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PubMed1991

[Dengue. A review].

Dengue fever is an acute and infectious disease produced by a togavirus. This clinical syndrome being benign or severe like the Dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), has been associated with a very high mortality rate specifically in children with different ages and those under 1 year of age from mothers having antibodies to dengue virus. Other groups with potential risk factors are those patients with chronic diseases like asthma, sickle cell anaemia and diabetes mellitus. Dengue virus show a highly tropism for endothelial reticulum system as the bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes where viral antigens can be demonstrated by several immunological methods. The pathogenesis of the DHF/DSS can be considered to result from a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction where antigen-activated T lymphocytes release a variety of biologically active chemical mediators (lymphokines) with further effects on blood clotting system and vascular permeability producing the symptoms of shock and hemorrhage seen in these cases. The rapid control and hospitalization of the patients allow them to get a fast recovery without any sequelae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[A study on transovarial transmission of dengue type 1 virus in Aedes aegypti].

The main purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of transovarial transmission of dengue type 1 virus, which was isolated from the serum of a patient with dengue fever during the 1987 dengue epidemic in southern Taiwan, in Aedes aegypti of Kaohsiung strain (KH). Parent female mosquitoes were inoculated with dengue 1 virus by intrathoracic inoculation technique. The F1 offspring adults collected from three sequential ovarian cycles were pooled to become 51, 13 and 14 pools, respectively. All pools were individually inoculated into C6/36 cells and then were detected by direct immunofluorescence antibody technique. Ten, five and three pools, respectively, among these three ovarian cycles turned out to be positive. It revealed that the minimum infection rates (MIR), were 1:254.6 (2,546 mosquitoes), 1:133.6 (668 mosquitoes) and 1:238 (714 mosquitoes), respectively. Meanwhile, the estimated filial infection rates were calculated to be 0.44%, 0.97% and 0.48%, respectively. Since viral antigen has been detected in the tissue of maturing eggs within ovarioles, the results exhibited the possibility that dengue type 1 virus can be transovarially transmitted to the next generation.

Aedes↗
PubMed1988

A dot enzyme immunoassay for dengue 3 virus: comparison with the haemagglutination inhibition test.

A dot enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) was used to determine the levels of antibody to dengue 3 virus in the acute and convalescent sera of febrile patients with a clinical diagnosis of dengue fever or dengue haemorrhagic fever. The antibody titres were compared with titres determined by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The results of the study showed that, besides being more simple to perform, the DEIA is in order of magnitude more sensitive than the HI test. Furthermore, the data suggest that it is possible to use a single dilution as a cutoff point to predict with reasonable accuracy, if a patient has had a recent dengue infection. The DEIA test for antibodies to dengue virus is an appropriate technology highly suitable for rapid diagnosis and surveillance in developing countries.

Dengue↗
PubMed1979

Epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever in rural Indonesia. II. Clinical studies.

Clinical observations were made on 95 serologically or virologically confirmed dengue fever cases during an epidemic in a rural area of Indonesia in December 1976. The age distribution was similar to that observed in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in Jakarta, a highly endemic urban area. The observed disease ranged in severity from undifferentiated fever to shock and death. The majority of patients had acute onset of fever with nausea, vomiting, headache, and abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly was observed in only 19% of the patients. A positive tourniquet test was the most frequently observed hemorrhagic manifestation, but epistaxis was observed in 20% and hematemesis in 6% of the patients. Dengue shock syndrome was observed in 37% of the patients. There were four deaths, three of which were confirmed as due to dengue infection by virus isolation. The data suggest that one, and possibly two, of the fatal cases with virus isolation were primary infections, based on the results of hemagglutination-inhibition test using all four dengue antigens.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1984

Seroepidemiological survey on dengue and Japanese encephalitis virus infections in Asian monkeys.

To investigate the ecology of dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE) viruses in the forest in Asia, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out on 358 Southeast Asian cynomolgus (Macaca iris), 33 Indian bonnet (Macaca radiata) and 37 Japanese (Macaca fuscata) monkey sera by a plaque reduction neutralization test. The results indicated that Southeast Asian monkeys were naturally infected with these viruses but the frequency of antibody to them varied considerably according to the geographical origin of the monkeys. The frequency of antibody to one or more types of dengue virus were 87.2, 49.5, 34.3, 34.2 and 14.9% in Malaysian, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Indonesian and Filipino cynomolgus monkey sera, respectively. None of the Indian bonnet monkey sera neutralized type 1 dengue virus which was the only virus type examined with this monkey species. Monkey sera collected in Japan where dengue virus infection had not been known since 1944 did not significantly neutralize dengue viruses. JE virus antibody was detected at 29.7, 9.0, 8.6, 2.7, 1.4 and 0% in Japanese, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Filipino and Malaysian monkey sera respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Fluorescent antibody techniques applied to the identification of dengue virus in infected tissue.

We evaluated an indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) method for the detection of dengue virus antigen in infected mouse tissues. The biotin-avidin system [unlabeled antiviral antibody, biotinyl-anti-IgG and fluorescein conjugated avidin D(biotin-avidin system)] theoretically enhances the sensitivity of the FA method by amplifying the number of fluorescein particles attached indirectly to antigen. Using antibody endpoint titers in dengue-infected suckling mouse brain as an assay for sensitivity, we compared this three-step technique with the standard direct and two-step indirect FA techniques. Comparative tests were done on frozen sections of mouse brains with infectivity titers between 4.5 and 8.3 log10 LLC-MK2 cell PFU/g. Antibody endpoint titers with the biotin-avidin system were 2- to 8-fold higher than those obtained with the indirect and direct fluorescent antibody systems. The biotin-avidin system may be useful for rapid postmortem diagnosis of some fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever-dengue shock syndrome cases and perhaps also for early diagnosis of dengue by examination of leukocytes or biopsy material.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Retrospective serological studies on dengue epidemics in Osaka and Okinawa.

In Japan, dengue epidemics were recorded once before the end of World War II (1942-1945) on the Main Islands and several times (1893-1955) on the Okinawa Islands. Blood samples were obtained from residents in Osaka and Okinawa, and their antibodies were examined by neutralization tests against dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Of 60 serum samples each from Osaka and Okinawa, 11 and 15 sera, respectively, showed positive titers against one or more dengue serotypes. These results confirm that the epidemics had been very large. Moreover, the results showed that the epidemics had been due to dengue type 1 virus in Osaka and to dengue type 1 and 2 viruses in Okinawa.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Dengue in the Seychelles.

Epidemics of dengue-like illness occurred in the Seychelles from December 1976 to April 1977 and from December 1978 to January 1979. Dengue 2 virus was isolated from individuals who had been in the Seychelles in 1977. From February to April 1979, sera were collected from outpatients in Mahé, Seychelles, who had not previously been hospitalized with a dengue-like illness. Results of neutralization tests with these sera indicated that prevalence rates for the four dengue viruses were between 81% and 91.8% and that dengue 2 was the most probable etiological agent in the epidemics. In addition, antibodies to chikungunya (8.7%) and Sindbis (7.4%) viruses were found, providing, for the first time, evidence of the presence of these two alphaviruses in the Seychelles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

In vitro studies of the normal human B lymphocyte receptors for preformed soluble dengue antigen-antibody complexes.

Preformed soluble dengue antigen-antibody with or without complement complexes could bind to the surface of human lymphocytes via IgG (Fc) or complement receptors respectively. It may be that these lymphocytes were B lymphocytes not T lymphocytes. Dengue antigen or antibody alone will not attach to the surface of those cells. It is emphasized that dengue antigen-antibody complexes can form in the circulation and some will bind to the surface of the B lymphocytes in vivo and play a significant role in the pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever. In addition mice could develop glomerulonephritis by injection with preformed soluble dengue antigen-antibody complexes. These mice showed proteinuria and deposits of the immune complexes in the glomeruli of the kidneys.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Singapore.

The history of dengue haemorrhagic fever as distinct from dengue fever in South-East Asia is traced. The epidemiology of the disease in the various countries is contrasted with that in Singapore since DHF first appeared on the scene in South-East Asia. From this survey, it is concluded that the dengue haemorrhagic fever is a new disease presentation, and its fate in SE Asia depends on the immunological state of the community, attempts at vector control, and probably antigenic variation in the various types of dengue virus. The pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed in detail. Diagnosis is presented with a detailed discussion of diagnosis of the pre-shock stage. Finally, the management of dengue haemorrhagic fever is discussed.

Dengue↗
PubMed1994

Comparative nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the envelope glycoprotein gene among three dengue virus type 2 strains isolated from patients with different disease severities in Maha Sarakham, northeast Thailand.

The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the envelope glycoprotein (E) gene of dengue virus type 2 was determined by the primer-extension dideoxy chain-termination method for 3 dengue virus type 2 (D2) strains which had been isolated from patients with dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), in Maha Sarakham, Northeast Thailand, in 1986-1987. Their nt sequences were essentially the same except for a single silent nt replacement in each DHF and DSS strain compared with DF strain. Therefore, these 3 strains possessed identical deduced amino acid (AA) sequences in their E protein. The result indicated that the primary structure of the E protein of D2 virus is not related to the clinical severity of the infected patients. Eleven nt replacements which resulted in 4 amino acid replacements were found to be unique to these 3 Northeast Thai strains. Sequence similarity showed that the 3 Northeast Thai strains were closest to the DSS isolate (H) followed by the DHF isolate (D) identified in Bangkok in 1980.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

[A study on transmission of dengue virus by Culex fatigans].

Patients with acute dengue fever within 2 days of onset were simultaneously bitten by Culex fatigans, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which were fed and incubated in the laboratory. Isolation and quantitative assay of dengue virus and transmission experiment were conducted on specimens collected from 3 kinds of mosquitoes at different time. The result showed a positive rate of 5.13% (2/39) and an average viral titer of 2.41 logTCID50, for Culex fatigans, which indicates that Culex fatigans might be naturally infected with dengue virus and might transmit dengue virus after infection. But the positive rate and infection rate of Culex fatigans were significantly lower than those of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopitus, which indicates that Culex fatigans might play a less important role in the transmission of dengue virus.

Aedes↗
PubMed1996

[New epidemiological aspects of dengue].

Since the 1940s, the dengue epidemics occur more and more often in the Pacific islands with an increased severity. For example, in New Caledonia, outbreaks of dengue-like diseases have been reported since the end of the last century but the first epidemic due to an identified virus occurred in 1942-1943 and was caused by the DEN-1 type. The next, due to the DEN-2 type, was reported thirty years later, in 1972-1973. After that, three outbreaks burst between 1975 and 1990, caused successively by dengue types 1, 4 and 3 but from 1985, human strains of different types were isolated at the same time. The vector control measures, mainly aerial ULV spraying had a variable efficacy. The most important vector was Aedes aegypti but dengue virus strains were also isolated from other mosquito species (Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, C. bitaeniorhynchus, Coquillettidia xanthogaster); their role in the interhuman transmission of dengue was not demonstrated. In New Caledonia, the development of international travels, an extension of suburbs and an increased insecticide resistance of Ae. aegypti are the obvious causes of the problem but an unknown transmission cycle, involving different hosts and vectors may also be suspected.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Dengue fever at the U.S.-Mexico border, 1995-1996.

Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted acute disease caused by any of four virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) and is characterized by acute manifestations that can include fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. On August 25, 1995, public health authorities in Mexico notified the Texas Department of Health (TDH) of an ongoing outbreak of dengue fever in the state of Tamaulipas, which borders south Texas. Because of the year-round presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito (a major vector for dengue) in southernmost Texas and the frequent movement of persons across the U.S.-Mexico border, the outbreak in adjacent Tamaulipas suggested an increased potential for imported and autochthonous cases in Texas, as had occurred during 1980 and 1986. In response to the notification from Mexico, TDH intensified surveillance efforts for dengue, resulting in identification of 29 laboratory-diagnosed cases in Texas residents, including seven persons with no history of travel outside the state. This report summarizes results of dengue surveillance in the U.S.-Mexico border area during 1995-1996.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Dengue vector mosquitos at a tourist attraction, Ko Samui, in 1995.

On Ko Samui, Thailand there were two epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in 1966 and 1967, followed by endemics up to 1994. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were the vectors. From January to July 1995, 51 cases of DHF were reported, out of these were many foreigners who still suffer from dengue fever and return home with negative impression. We carried out an entomological survey around the island and collected the mosquitos to detect dengue virus by digoxigenin-cDNA probe. The data revealed that Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus still were abundant and some were infected with dengue virus. Visual larval survey indices (HI, CI and BI) were 90.4, 61.3 and 301.3 respectively. Biting rate (BR) of Aedes mosquitos was high, the average indoor and outdoor BR were 9.7 and 100.8 mosquitos/man-hour. From 13 pools of mosquitos, 8 strains of dengue virus were detected (61.5%). The results may encourage the local authorities to improve vector surveillance and control before the famous island becomes an unpleasant island.

Aedes↗
PubMed1997

Dengue fever in US military personnel in Haiti.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical manifestations and public health implications of an outbreak of dengue fever (DF) during Operation Uphold Democracy, Haiti, 1994. DESIGN: Consecutive sample. SETTING: Military combat support hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. PATIENTS: A total of 101 US military personnel with acute febrile illnesses. INTERVENTIONS: A disease surveillance team collected clinical and epidemiologic data from US military clinics throughout Haiti. Febrile patients admitted to the combat support hospital were evaluated with standardized clinical and laboratory procedures. The surveillance team followed patients daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Arbovirus isolation and specific antibody determination and symptoms and physical findings. RESULTS: Febrile illnesses accounted for 103 (25%) of the 406 combat support hospital admissions during the first 6 weeks of deployment. All patients with febrile illness recovered. A total of 30 patients had DF; no patient had evidence of infection with malaria. Dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, and 4 were isolated from 22 patients, and 8 patients developed IgM antibody to dengue virus. Patients with DF could not be distinguished from other febrile patients on clinical grounds alone. No arboviruses other than dengue were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Active surveillance, with clinical and laboratory evaluation directed by an epidemiologic team, led to the timely recognition of an outbreak of febrile illness among US troops in Haiti. Viral isolation and serological studies were essential in confirming DF. During the surveillance period, DF accounted for at least 30% of the febrile illnesses among hospitalized US troops. Dengue fever is a significant threat to military personnel and civilian travelers in Haiti and has the potential for introduction to and transmission in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Dengue fever. Another infectious disease out of control?].

In the 1950s dengue fever left its home in South-East Asia. The result, as we see it 40 years later, is terrifying. From being an almost unknown infection, dengue fever is today's most common arboviral disease with up to 100 million cases annually. In addition, the clinical picture has changed from a benign influenza-like disorder (classic dengue fever) to a serious disease with bleeding and hypovolemic shock (dengue hemorrhagic fever). In this article the authors give an overview of the present epidemiology, prognosis and possible preventive measures against dengue fever.

Dengue↗
PubMed1997

[Dengue fever imported to Norway. Serologically confirmed cases 1991-96].

With up to 100 million cases annually, dengue fever is today's most important arboviral disease. Dengue fever is endemic in many parts of South-East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Oceania and the Americas. The disease mainly affects the local population, but occasionally also visitors from non-endemic areas. In this article we present epidemiological and clinical data on all 26 cases with serological confirmed dengue fever diagnosed in Norway in 1991-1996. 21 patients (81%) were infected in Asia. Typical exanthema, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia were seen in 71%, 79% and 84% of the cases, respectively. A 37-year-old Indian-born woman developed dengue haemorrhagic fever grade 1 after a visit to New Delhi, while the remaining 25 patients had classical dengue fever. Postinfectious complications were common, and four weeks after the acute illness, hair loss, mental depression and asthenia were reported by 45%, 50% and 100% of the cases, respectively.

Adult↗