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PubMed1983

Three-dimensional organization of the platelet cytoskeleton during adhesion in vitro: observations on human and nonhuman primate cells.

Adhesion of platelets in vitro resulted in rapid polymerization of the amorphous cytoplasmic ground substance into an organized cytoskeletal superstructure. This cytoskeleton, characterized through the use of whole-mount and stereo (3-D), high-voltage microscopy in conjunction with morphometrics and cytochemistry, comprised four major size classes of filaments organized in distinctive zones. The central matrix, or granulomere, at the center of the cell mass, was an ill-defined meshwork of 80-100-A filaments which enshrouded granules, dense bodies, and elements of the dense tubular system as identified through peroxidase cytochemistry. Demarcating this central matrix was a trabecular zone containing 30-50, 80-100, and 150-170 A filaments in an open and rigid-appearing lattice. Circumscribing the trabecular zone and extending to the margins of the hyalomere was the third region, the peripheral web, in which 70-A filaments were arranged in a tight honeycomb lattice. This organizational pattern was retained in cytoskeletons prepared by Triton x-100 extraction of the adherent cells, and was observed in basally located cells of aggregates which formed subsequent to adhesion. Our observations are consistent with biochemical studies of cytoskeletons prepared from suspended platelets and suggest a contractile protein composition for the superstructure during adhesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A second type of horizontal cell in the monkey retina.

A second type of horizontal cell with a distinctly different appearance from the previously known horizontal cell has been seen in Golgi-impregnated monkey retinas. The new HII cell has a different dendritic branching pattern from the commonly described HI cell type, and it has a short convoluted axon with collaterals bearing small clusters of terminals. Comparisons of the two cell types at different retinal eccentricities show that HII cells have larger dendritic trees than HI cells in the foveal region but smaller dendritic trees than HIs in peripheral retina. Dendritic terminals of the new HII cell, like the HI cell, contact cone pedicles as lateral elements of the ribbon synapses. The isolated terminals or clusters of terminals borne by the short axon of the HII cell also contact cone pedicles as lateral elements rather than contacting rod spherules as lateral elements like HI terminal arborizations. Thus, the monkey like other vertebrates has at least two horizontal cell types which differ in morphology and synaptic connections.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A model for development of social behavior in vervet monkeys.

Polynomial regression was used to construct linear descriptive models for age-related behavioral changes among socially-living, captive vervet monkeys. Seventeen social acts were divided by gender into performer (director) and recipient to produce 68 predictive equation. The aptness of these models was examined by an analysis of residuals, including a lack-of-fit F test. Consistency was further validated by a sign test comparison of predicted and observed means. A log10 (Y + 1) transformation produced satisfactory fits for 51 of the 68 parameters. Only 1 behavior (male gape D) had a nonsignificant cumulative F value and low coefficient of multiple determination. Although the remaining 16 acts did show age relationships, they exhibited a significant lack of fit to the proposed model. A table of predictive equations is presented as a mathematical model of behavioral development in vervet monkeys.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Detection of serum antibodies to adult T-cell leukemia virus in non-human primates and in people from Africa.

The distribution of serum antibodies to adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV) was examined as a marker for virus infection among non-human primates as well as people from Africa and Germany. The virus is present in Africa in certain primate species including man. Altogether, 468 sera from 27 monkey species were examined. Only African green monkeys, less frequently also chimpanzees and crab-eating monkeys, were found to be infected. About 1-2% of people from Kenya have antibodies, while ATLV-antibodies may be present in well below 0.1% of the German population.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Characterization of African green monkey B-cell lines releasing an adult T-cell leukemia-virus-related agent.

Eight lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from the peripheral blood of individual African green monkeys (AGM). The AGM-2206 line grew out spontaneously. The others - AGM-6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 16 - were obtained after infection of peripheral AGM lymphocytes with cell-free culture supernatant of AGM-2206. All lines contained, and were probably transformed by, AGM-EBV. Moreover, they expressed immunoglobulins but lacked the Leu l T-cell marker. Thus they were B cells. Since a high percentage of AGMs are naturally infected with a virus similar to adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV), we examined these cell lines for ATLV. With immunofluorescence tests we detected ATLV-related antigens (ATLA) in three of the eight cell lines. EBV membrane antigen was present in three out of four. The highest percentage (40%) of ATLA-positive cells was found in the AGM-13 line. After metabolic labelling of these cells, ATLV-specific polypeptides p24, p19, p15, and p10 were detected. Hybridization experiments showed that both AGM-2206 and AGM-13 cell lines contained ATLV-proviral DNA. Electron micrographs of AGM-13 revealed a few type-C particles morphologically similar to the MT-2 virus. By cocultivation this AGM virus was able to infect and immortalize human peripheral blood lymphocytes. One such human cell line, NA-13, expressed polypeptides closely related to ATLV core antigens but a 68,000 mol.wt. glycopolypeptide was serologically distinct from MT-2 ATLV gp68.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Defining the beginning and end of KpnI family segments.

Comparison of the sequences at the ends of several newly cloned and full length members of the monkey KpnI family with one another and with previously described monkey and human segments defines the nucleotide sequence at the two termini. No terminal repeats either direct or inverted are noted within full length family members which may or may not be immediately flanked by direct repeats. At the 3' terminus, several family members have polyadenylation signals followed by a d(A)-rich stretch. The genomic frequency of segments within the full length element increases markedly from the 5' to the 3' terminus, consistent with the cloning of various truncated family members. One such truncated version joined to a low copy number DNA segment is inserted in monkey alpha-satellite where the combination appears to have been amplified in conjunction with the satellite itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Entry of diphtheria toxin linked to concanavalin A into primate and murine cells.

Diphtheria toxin linked by a disulfide bridge to concanavalin A was highly toxic to HeLa S3 and Vero cells, as well as to murine L cells. The cells could be protected with alpha-methyl mannoside, indicating that the conjugate binds mainly through its concanavalin A moiety. Treatment of Vero cells with phospholipase C, TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), and vanadate, which strongly reduce the ability of the cells to bind free diphtheria toxin, had little protective effect against the conjugate, whereas SITS (L-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2'disulfonic acid), which inhibits diphtheria toxin binding, as well as the subsequent entry, protected Vero cells, but not L cells. Both types of cells are protected against the conjugate by NH4Cl and monensin, indicating that an acidified compartment is necessary for entry into the cytosol. Exposure of cells, bound with surface conjugate, to low pH induced entry of the toxin into Vero cells, but not into L Cells. Phospholipase C, TPA, and vanadate did not protect L cells against the conjugate. It is concluded that toxin in the conjugate enters L cells by a route which involves low pH, but which is not identical to that in Vero cells.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
PubMed1990

Development and evaluation of the TD97 measles virus vaccine.

The TD97 strain vaccine virus was prepared from the Tanabe strain measles virus by low-temperature passages in primary cell cultures and ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis. The TD97 strain exhibited the following characteristics: highly temperature sensitive, neither multiplying nor forming any plaques at 40 degrees C in Vero cells; genetically stable, maintaining high temperature sensitivity after ten successive passages in CE cells at 30 degrees C or 35 degrees C; and M proteins of this virus about 1 KD slower in mobility in SDS-PAGE than that of the Tanabe strain. The TD97 strain was further confirmed to be attenuated by an inoculation test into primate brain. In field trials, 752 healthy children were inoculated with a live virus vaccine prepared with this strain, and the following results were obtained: the seroconversion rate was 97% (517/533), and the average HI antibody titer was 2(5.2). An antibody-increasing effect was also observed in children who were initially seropositive. In children who seroconverted, the rates of fever were 15.7% (55/351) for 37.5 degrees C or higher and 4.0% (14/351) for 39 degrees C or higher. The rash rate was 7.7% (27/351), and the incidence of local reaction was 5.4% (19/351). The TD97 strain is thus considered to be suitable in use for an attenuated measles vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Growth and morphological characteristics of vervet monkey bone marrow-derived adherent cells.

Monkey bone marrow-derived adherent cells were maintained in culture for six months. Phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy showed two cell shapes: fusiform and polygonal. No difference was observed in the cyto-chemical staining of the two shapes. Both stained positively for alpha-napthyl acetate esterase, acid phosphatase, collagens I and III, and lipids and negatively for peroxidase and factor VIII antigen. A small proportion (1.5%) were alkaline phosphatase-positive. An average of 14% of the cells were phagocytic in the primary culture, but this proportion decreased progressively with passage. Fc receptors were not detected, while C3 receptors were detected in 1% of primary cultured cells in primary culture, but were not detected in subcultured cells. Adherent cells were not evident in cultures supplemented with 10 mM ammonium acetate. These findings indicate that monkey marrow-derived adherent cells are fibroblastoid in nature.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Screening for haplotypic variability within Oesophagostomum bifurcum (Nematoda) employing a single-strand conformation polymorphism approach.

Genetic markers in the mitochondrial genome have proven useful for population genetic studies because of their maternal inheritance and relatively high evolutionary rates. In this study, we exploited the high resolution capacity of PCR-coupled single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) to screen for sequence variation in part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (p cox 1) among individuals of the parasitic nematode, Oesophagostomum bifurcum from human or Mona monkey hosts from Africa. SSCP analysis revealed distinct profiles among some of the individuals, and subsequent sequence analysis of representative samples defined 10 different haplotypes. For comparative purposes, the p cox 1 sequences for representatives of four other species of Oesophagostomum from livestock were included. While there were high levels (11.5-13.7%) of sequence difference among the latter species, there was no fixed nucleotide difference between O. bifurcum individuals from humans and those from monkeys. The data support the proposal that O. bifurcum from the two primate hosts represents a single species and that the haplotypic variability in p cox 1 represents population variation. The results reinforce the usefulness of the SSCP-sequencing approach for studying genetic variation in nematode populations using mitochondrial markers.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Phylogenetic variability of serum lipids and lipoproteins in non-human primates fed diets with different contents of dietary cholesterol.

The response of serum lipids and lipoproteins to different levels of dietary cholesterol (0.05% to 1.5% w/w) was measured in six nonhuman primate species. Relative response of serum cholesterol in different species, measured in terms of response, index, varied with dietary cholesterol concentration. The overall response for the different diets allowed ranking of the species as follows: Squirrel is greater than green is greater then spider is approximately thesus is approximately patas is greater than chimpanzee The serum cholesterol response was reflected not only in an increase in beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol but also in alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol, with significant differences among species in the amount of cholesterol transported in the lipoprotein classes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The role of methionine in the intracellular accumulation and function of folates.

It is suggested that mammalian cells have evolved to respond to methionine deficiency since in such circumstances vital methylation reactions are put at risk, due to decreased levels of S-adenosyl-methionine. Enzymatic changes occurring as a result of decreased methionine, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine, optimize the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine by decreasing homocysteine catabolism and channelling cellular folates into 5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamate (5-CH3-H4 PteGlu). The latter, in addition to optimising the remethylation cycle, directs the folate cofactors away from purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and decreases the rate of proliferation of rapidly dividing cells thus reducing competition for methionine incorporation into proteins. Decreased cellular homocysteine, as a result of decreased methionine, would also restrict cell division by decreased conversion of plasma 5-CH3-H4PteGlu into intracellular polyglutamates. Cobalamin deficiency, either nutritional or due to exposure to the Co (I) cobalamin inactivating agent nitrous oxide, prevents the demethylation of 5-CH3-H4PteGlu, which even in the presence of adequate amounts of homocysteine and methionine prevents rapidly proliferating cells from converting enough of the plasma 5-CH3-H4 PteGlu into folylpolyglutamate forms to permit normal DNA biosynthesis and cell replication. This, together with the trapping of the cellular folate cofactors in the 5-CH3-H4PteGlu form, results in megaloblastic changes occurring in tissues such as the marrow. The vital role of the methylation reactions was demonstrated by exposing monkeys to nitrous oxide which inactivated their methionine synthetase. The resultant ataxia and severe demyelination was prevented and diminished by methionine supplementation. When methionine synthetase was similarly inactivated in mice it was shown that while 5-CH3-H4PteGlu enters mammalian cells, it is not converted into a polyglutamyl form and subsequently leaves the cell unmetabolised. In similar experiments in rats methionine was found to have only a small effect in restoring folylpolyglutamate biosynthesis, contrary to previous reports using nutritionally cobalamin deficient animals. It was found that a decrease in the deoxythymidine salvage pathway by methionine, under the experimental conditions used, has led others to the mistaken conclusion that methionine has an 'anti-folate' effect in bone marrow, i.e. that it decreases folate availability for thymidylate synthetase.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The genetic consequences of primate social organization: a review of macaques, baboons and vervet monkeys.

Primates, as long-lived, iteroparous, socially complex mammals, offer the opportunity to assess the effects of behavior and demography on genetic structure. Because it is difficult to obtain tissue samples from wild primate populations, research in this area has largely been confined to terrestrial and semi-terrestrial old world monkeys (e.g., rhesus and Japanese macaques, vervets and several subspecies of baboons). However, these species display a multi-male, multi-female social structure commonly found in many other primate and non-primate mammals. Electrophoretic analyses of blood proteins from individually recognized and/or marked wild Himalayan rhesus monkeys, themselves the subject of long-term behavioral and demographic research, have begun to reveal the genetic consequences of such phenomena as social group fission, male-limited dispersion, non-consanguineous mating patterns, and agonistically defined male dominance. Specifically, rhesus social groups, consisting primarily of clusters of maternal relatives, appear to be non-random samples of a population's genotypes and genes. The genetic effects of social group fission are highly dependent on each group's size, demographic structure, and average degree of relatedness. In all cases fission contributes to the degree of intergroup genetic differentiation. Male-limited dispersion appears both to retard genetic differentiation between social groups and to lead to mating patterns that result in an avoidance of consanguinity. Groups, therefore, appear to be genetically outbred. Comparing these results with studies of other free-ranging or wild cercopithecines allows several generalizations: (a) genetic variation seems to be evenly distributed throughout each local population of multi-male social groups; (b) social groups, however, because they contain clusters of relatives, are distinctive in their specific frequencies of genes; (c) the degree of genetic differentiation between a population's social groups, because of the effects of social group fission and non-deterministic forms of male dispersal, is somewhat greater than expected on the basis of migration rates alone; and (d) the asymmetrical pattern of dispersion with respect to sex effectively precludes inbreeding in any one social group or the population as a whole. These observations have important implications for understanding the unusually rapid rates of evolution among the primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Neuronal synchrony in monkey striate cortex: interocular signal flow and dependency on spike rates.

A hypercolumn of monkey striate cortex was studied with an array of 30 closely spaced microelectrodes. Prominent broad peaks appearing in spike train correlograms are considered here. These were not due to shared stimulation, were mostly 30 to 100 ms wide, and were presumably the consequence of intraretinal lateral interactions. The correlogram peak areas were found to be predictable from the products of the spike rates, to which they were proportional. One can conclude that the correlation occurs before the overall reduction of spike rates from retina to cortex takes place. Furthermore, when a neurone dominated by one eye was stimulated via that eye, the correlogram formed with a neurone dominated by the other eye showed a displaced peak, indicating that excitation traveled from the well-responding to the unresponsive neurone in about 10 ms. When a left-eye stimulus was delivered, the same pair of neurones had a correlogram with a reversed peak displacement. This effect was only observed in layers IVb and c, indicating that in these layers the paths from the two eyes to a given cell are of unequal length, whereas in other layers, cells receive input from both eyes via similar connections differing only in strength.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Highly repetitive component alpha and related alphoid DNAs in man and monkeys.

The genomes of Old-World, New-World, and prosimian primates contain members of a large class of highly repetitive DNAs that are related to one another and to component alpha DNA of the African green monkey by their sequence homologies and restriction site periodicities. The members of this class of highly repetitive DNAs are termed the alphoid DNAs, after the prototypical member, component alpha of the African green monkey which was the first such DNA to be identified (Maio, 1971) and sequenced (Rosenberg et al., 1978). The alphoid DNAs appear to be uniquely primate sequences.--From the restriction enzyme cleavage patterns and Southern blot hybridizations under different stringency conditions, the alphoid DNAs comprise multiple sequence families exhibiting varying degrees of homology to component alpha DNA. They also share common elements in their restriction site periodicities (172 . n base-pairs), in the long-range organization of their repeating units, and in their banding behavior in CsCl and Cs2SO4 bouyant density gradients, in which they band within the bulk DNA as cryptic repetitive components.--In the three species from the Family Cercopithecidae examined, the alphoid DNAs represent the most abundant, tandemly repetitive sequence components, comprising about 24% of the African green monkey genome and 8 to 10% of the Rhesus monkey and baboon genomes. In restriction digests, the bulk of the alphoid DNAs among the Cercopithecidae appeared quantitatively reduced to a simple series of arithmetic segments based on a 172 base-pair (bp) repeat. In contrast with these simple restriction patterns, complex patterns were observed when human alphoid DNAs were cleaved with restriction enzymes. Detailed analysis revealed that the human genome contains multiple alphoid sequence families which differ from one another both in their repeat sequence organization and in their degree of homology to the African green monkey component alpha DNA.--The finding of alphoid sequences in other Old-World primate families, in a New-World monkey, and in a prosimian primate attests to the antiquity of these sequences in primate evolution and to the sequence conservatism of a large class of mammalian highly repetitive DNA. In addition, the relative conservatism exhibited by these sequences may distinguish the alphoid DNAs from more recently evolved highly repetitive components and satellite DNAs which have a more restricted taxonomical distribution.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[The effect of human leukocyte interteron (HIF) on experimental viral keratitis in monkeys (author's transl)].

12 african green monkeys were inoculated in both eyes with herpes simplex virus typ 1 and 16 rhesus monkeys with vaccinia virus. The right eyes were treated with human leukocyte interferon (HIF) while the left eyes served as controls and showed the typical keratitis, 7 out of 8 herpes eyes and all 9 vaccinia eyes which were treated prophylactically or simultaneiously with HIF showed no signs of disease. When HIF was given later in the course of the infection the keratitis was either little influenced or not modified at all. The reasons are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Hemolytic, cytotoxic and complement inactivating properties of extracts of different species of Aspergillus.

Some of the biological properties of saline extracts of the mycelia of several species of the Aspergillus genus, namely, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, A. nidulans, A. parasitucus and A. glaucus, were studied. Only the extract prepared from A. fumigatus was found to be hemolytic for sheep red blood cells. In contrast, all the extracts with the only exception of that of A. glaucus, had cytotoxic effects on Vero cells. Both, the hemolytic and cytotoxic constituents of the extracts were removable by adsorption with activated carbon. Heating of the extracts at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes also resulted in detoxification. In vivo studies, performed only with detoxified extracts of A. fumigatus, showed these were capable of depleting complement levels in guinea pigs. Complement inactivation was also found to occur in vitro and was cuased by all the extracts tested. Also triggered by the extracts was the conversion of serum C3 but not of purified C3, indicating that other serum factors are essential in the process. Despite the similarity in this respect with cobra venom factor, differences in activity after heating-negative in cobra venom factor-indicate that the complement inactivating substance/s present in the Aspergillus extracts differ from those of the snake product.

Animals↗