, p less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1987

[Role of pathologists in the besieged city of Leningrad (1941-1943)].

The siege of Leningrad by fascist German troops (1941-1942) resulted in an acute food shortage which lead to severe malnutrition in the population and amongst military personnel. In the face of severe nutritional deficiency the majority of illnesses demonstrated a completely atypical clinical course and were thus difficult to diagnose. The results of autopsy first revealed the true underlying cause of death in many cases of bacterial dysentery, atypical pneumonia, generalized tuberculosis and vitamin deficiency in severely emaciated patients. As a result of the work of the Leningrad pathologists, many of whom themselves fell victim to starvation and illness, it was possible to improve the diagnosis and therapy of many disease with atypical courses. Moreover it was possible to institute preventive measures against the spread of epidemics. The overriding lesson from the bitter experience of the Leningrad pathologists is that keeping the peace must be the highest priority of all peoples and for every physician.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1987

[Pyelocystitis in breeding sows].

Pyelocystitis results from ascending infection of the urinary tract with Corynebacterium suis in sows. Infection occurs regularly during coitus by healthy boars, which are often contaminated with Corynebacterium suis. Characteristic clinical signs of pyelocystitis are haematuria, anemia and emaciation. The whole urinary tract shows severe purulent-necrotic inflammation with progressive vascular lesions. Diagnosis is based on clinical, pathological and bacteriological findings. Distinct changes in urine samples are present. Treatment is only successful in sows with intact function of kidneys. In early detected cases treatment can be effective with repeated application of appropriate antibiotics, e.g. penicillin or ampicillin. There are no proven methods of prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Diagnosis and follow-up of Russel's diencephalic cachexia by echography, x-ray computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance].

A diencephalic astrocytoma was diagnosed by ultrasonography in a 5 months old girl with nystagmus and emaciation. A 27 months follow-up with ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, showed an initial improvement after irradiation and afterwards the development of complications with ventricular dilatation and parenchymal calcifications.

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed1988

[A rare case of juvenile atrophy of the pancreas].

The case of a 4 month old Irish setter bitch is reported in the present paper, which showed a recurrent diarrhoea, polyphagia from the purchase of the dog at the age of two months. The dog was severely emaciated and treatment with Pancreon was not followed by any improvement. The total information acquired from the history of the dog and laboratory studies was clearly indicative of exocrine pancreatic deficiency. In spite of the satisfactory response to treatment with Tryplase (the faeces were restored to normal, but polyphagia and coprophagia continued to be present), it was decided to perform euthanasia. Atrophy of the pancreas and small groups of undifferentiated cells situated in the adipose tissues were observed at autopsy. Pseudoductules, excretory ducts and blood vessels were clearly identifiable. Islands of Langerhans were not detected, only a few scattered B cells being present. The microscopic findings in the Irish setter were obviously similar to the type 1 atrophy as described by Prentice et al. (11). The age (of this dog), at which exocrine atrophy of the pancreas became apparent may be described as exceptionally young.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Experimental transmission, development, and effects of a parasitic copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, on Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.

Development and effects of adult Lernaeocera branchialis were studied following experimental transmission to Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Growth from the detection of pennella stages to mature adults was approximately 9-10 mo (September-June of the following year) at which time eggs were released and the adult parasites degenerated. Cod from all size groups were susceptible but the prevalence of infection was greater in small fish. Peak mortality, about 30%, occurred within 4 mo after infection and was greatest in young fish with multiple infections. Death was associated with emaciation, blood loss, open lesions, and probable occlusion of branchial blood vessels and/or ventral aorta. Infected fish, especially subadults that survived, consumed less food, gained less weight, had a lower conversion factor, and were substantially smaller than uninfected controls through a 32-wk period. Many of these fish displayed hyperactivity. Large cod that survived the infection and harboured 1 parasite were apparently unaffected but died when stressed. A previous infection conferred no protection against reinfection. Multiple infections delayed gonadal maturation and resulted in significantly lower gonadal somatic indices than in controls. Exposure of infected fish to crude oil fractions or to infection with a hemoprotozoan, Trypanosoma murmanensis, culminated in mortality, weight loss, or low organ somatic indices. It is estimated that considerable losses through mortality and weight gain in young fish occur each year in coastal areas from infections by L. branchialis, particularly in one area where it was estimated that 20% of the population was infected.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Metaphylactic deworming program for buffalo calves (Bubalis bubalis) in North-East Thailand.

One hundred newborn swamp buffalo calves (Bubalis bubalis) from three villages in North-East Thailand were divided equally into treatment and control groups. Treated calves received two doses of a piperazine/thiabendazole mixture (196.6 and 50 mg/kg bodyweight respectively) at three, and again at ten weeks of age. Control calves received placebo treatments at the same times. Egg excretion rates for the roundworms Strongyloides papillosus and Toxocara vitulorum were recorded as high as 85% and 58% respectively during the first three months of life. During the trial period, four calves in the treated group died and one was treated for coccidiosis, compared to seven deaths and nine additional anthelmintic treatments required in the control group. All calves that either died or required additional anthelmintic treatment showed signs of severe enteritis, anorexia and emaciation that was attributed to parasitic infestation. Calves receiving emergency anthelmintic treatment all recovered uneventfully. All except four of the calves that died or became sick did so between 25 and 40 days post partum, with the remainder developing clinical signs of parasitosis before day 50. There was no difference in weight gains between treated and untreated calves over the trial period (16 weeks). Thus, the advantage of anthelmintic treatments as described at three and ten weeks of age in buffalo calves under village conditions was seen as a reduction in the combined morbidity/mortality rate from 32% to 10% (P less than 0.05). From the pattern of infection observed in this study it is suggested that further gains could be made by giving the second treatment at six (instead of ten) weeks of age, and by increasing the dosage of anthelmintic used.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Nutrition and energy balance on the 'Footsteps of Scott' expedition 1984-86.

Nineteen-Eighty-Seven marks the 75th anniversary of the expedition to the South Pole led by Captain R.F. Scott, during which he and his party died. Between November 1985 and January 1986, three men manhauled sledges 875 miles, following Scott's original route to the South Pole. They consumed an energy dense diet which provided 20.5 MJ/man/day of which 57 per cent came from fat. Despite the diet being well tolerated and allowing for dehydration, the men lost between 6.7 and 10.5 kg, indicating a daily energy expenditure of 25 MJ/man/day. Estimates from daily diary records of periods spent in different classes of activity and the literature values for energy consumption assigned to those classes, suggest a daily energy expenditure of 29 MJ/man/day. These estimates of energy expenditure were higher than expected and suggest that on Scott's last expedition, emaciation, secondary to a diet grossly inadequate in energy content, might have been a more important factor in his demise than has previously been thought.

Adult↗