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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

An electrical model of biological tissues undergoing hyperaemia.

Tissue hyperaemia is a physiological consequence of the temperature increase that follows, for example, the absorption of electromagnetic or ultrasound power in clinical diathermy. Diathermy, as well as other physical therapies (for example massotherapy), affects the local blood content of tissues through various mechanisms (vasoconstriction/dilatation, opening/closing of precapillary sphincters). A method for evaluating hyperaemia in superficial and medium-depth tissues has been recently proposed, which is based on four-electrode impedance measurements. A microcirculation model has also been developed to describe the hyperaemic effects of local diathermic therapy. This paper describes an electrical model of the tissues in hyperaemic conditions which allows us to correlate electrical impedance measurements to microcirculation modifications.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

The effect of deep heat on isometric strength.

The effect of a 20-minute treatment of short-wave diathermy on isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle group was studied in 12 subjects over a 2-hour period. The heat treatment caused an initial decrease in isometric strength followed by an increase 30 minutes after the heat was terminated. Strength remained significantly above the control level for two hours following heat. The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between the application of short wave diathermy and the optimal time which should elapse between the heat treatment and therapeutic exercise should be examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The influence of microwave radiation on transdermal delivery systems.

It has been alleged that the exposure of a transdermal delivery system to leakage of microwave radiation from a domestic microwave oven can result in the user receiving a second-degree burn in the area of the patch. Several transdermal delivery systems were exposed to microwave radiation from an Electro Medical Supplies Microtron 200 microwave diathermy unit. Temperature rises of up to 2.2 degrees C were recorded at a maximum power density of 800 W/m2. These temperature rises were considered insignificant compared to that required to produce a burn. The exposure of transdermal delivery systems to a microwave diathermy field or lower level leakage radiation from a microwave oven is unlikely to cause direct thermal injury to the wearer.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1993

Laser treatment of rhinitis--1 year follow-up.

Laser cautery of the inferior turbinates for the treatment of rhinitis has been shown to be as effective as sub-mucosal diathermy in the short-term and to produce less morbidity. However, the long-term effects are unknown. A cohort of patients who were treated by either of these methods were reviewed 1 year after treatment. Subjective and objective measurements of airway obstruction were performed using a linear analogue scale and a nasal peak inspiratory flowmeter. The results obtained were compared with those recorded pre-operatively, 3 days post-operatively and 6 days post-operatively. In contrast to the results of sub-mucous diathermy of the inferior turbinates for the treatment of rhinitis, the reduction in subjective nasal airway obstruction obtained by laser cautery to the inferior turbinates is maintained 1 year after surgery. Neither method of turbinate reduction was associated with a sustained objective improvement in nasal airway patency as measured by peak nasal inspiratory flow rate determinations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Metal deposition in post-surgical granulomas of the urinary tract.

Fourteen cases of post-surgical granulomatous inflammation of the urinary tract were studied to investigate the possible deposition in the tissues of metals derived from the diathermy instruments used. The granulomas showed central necrosis, palisaded histiocytes and giant cells. On electronmicroscopy both amorphous material and electrondense particles were seen in the granulomas. The former appeared to be necrotic tissue. The particles were metallic in nature. Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays showed the presence of tungsten, iron, copper, nickel, chromium, zinc and vanadium. Tungsten particles were always pure. Other single particles contained two or more of the remaining elements, indicating the presence of alloy metals. Analysis of the diathermy instruments showed the cutting loops to be pure tungsten and the 'rollerballs' to be nickel silver containing copper, zinc, nickel, manganese and iron. Both the loops and balls are supported on stainless steel wires containing iron, chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, copper and vanadium. It is proposed that metallic fragments from the instruments were deposited in the tissues during the surgical procedures and elicited an immunological reaction with granuloma formation. Tungsten is probably inert but nickel, chromium, copper and zinc are immunogenic. Under certain circumstances both nickel and chromium may also be carcinogenic.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Ignorance of electrosurgery among obstetricians and gynaecologists.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of skill of laparoscopic surgeons in electrosurgery. DESIGN: Subjects were asked to complete a practical diathermy station and a written test of electrosurgical knowledge. SETTING: Tests were held in teaching and non-teaching hospitals. SAMPLE: Twenty specialists in obstetrics and gynaecology were randomly selected and tested on the Monash University gynaecological laparoscopic pelvi-trainer. Twelve candidates were consultants with 9-28 years of practice in operative laparoscopy, and 8 were registrars with up to six years of practice in operative laparoscopy. Seven consultants and one registrar were from rural Australia, and three consultants were from New Zealand. METHODS: Candidates were marked with checklist criteria resulting in a pass/fail score, as well as a weighted scoring system. We retested 11 candidates one year later with the same stations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: No improvement in electrosurgery skill in one year of obstetric and gynaecological practice. RESULTS: No candidate successfully completed the written electrosurgery station in the initial test. A slight improvement in the pass rate to 18% was observed in the second test. The pass rate of the diathermy station dropped from 50% to 36% in the second test. CONCLUSION: The study found ignorance of electrosurgery/diathermy among gynaecological surgeons. One year later, skills were no better.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1985

The diagnosis, treatment and complications of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia--experience at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, during the years 1972-1982.

During the 11 years 1972-1982, 770 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III (carcinoma in situ/severe dysplasia) were treated at The Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney. Of these, 592 had primary conization (Group I) and 153 had colposcopically directed biopsy and diathermy (Group II). Carcinoma in situ was diagnosed in the remaining 25 following hysterectomy for other gynaecological indications. The recurrence rates were similar in the 2 groups, but the conization group had a complication rate of 9.6% while none of the patients in group II had any significant complications. The presenting symptoms, gravidity, cytology and histopathological diagnosis were similar in the 2 groups. The conization and subsequent hysterectomy rates have decreased over the years. However, 50% of patients are still treated in this institution by cone biopsy. More conservative treatment (biopsy and diathermy) is being performed in increasing numbers of younger patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy.

A series of 153 consecutive patients is presented in whom a laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy was planned and was performed in 147 of them (96%). Bipolar diathermy was utilized to diathermy the upper uterine pedicles above the uterine arteries. Neither the uterine arteries nor the uterosacral ligaments were ligated laparoscopically and the remainder of the hysterectomy was performed vaginally. In the other 6 patients in whom the operation was commenced laparoscopically, it was discontinued and the operation concluded vaginally in 1 patient and abdominally in the other 5 patients. The aim of using the laparoscopic technique has been to convert a potential abdominal hysterectomy into a vaginal hysterectomy. The technique and the results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effects of biological stimuli on the viscosity of the vitreous.

Changes in the physical properties of the vitreous induced by various biological stimuli were investigated with Cannon-Fenske kinematic and cone-plate rotary viscometers. Heating greatly decreased the viscosity of the human vitreous, the critical temperature being between 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C. Freezing also affected the viscosity, but less so than heating. Viscosity of hyaluronic acid was also decreased by heating to approximately 60 degrees C. Preliminary incubation with hyaluronidase made the viscosity of both the vitreous and hyaluronic acid heat-stable. Lens extraction decreased vitreous viscosity markedly, suggesting a decrease of hyaluronic acid concentration and/or a lowering of hyaluronic acid molecular weight. Vitreous haemorrhage resulted in decreased vitreous viscosity. Cryoretinopexy at the level employed in this study induced little change in vitreous viscosity, while retinal diathermy caused a moderate decrease. In the course of vitreous haemorrhage and retinal diathermy, a return towards normal of the viscosity was observed, suggesting the presence of local hyaluronic acid production.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Determination of perfusion field during local hyperthermia with the aid of finite element thermal models.

Two-dimensional transient thermal models of human thighs undergoing microwave diathermy are developed with the aid of experimental data to shed light on the blood flow response occurring during local hyperthermia in muscle. The experimental data were taken from tests on six human subjects treated with a 915-Mz, direct-contact microwave diathermy device which incorporated a system for simultaneously cooling the skin surface with a cold air stream. The numerically calculated perfusion fields were determined by systematically varying a model's blood flow response to the temperature stimulus until good agreement between the experimental and model temperature fields were achieved. The model blood flow values were then checked against those measured in the human experiments via xenon 133 washout and good agreement here was also found. The future use of models of this type in clinical diagnosis and hyperthermic treatment is proposed.

Diathermy↗
PubMed1976

Cataract after exposure to non-ionizing radiant energy.

The case histories of two individuals exposed to thermal radiation emitted from an electric oven and range were presented. In one patient, earlier exposure to medical diathermy appears to have initiated delayed or late-appearing, capsular cataracts. Instead of the anticipated slow progression, the cataractogenesis was accelerated following recent, repeated exposure to the intense, infrared radiation. In the other patient, exposed solely to infrared radiation, a chorioretinal lesion indistinguishable from the type characteristically secondary to repeated, thermal radiation was observed. More recently, the earliest sign of thermal radiation cataractogenesis, capsular opacification, has become evident. The widespread availability of radiant energy sources such as diathermy machines, microwave ovens, and electric ovens and ranges makes it imperative to examine carefully any possible hazards that may result from their use. With this in mind, radiant energy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cataractogenesis.

Cataract↗
PubMed1970

Electrical interference in non-competitive pacemakers.

Patients with 41 implanted non-competitive pacemakers were investigated. A variety of domestic electrical equipment, a motor-car, and a physiotherapy diathermy apparatus were each operated in turn at various ranges from the patient. Interference effects on pacemaker function were assessed on the electrocardiograph. Medtronic demand 5841 pacemakers were stopped by diathermy while Cordis Ectocor pacemakers developed a fast discharge rate. Cordis triggered pacemakers (both Atricor and Ectocor) were sensitive to interference from many items of domestic equipment and the motor car. The Elema EM153 ran at an increased rate when an electric razor was running close to the pacemaker. The Devices demand 2980 and the Medtronic demand 5841 were not affected by the domestic equipment tested. The significance of interference effects is discussed in relation to pacemaker design.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Post-operative analgesia following laparoscopic sterilization.

In a retrospective survey of 161 consecutive cases of laparoscopic sterilization performed over a period of six months, 41.6 per cent were by tubal diathermy and 58.4 per cent by silastic Falope ring application. It was found that, in the latter group 28.7 per cent of patients required major post-operative analgesia, while in the group treated by diathermy only 4.5 per cent required such sedation.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1998

Medical devices; effective date of requirement for premarket approval for three class III preamendments physical medicine devices--FDA. Proposed rule; opportunity to request a change in classification.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to require the filing of a premarket approval application (PMA) or a notice of completion of product development protocol (PDP) for the following three high priority Group 3 preamendments class III devices: Microwave diathermy for uses other than treatment of select medical conditions such as relief of pain, muscle spasms, and joint contractures; ultrasonic diathermy for uses other than treatment of select medical conditions such as relief of pain, muscle spasms, and joint contractures; and ultrasound and muscle stimulator for uses other than treatment of select medical conditions such as relief of pain, muscle spasms, and joint contractures. The uses of these three devices do not include use for the treatment of malignancies. The agency also is summarizing its proposed findings regarding the degree of risk of illness or injury designed to be eliminated or reduced by requiring the devices to meet the statute's approval requirements and the benefits to the public from the use of the devices. In addition, FDA is announcing the opportunity for interested persons to request that the agency change the classification of any of these devices based on new information.

Device Approval↗
PubMed2002

A critical audit of the surgical management of intractable epistaxis using sphenopalatine artery ligation/diathermy.

An audit of the local practice of sphenopalatine artery (SPA) ligation/diathermy was undertaken following its introduction to the unit in April 1998. The authors looked to the literature for evidence of what was to be taken as a successful result and were surprised at the lack of published data on its efficacy or lack thereof. Fivehundredsixtythree patients were admitted for inpatient management of epistaxis over a two-year period. Ten of these patients required surgical control of epistaxis and went on to have either sphenopalatine artery ligation or diathermy. One had concomitant anterior ethmoidal artery diathermy. Postoperatively, the patients stayed between one to ten days (mean 3.3 days). The mean follow up in the clinic was 42.7 days. A recurrent bleed rate of 33% was found, which is higher than previously published results. Of these failures one had internal maxillary embolization followed by anterior ethmoidal artery ligation. The other two failures were successfully corrected with anterior ethmoidal ligation. The authors discuss and illustrate the possible reasons for failure.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A technique for localized heating in tissue: an adjunct to tumor therapy.

Increasing evidence of the beneficial effects of hyperthermia in the treatment of tumors, particularly when combined with radiation therapy or chemotherapy, has created the need for practical methods of localizing heat in arbitrary tissue volumes. Heating superficial transplanted animal tumors in hot-water baths has been of considerable importance in research, but the method has very limited clinical application. Microwave diathermy and ultrasound diathermy are capable of greater penetration than external conduction heating, but are also generally limited to the heating of superficial tissue volumes. A more direct method for localized tissue heating is proposed: localized electric current fields produced with carefully specified electrode configurations. This technique, although often quite invasive, offers the possibility of heat localization in almost any treatment volume specified by the therapist. Variations in electrical and thermal properties of tissues can be exploited to improve the architecture of the treatment plan. Several electrode configurations are illustrated. Limitations of the technique are discussed.

Diathermy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in physiotherapy departments].

An assessment of the electromagnetic fields emitted from short and ultrashort wave diathermy sources and from magneto therapy operating at a frequency of 50 Hz was made to evaluate the occupational exposure to the operators. Operators were exposed to electromagnetic fields which rarely exceed the recommended limits of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Only a measurement of electromagnetic fields near short wave diathermy equipment operating at a frequency of 27.12 MHz exposed operators to levels above those recommended by ICNIRP at a distance of 1 metre. Magnetic fields of magneto therapy exceeded residential exposition of 1 microtesla, at a distance of 4 metres.

Diathermy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of combined systemic hypothermia and local heat treatment to enhance temperature differences between tumor and normal tissues.

The feasibility of combining local heat treatment with whole-body hypothermia in an effort to improve therapeutic gain was assessed. Superficial, nonperfused phantom tumors were fashioned in eight anesthetized mongrel dogs by transplantation of the spleen from the abdomen to a subcutaneous site on the hindlimb. After pretreatment of the animal with the vasodilator hydralazine (0.5 mg/kg, IV) to enhance normal tissue perfusion, the spleen implant was heated with a 2450-MHz microwave diathermy apparatus, first with the animal's core body temperature in the normal range (39 degrees C) and then after the animal had been packed in ice to reduce core temperature to 30 degrees C. Applied power density and temperatures in both the phantom tumor and underlying muscle tissue were recorded during brief interruptions of diathermy until steady-state temperatures had been achieved. Under normothermic conditions with time-averaged applied power of 0.038 W/ml to phantom tumor and 0.014 W/ml to underlying muscle, tumor temperature rose to 45.9 +/- 1.8 degree C, while muscle temperature remained at 40.5 +/- 0.7 degree C. During whole-body hypothermia applied power could be increased to 0.114 W/ml in phantom tumor and to 0.025 W/ml in muscle. Muscle temperature rose only to 33.8 +/- 1.6 degree C, while that of the nonperfused phantom tumor rose to 53.6 +/- 4.3 degrees C with systemic hypothermia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗