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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Study on the porcine tubular basement membrane.

Porcine kidney slices were gently homogenized with 0.9% NaCl in a Waring blender, followed by sieving of the homogenate to isolate tubules. The tubular basement membrane (TBM) was then prepared from the tubules by sonication in 1.0 M NaCl. Electron micrographs indicated a high degree of purity of the TBM with negligible contamination of fibrillar collagen. Analytical data showed that the TBM was a glycoprotein containing approximately 10% of carbohydrates. Of the sugar components, glucose and galactose comprised approximately 70% of the total carbohydrates and glycosylgalactosylhydroxylysine was detected in an alkaline hydrolyzate of the TBM. Besides them, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid were also detected. The protein portion of the TBM contained hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, half cystine, methionine and a large amount of glycine as the characteristic amino acids. Polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis of the TBM gave 15 bands.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Isolation and characterization of proteohyaluronic acid from human umbilical cord.

Proteohyaluronic acid was extracted from human umbilical cord with 0.2% NaCl, then purified by cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC)-precipitation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200 and on Sepharose 4B, in succession. The purified preparation contained glucosamine (40.1%), glucuronic acid (45.7%) and protein (2.6%). Glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, serine and aspartic acid were the major amino acids of the protein moiety. The result of the gel-filtration suggested that an average molecular weight was more than 1 x 10(6). Although analytical data for the constituent sugars and infrared spectra were similar before and after pronase digestion of this proteohyaluronic acid, the mobilities in electrophoresis and the elution patterns of gel-filtration differed remarkably from one another. Since the protein content decreased from 2.6% to 0.3% by the proteolytic digestion, it is evident that the degraded protein moiety played an important role in maintaining the macromolecular structure of this proteohyaluronic acid.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Glycans and glycoproteins in 0.05M LaCl3-soluble fraction from bovine costal cartilage.

The supernatant fraction (Fr. S) obtained by ten-fold dilution of the 0.5 M LaCl3-extract of bovine costal cartilage was fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography, followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The resulting five subfractions were characterized by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes before and after digestion with pronase, alpha-amylase, and chondroitinase AC, together with analytical data. The results showed that Fr. S contained a large quantity of glycogen (Fr. 1), three sialoglycoproteins (Frs. 2, 3 and 4-1), hyaluronic acid (Fr. 4-1), a small molecular size proteoglycan consisting of chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfate (Fr. 4-2), and small quantities of collagen-like protein. The components in the corresponding subfractions of Fr. S from non-calcified (NCC) and calcified (CC) portions of the costal cartilage were similar. It is indicated that consumption of glycogen is remarkable on calcification.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Fractionation with ethanol of human urinary glycosaminoglycans.

Crude glycosaminoglycans (GAG) separated from normal human urine by cetylpyridinium chloride-precipitation were fractionated with ethanol. The resulting fractions were then examined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes before and after enzymatic digestions and nitrous acid treatment. Analytical data for these fractions and the electrophoretograms suggested that ethanol-fractionation was useful to separate roughly chondroitin sulfate A, C-type GAG and heparan sulfate in human urine.

Chondroitin Sulfates↗
PubMed1980

Extraction of hyaluronic acid from rabbit skin with lanthanum chloride.

The defatted rabbit skin was extracted with 0.5 M LaCl3, and the extract was dialyzed exhaustively against distilled water. The precipitate formed during dialysis was dissolved in 28 mM EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetate) (pH 7.0). Fr A was obtained from the solution by precipitation with ethanol in the presence of sodium acetate. The results of gel filtration on Sepharose 4B, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane before and after digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase, and analytical data indicated that Fr. A was hyaluronic acid with high molecular weight. The present observation together with previous findings suggest that the binding status of proteoglycans in the skin differs significantly from that in cartilages.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Factors associated with birthweight: an exploration of the roles of prenatal care and length of gestation.

To assess the association with birthweight of prenatal medical care, length of gestation, and other prenatal factors, birth certificate data were studied for babies born in 1978 to mothers who were residents of Alameda or Contra Costa counties, California. Using multiple regression data analytic techniques, adequate prenatal care (defined by the number of prenatal care visits compared to length of gestation and month of start of care) was found to be associated with an increase of 197 grams in average birthweight. This effect was even greater for Black infants and infants of short length of gestation. Adding length of gestation to the equation increased significantly the proportion of the variance in birthweight accounted for. For babies of short gestation (less than or equal to 280 days), the addition of length of gestation was associated with a halving of the association of prenatal care with birthweight. The results suggest that researchers need to take into account the nonlinear relationship between length of gestation and birthweight when assessing factors that affect birthweight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Spectrophotometric determination of biologically active thiols with eosin, silver(I) and adenine.

A simple and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of biologically active thiols based on the fading of eosin-silver(I)-adenine ternary complex was established. In the determination of 6-mercaptopurine (MP), Beer's law was obeyed in the range 0.02-0.30 microg ml(-1), with an effective molar absorptivity at 562 nm and the relative standard deviation being 3.5 x 10(5) dm3 mol(-1) cm(-1) and 0.72% (n = 5). Analytical data for various biologically active thiols were determined with the proposed method. This method is about 5-10 times more sensitive than the conventional spectrophotometric methods. A compound having a disulfide bond (-S-S-), such as cystine, could also be determined by the conversion of disulfides to free thiols with the sulfite ion. The procedure was successfully applied to assays of various biologically active thiols in actual medicines.

Adenine↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis, characterization of silica gel phases-chemically immobilized-4-aminoantipyrene and applications in the solid phase extraction, preconcentration and potentiometric studies.

Two new 4-aminoantipyrene chemically-immobilized silica gel phases: ii (N,N-donor) and iii (N,O-donor), were synthesized and characterized by IR and surface coverage determination. The latter was accomplished by thermal desorption and metal probe methods, giving 0.300 and 0.312 mmol g(-1) for ii and 0.220 and 0.250 mmol g(-1) for iii. Moreover, potentiometric titration provided a surface coverage of 0.323 mmol g(-1) for ii. The metal capacity values in mmol g(-1) of ii, iii and the active silica gel phase i for a series of di- and trivalent metal ions were determined at pH 1.0 - 6.7. Phase i showed the lowest values, while ii and iii reflected higher affinity toward most of the metal ions. The highest values were 0.300 for Hg(II)-ii and 0.220 mmol g(-1) for Cd(II)-iii. Distribution coefficients (log Kd) were in the range of 3.57 - 4.76 for ii and 2.32 - 3.46 for iii, thus confirming certain selectivity characters of the solid extractors. The application of the phases as solid extractors and preconcentrators for some heavy metal ions is presented. Good percentage extraction and removal of 94 - 98 +/- 4 - 6% of the spiked 1.000 microg ml(-1) of Hg(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and good percentage recovery of 94 - 99 +/- 3 - 6% of 50 ng ml(-1) of these ions from tap water samples were obtained. Stability constants of H(I) and Cu(II) with ii for the two-phase mixture at 25 degrees C and I = 0.1 (KCI) were determined potentiometrically. The pKa of ii are 5.6 and 8.4, while the log K values for CuHL and CuL (L = ii) are 6.3 and 5.8, respectively, leading to the determination of several analytical data for Cu(II)-ii.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Quantitation of in vitro activity of synthetic trans-acting ribozymes using HPLC.

The cleavage activity of synthetic ribozymes needs to be characterized by reliable and rapid methods. A chromatographic method to simultaneously quantitate the amounts of substrate, cleavage fragments and ribozyme is described. The method allows the rapid normalization of analytical data because the sum of the 260-nm peak areas of remaining substrate and obtained fragments is essentially equal to the initial substrate peak area. Moreover, the simultaneous determination of the ribozyme content improves the accuracy of the evaluation of kinetic parameters compared with conventional densitometric methods. Finally, the characterization of two different hammerhead motifs indicated that the method is suitable for a rapid screening of synthetic ribozyme activity.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Aceclofenac: a reappraisal of its use in the management of pain and rheumatic disease.

UNLABELLED: Aceclofenac is an orally administered phenylacetic acid derivative with effects on a variety of inflammatory mediators. Through its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, aceclofenac provides symptomatic relief in a variety of painful conditions. In patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, the drug decreases pain, reduces disease severity and improves the functional capacity of the knee to a similar extent to diclofenac, piroxicam and naproxen. Aceclofenac reduces joint inflammation, pain intensity and the duration of morning stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and is similar in efficacy to ketoprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin and tenoxicam in these patients. The duration of morning stiffness and pain intensity are reduced, and spinal mobility improved, by aceclofenac in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, with improvements being similar to those observed with indomethacin, naproxen or tenoxicam. Aceclofenac is also effective in other painful conditions (e.g. dental and gynaecological). In contrast to some other NSAIDs, aceclofenac has shown stimulatory effects on cartilage matrix synthesis. Aceclofenac is well tolerated, with most adverse events being minor and reversible, and affecting mainly the GI system. Although the incidence of GI adverse events with aceclofenac was similar to those of comparator NSAIDs in individual clinical trials, withdrawal rates due to these events were significantly lower with aceclofenac than with ketoprofen and tenoxicam. Superior overall and/or GI tolerability of the drug relative to other NSAIDs has been indicated by a nonrandomised comparison with sustained release diclofenac in 10,142 patients, a meta-analysis of 13 comparisons with diclofenac, naproxen, piroxicam, indomethacin, tenoxicam or ketoprofen in 3574 patients, and preliminary details of a comparison with 10 other NSAIDs in 142,776 patients. Further analysis of the above meta-analytical data has indicated that costs incurred as a result of adverse event management are lower with aceclofenac than with a range of comparator NSAIDs. CONCLUSIONS: Trials of 2 to 6 months' duration have shown aceclofenac to be an effective agent in the management of pain and rheumatic disease. Data from in vitro studies indicate properties of particular interest with respect to cartilage matrix effects and selectivity for cyclo-oxygenase-2. Aceclofenac is well tolerated, with encouraging reports of improved general and GI tolerability relative to other NSAIDs from a meta-analysis of double-blind trials and from large nonblind studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Does neuromuscular electrical stimulation strengthen the quadriceps femoris? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

Devices for neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) are increasingly used by individuals without specific injuries and are standard equipment in most physical therapy practices. The most often stimulated muscle group is the quadriceps femoris. We designed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials to determine whether NMES is an effective modality for strength augmentation of the quadriceps femoris. A full content search for randomised controlled trials was performed in Medline, Embase, Cinahl, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and the Physical Therapy Evidence Database. Maximum volitional isometric or isokinetic muscle torque in Nm was used as main outcome measure.Thirty-five trials were included and evaluated. A fundamental distinction was made between the trials using subjects with unimpaired quadriceps femoris muscles and the trials using post-injury or post-operative subjects. In the unimpaired quadriceps subgroup, meta-analyses were performed for the comparisons 'NMES versus no exercises' and 'NMES versus volitional exercises'. All other comparisons were evaluated descriptively. The included trials were generally of poor quality and meta-analytic data indicate that publication bias may be present. The evaluated data suggest that, both for the unimpaired and impaired quadriceps, NMES makes sense compared with doing no exercises but volitional exercises appear to be more effective in most situations.Based on the available evidence, NMES may only be preferred over volitional training for within-cast muscle training and perhaps in specific situations where volitional training does not receive sufficient patient compliance. Further research should be directed toward identifying the clinical impact at activity and participation levels and the optimal stimulation parameters of this modality.

Electric Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

The effectiveness of intensive glycemic control for the prevention of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions in the US, and indeed, globally. While microvascular complications contribute to considerable morbidity, much of the excess mortality (around 70%) is due to macrovascular disease. Hyperglycemia has predictable toxic effects on multiple organs ('glucotoxicity') including the pancreas, where it impairs insulin secretion and insulin gene expression through mechanisms that lead to glucose densensitization and beta-cell exhaustion, eventually resulting in irreversible beta-cell failure. There is robust evidence to suggest that strict glycemic control reduces diabetic microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) in both primary- and secondary-prevention settings. While unequivocal evidence that intensive glycemic control reduces the risk of death due to macrovascular disease is lacking, meta-analytic data and controlled clinical trial data suggest there may still be clinically significant lowering of the risk for macrovascular endpoints through strict glycemic control. Cardiovascular disease in a diabetic patient is a collusion of several factors besides hyperglycemia, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diffuse endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and inflammation. It is important to address lifestyle issues such as maintenance of ideal bodyweight, good dietary practice, smoking cessation, and regular exercise in the comprehensive risk management of a diabetic patient, in order to reduce the vascular complications. Large, ongoing clinical trials such as ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) are likely to establish the potential benefits of glycemic control in preventing or postponing macrovascular complications of diabetes.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2004

The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology.

The Catharanthus (or Vinca) alkaloids comprise a group of about 130 terpenoid indole alkaloids. Vinblastine is now marketed for more than 40 years as an anticancer drug and became a true lead compound for drug development. Due to the pharmaceutical importance and the low content in the plant of vinblastine and the related alkaloid vincristine, Catharanthus roseus became one of the best-studied medicinal plants. Consequently it developed as a model system for biotechnological studies on plant secondary metabolism. The aim of this review is to acquaint a broader audience with the recent progress in this research and with its exciting perspectives. The pharmacognostical aspects of the Catharanthus alkaloids cover botanical (including some historical), phytochemical and analytical data. An up-to-date view on the biosynthesis of the alkaloids is given. The pharmacological aspects of these alkaloids and their semi-synthetic derivatives are only discussed briefly. The biotechnological part focuses on alternative production systems for these alkaloids, for example by in vitro culture of C. roseus cells. Subsequently it will be discussed to what extent the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway can be manipulated genetically ("metabolic engineering"), aiming at higher production levels of the alkaloids. Another approach is to produce the alkaloids (or their precursors) in other organisms such as yeast. Despite the availability of only a limited number of biosynthetic genes, the research on C. roseus has already led to a broad scientific spin-off. It is clear that many interesting results can be expected when more genes become available.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2005

Integrity profiling of high throughput screening hits using LC-MS and related techniques.

Integrity profiling of HTS hits is valuable for verification of the hit identity and purity. This provides early discovery researchers with more confident SAR theories. Methodology for integrity profiling of HTS hits must be high throughput, consume little material, and selectively provide structure-based data. Analytical techniques that can be utilized for integrity profiling methods are reviewed for their appropriateness in sample preparation, component separation, detection, purity quantitation, identity confirmation, and follow-up.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2004

Relating HIV-1 sequence variation to replication capacity via trees and forests.

The problem of relating genotype (as represented by amino acid sequence) to phenotypes is distinguished from standard regression problems by the nature of sequence data. Here we investigate an instance of such a problem where the phenotype of interest is HIV-1 replication capacity and contiguous segments of protease and reverse transcriptase sequence constitutes genotype. A variety of data analytic methods have been proposed in this context. Shortcomings of select techniques are contrasted with the advantages afforded by tree-structured methods. However, tree-structured methods, in turn, have been criticized on grounds of only enjoying modest predictive performance. A number of ensemble approaches (bagging, boosting, random forests) have recently emerged, devised to overcome this deficiency. We evaluate random forests as applied in this setting, and detail why prediction gains obtained in other situations are not realized. Other approaches including logic regression, support vector machines and neural networks are also applied. We interpret results in terms of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase structure and function.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Renal function changes in microalbuminuric normotensive type II diabetic patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of captopril on microalbuminuria and renal function in normotensive type II diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 26 patients were randomized in two homogeneous groups for clinical and analytical data in a 6-mo follow-up study. Group A received captopril (initial dose: 12.5 mg daily, increased according to tolerance); group B was untreated. RESULTS: Microalbuminuria decreased only in the treated group at 6 mo (P = 0.044) and a significant (P = 0.027) mean percentage change on microalbuminuria excretion between the groups was observed. Filtration fraction decreased in group A (baseline: 0.23 +/- 0.03; 6 mo: 0.22 +/- 0.04) and increased in group B (baseline: 0.22 +/- 0.04; 6 mo: 0.25 +/- 0.04) with a significant mean percentage change between the groups at 6 mo (P = 0.032). The mean percentage change in microalbuminuria was significantly correlated with a mean percentage change in diastolic blood pressure throughout the trial. Neither metabolic control nor sodium or protein intake changed in either group during the trial. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that captopril can help arrest microalbuminuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients, with a decrease in diastolic blood pressure and filtration fraction after a 6-mo treatment.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1993

The Depression-Happiness Scale.

It is argued that there is a need for a measure which can quantify a continuum of affect and which is able to assess current frequency of mood for use in survey research with the general population. In a preliminary attempt to develop such a scale, a 40-item questionnaire containing items thought to tap feelings of depression and happiness was completed by 200 young people whose mean score on the Beck Depression Inventory was within that expected of a normal population. On the basis of factor analytic data, the 25 highest loading items were selected for inclusion into a bipolar Depression-Happiness Scale which was shown to have good internal reliability and concurrent validity with the Beck Depression Inventory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Fatty acid composition of palatal tissue from denture stomatitis patients.

Palatal biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with denture stomatitis. The fatty acids were extracted from the tissue, then separated, identified, and quantified by a gas-chromatographic technique. The sensitivity of this method enabled analyses of specimens with a wet weight of less than 1 mg. The concentration of the fatty acids C16:1 (n-7) and C24:1 (n-9) differed significantly between samples from hyperplastic and clinically healthy tissue in the denture stomatitis patients. By comparing specimens from denture stomatitis patients and non-denture subjects, the concentration of seven fatty acids, two saturated and five unsaturated, was found to be significantly different. A multivariate data-analytical method distinguished between the fatty acid composition in specimens from denture stomatitis patients and from non-denture subjects.

Adolescent↗