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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The 'thrifty' hypotheses: clinical and epidemiological significance for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease risk factors.

In recent decades incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has increased to epidemic proportions in several traditional populations due to changes in their lifestyles from those of hunters, gatherers and subsistence agriculturists to a contemporary pattern whose central features are sedentary occupations and high-energy fuel resources. As a result, non-infectious perturbations such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases emerge as the major causes of morbidity and mortality both in developing and in developed nations. Currently, the highest non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus prevalences are found in populations that have undergone rapid alterations in lifestyle, such as Australian Aborigines, native Americans, Pacific islanders and some migrant populations like the Asian Indians. This review focuses on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as a prime instance of the 'thrifty genotype' and its interrelationship with glucose intolerance as a prime risk factor for cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. An alternative hypothesis, namely the 'thrifty phenotype' hypothesis, challenging the genotype hypothesis is hereby presented. The review is presented to provide insight for clinical application of these hypotheses in future studies concerning the prevention and intervention strategy of non-communicable disorders. A comprehensive application of these strategies would be beneficial to researchers, clinicians and patients.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of curricular change in an undergraduate program for speech pathologists on perceived preparedness for the workplace.

Recently, educational policymakers have emphasized the need for undergraduate programs to develop in their graduates generic skills and attributes beyond discipline-specific skills and knowledge. The generic skills and attributes should mesh with the requirements of the workplaces where the graduates will find employment. The present study examined the impact of curricular revisions to a program of study for speech pathologists on the perceptions of the graduates regarding their preparation in appropriate skill and knowledge domains. The curricular revisions sought to develop independent learning, critical thinking, research and evaluation skills, written and oral communication skills, and skills for seeking and providing support to peers. Seventy-eight graduates of the earlier program and 21 graduates of the revised program offered by the School of Communication Disorders at The University of Sydney completed a 52-item questionnaire concerning the extent to which the program had equipped them for the workplace. Eleven scales were derived from the questionnaire responses, reflecting skills endorsed by university educators and workplace supervisors of allied health professionals as being necessary for success in the workplace. The relative levels of perceived preparation on the 11 dimensions were similar across graduates of the revised program and those of the earlier program. Graduates of the revised program were significantly more positive about their preparation on five of the 11 dimensions, compared with earlier graduates of approximately equivalent age and experience. The dimensions where differences were observed generally reflected those targeted by the curricular revisions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comparative MR analysis of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in diagnosing Alzheimer disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our purpose was to use volumetric MR imaging to compare the extent of atrophy and discriminative ability of the volumes of two temporal lobe structures, the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, between patients with Alzheimer disease and control subjects. METHODS: The study group consisted of 30 patients with probable Alzheimer disease diagnosed according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria and 32 healthy control subjects. The MR volumes of the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus were used for the discriminant function and receiver operator characteristic analysis as well as multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures to compare their discriminative power. RESULTS: Compared with control subjects, patients with Alzheimer disease had significantly smaller volumes of the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus on both sides. Both the receiver operator characteristic and the discriminant function analyses using both volumes classified control subjects and Alzheimer patients with a high degree of accuracy (approximately 90%). Significant group x region interaction favoring hippocampal volumetry was determined by multivariate analysis of variance. CONCLUSION: The volumetric measurements of both the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus have comparably high discriminative power in diagnosing Alzheimer disease. In clinical practice, hippocampal volumetry may be more feasible, because the method is easier to use and has less variability.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Sign language and multisensory input training of children with communication and related developmental disorders.

This report deals with the preliminary findings of a research project on simultaneous communication and multisensory input in the treatment of six autistic and communication disordered children. The children, aged 5 to 12, were taught manually signed English and speech using a multisensory-intrusion approach. The hypothesis was that such a technique would serve to alleviate the children's difficulties in information processing, organization of experience, and affect. The dependent measures were behavioral ratings derived from both structured (teaching) and unstructured (free play) sessions. The results indicate that the children manifested a consistent acquisition of sign lanuage, which in some cases transferred into verbal communication skills. Moreover, statistical analyses of some of the observed socioaffective behaviors (i.e., nonsolitary play, interaction with peers and adults, exploration, and detachment) revealed tendencies supportive of the hypothesis. The variability of the data preclude any categorical statement in relation to the hypothesis. However, the preliminary results strongly support the continuation of the study.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive profiles and social-communicative functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Whether there is an unusual degree of unevenness in the cognitive abilities of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and whether different cognitive profiles among children with ASD might index etiologically significant subgroups are questions of continued debate in autism research. METHOD: The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) were used to examine profiles of verbal and nonverbal abilities and their relationship to autistic symptomatology in 120 relatively high-functioning children with ADI-confirmed diagnoses of autism. RESULTS: Discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal ability scores occurred at a significantly higher rate than in the DAS normative sample (30%) in both a younger group of 73 children (56%) with a mean age of 5;5 and an older group of 47 children (62%) with a mean age of 8;11. Discrepancies were mainly in favor of nonverbal ability in the younger group, but occurred equally in favor of verbal and nonverbal abilities in the older group. Comparison of the two age groups suggested a growing dissociation between verbal and nonverbal (and particularly visual processing) skills with age. In the older group, children with discrepantly higher nonverbal abilities demonstrated significantly greater impairment in social functioning, as measured on the ADOS, independent of absolute level of verbal and overall ability. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate a high rate of uneven cognitive development in children with ASD. Indications of a dissociation between verbal and visual-perceptual skills among the older children, and the specific association of discrepantly high nonverbal skills with increased social symptoms suggest that the nonverbal > verbal profile may index an etiologically significant subtype of autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Communication profiles of individuals with Down's syndrome, Angelman syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder.

The communication profiles of individuals with Down's syndrome (DS), Angelman syndrome (AS) and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) were investigated and contrasted. Seventy-seven individuals participated in the study. A within-group analysis revealed that those with DS performed better on tacting or labelling and echoing than on manding or requesting. No other effects were found, apart from an absence of echoing in those with AS, a result that is hardly surprising. A between-groups analysis revealed no differences between the aetiological groups in terms of their use of mands or requests and tacts. Individuals with DS and PDD did not differ in their scores on echoic functioning. The implications of these findings for the study of behavioural phenotypes and for communication intervention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Communication skill and behaviour disorder.

The aim was to identify changes in communication skills and behaviour disorder of 15 clients with learning difficulties 6 mo. and 1 yr. after they moved from large- to small-scale accommodations. Clients were allocated into a group of 6 with profound multiple learning difficulties, a preverbal group of 5, and a verbal group of 4. Communication skills were measured using the Preverbal Communication Schedule, and behavioural disorder was measured using the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist. Analysis showed that from the baseline to one year follow-up, there was a significant increase from baseline in social withdrawal by the clients with multiple difficulties but that there were improvements in communication skills of both preverbal and verbal clients. No control group was involved.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Graduate students with marginal abilities in communication sciences and disorders: prevalence, profiles, and solutions.

UNLABELLED: This paper addresses the special challenges encountered when working with graduate students whose academic and/or clinical performance is marginal or less than satisfactory. From a variety of perspectives including instructional, professional, financial, ethical, and legal, among others, working effectively with marginal students deserves serious and systematic consideration. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a national survey that explore the prevalence, profiles, and documented impact of marginal students on professional training programs in speech-language pathology and audiology. Current strategies for prevention and intervention, factors inhibiting implementation of such strategies, and implications for the student and the program are discussed. LEARNING OUTCOMES: (1) To learn the prevalence, profiles, and documented impact of marginal students on professional preparation programs in communication sciences and disorders. (2) To become familiar with current strategies for prevention and intervention with marginal students, factors inhibiting implementation of such strategies, and implications for the student and the program. (3) To understand professional preparation as a system of academic, clinical, and supervisory instruction, including evaluation and due process; namely, a student's right, a program's responsibility. (4) To identify critical questions generated by this study that must be addressed by the professions and individual programs.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adaptive communication systems for patients with mobility disorders.

An adaptive communication system has been developed for individuals with mobility disorders. It uses specialized computer software and hardware that compensate for this disability. For an individual with a motor-control impairment who is not able to use a keyboard effectively, a computer voice-recognition technology now removes this communication barrier. Speech-recognition systems consist of three basic components: speech processing, speech recognition, and speech understanding. The new Dragon Dictate (Dragon Systems, Inc., Newton, Mass.) is the first large-vocabulary speech recognition system in the personal computer industry that interactively learns a user's vocabulary and mode of speaking and responds to natural language rather than to limited sets of words. This speech-recognition system requires a microprocessor, a display monitor, a printer, and specific software packages, including word-processing and enhanced memory-management software. Important considerations in the use of this speech-recognition system include microphone positioning and training of the system. With the advent of this new voice-recognition computer system, another communication barrier between the disabled and society has been overcome.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities↗