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PubMed1999

Reasons for hospitalization due to abortion and pregnancy termination.

The aim of this study was to identify the reasons for hospitalization associated with abortion and pregnancy termination among women attending the Maternity Unit of IMIP, Recife, Brazil. In a case-control study, 230 women who were hospitalized consecutively between August 1994 and June 1995 due to causes related to pregnancy termination or abortion were chosen as cases. Four controls per case were selected randomly out of a total of 920 women who delivered at the same hospital. For each potential cause considered, the odds ratio (OR) and respective 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was then used to control for confounders. Among all potential causes studied, those that showed significant association with pregnancy termination or abortion were: being single, absence of emotional support from partner, being a working woman, literacy up to the fourth year of school, failure of contraceptive method employed, and experience of previous pregnancies, children, and abortions.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Objective markers of condom failure.

BACKGROUND: Studies of condom efficacy rely on self-reported behavior. Objective markers of exposure to semen may provide a more valid assessment of condom failure and failure to use condoms. GOALS OF THIS STUDY: To compare three semen biomarkers: acid phosphatase (AP) activity, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and the human seminal plasma antigen (MHS-5). STUDY DESIGN: Twenty women were intravaginally inoculated with six measured, increasingly larger amounts of their partners' semen. Vaginal fluid was collected by the participant using swabs and tested. RESULTS: Background levels of PSA were low (0.00-1.25 ng/ml), background levels of AP were variable (0-350 U/l), and all preinoculation samples were negative for MHS-5. All postinoculation samples were positive for PSA, 64 of 117 (55%) for AP, and 14 of 120 (12%) for MHS-5. CONCLUSION: The PSA immunoassay was the best semen biomarker under these sampling and testing conditions.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1970

Failure of a pure progestogen contraceptive to affect serum levels of iron, transferrin, protein-bound iodine, and transaminase.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate, a pure progestational agent which is not metabolized to oestrogen, was given to 30 women and shown to have no effect on the serum levels of iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin, and protein-bound iodine. Eighteen of these women had previously taken oral contraceptives of the combined oestrogen-progestogen "sequential" type, and during that time these serum levels were raised. Nevertheless, the levels all fell significantly after medroxyprogesterone acetate was given and the "sequential" oral contraceptive was stopped. In a further 12 postpartum women the serum levels did not change significantly after medroxyprogesterone acetate.These observations strongly suggest that raised plasma protein levels resulting from the administration of oral contraceptives are due to the oestrogen component.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Does additional lubrication affect condom slippage and breakage?

The risk of condom slippage (1.94%) and breakage (0.89%) among 3607 condoms was analysed with respect to the use of additional lubricant. Whether or not lubricant was used, the site at which it was applied and the type of lubricant used were all found to vary significantly with the type of sexual act(s) for which the condoms were used. Little evidence was found for differing effects of type of additional lubricant (water-based, saliva or other) or site of lubricant use (on penis/inside condom, on condom, in vagina/anus). The use of lubricant more than doubles the risk of slippage for vaginal sex. While anal sex is associated with much higher risks of slippage the use of lubricant for this practice actually reduces the risk of slippage to that similar for vaginal sex where lubricant is used. No significant effect of additional lubricant on condom breakage was observed. It is recommended that education messages concerning the use of additional lubricant may need to change to take into account the varied nature of lubricant use practices and the differential effects of lubricant with respect to sexual practices. Specifically, if the use of additional lubricant has little or no impact on condom breakage but increases condom slippage then encouraging its use may be counterproductive if condom users consider slippage to be a reason not to use condoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Clinical pharmacokinetics of newer antiepileptic drugs. Lamotrigine, vigabatrin, gabapentin and oxcarbazepine.

The clinical pharmacokinetics of the 4 antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine, vigabatrin, gabapentin and oxcarbazepine have been reviewed in this paper. All the drugs have linear kinetics and reliable absorption, although the saturation of transport across the gut may occur at high doses with gabapentin. All the drugs can be conveniently given as a twice daily dosage apart from gabapentin, which has a short half-life and a midday dose is needed. Unlike many of the older drugs, lamotrigine, vigabatrin and gabapentin have a predominantly renal excretion and are not metabolised through the cytochrome P450 system. They do not induce their own metabolism or that of other commonly used anticonvulsants. Similarly, clinically important interactions with other major classes of drugs metabolised this way, such as anticoagulants or steroid hormones, do not occur. Oxcarbazepine, however, can cause oral contraceptive pill failure. Oxcarbazepine is immediately metabolised to a hydroxy metabolite and could be considered a prodrug. It appears to have fewer pharmacokinetic interactions than carbamazepine. Valproic acid (sodium valproate) inhibits the glucuronidation of lamotrigine and increases its half-life; when used together, dosage modification of lamotrigine is needed to avoid toxicity.

Acetates↗
PubMed1982

Continuous sonographic monitoring of IUD extraction during pregnancy: preliminary report.

The significance of the location of intrauterine contraceptive device in relation to the gestational sac on pregnancy outcome was studied in 13 pregnant women after extraction of the device. Of the seven women (group 1) who had the intrauterine contraceptive device removed after initial localization by sonography, two (28.5%) miscarried. In both cases the device was located cephalad or lateral to the gestational sac. In six women (group 2) continuous sonographic scanning was undertaken to visualize the extraction procedure. Traction on an intrauterine device located laterally (two cases) or cephalad (one case) to the gestational sac was followed by distortion of the sac configuration. Gentle intermittent traction on the contraceptive device resulted in successful extraction procedure. These preliminary observations suggest that pregnancies with an intrauterine contraceptive device located laterally or cephalad to the gestational sac are at greater risk during extraction of the device. Sonographic monitoring of the extraction procedure during pregnancy may minimize the hazards of intrauterine contraceptive device failure.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1976

Four years' experience with the gravigard in nulliparous women.

A study of the Gravigard in nulliparous patients is presented. Experience with the use of the device in 348 other patients is drawn upon for the discussion. The Gravigard is shown to be an acceptable form of contraception for nulliparous females who cannot take oral contraceptives. The failure rate was 2-6 per hundred woman-years (HWY) (corrected 1-3/HWY).

Female↗
PubMed1976

Vasectomy.

Fifty consecutive patients who underwent vasectomy were followed up over a period of two years, and were subjected to a questionnaire, and the results were analysed. The technique for vasectomy is described and a few modifications are suggested, so that there is a reasonable chance of reversing the operation if need be. Special emphasis has been placed on the poorly understood medicolegal implications of vasectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Vasectomy.

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Humans↗
PubMed1979

Vasectomy.

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Humans↗